Foundations of pragmatics

Foundations of Pragmatics HoPs Handbooks of Pragmatics Editors Wolfram Bublitz Andreas H Jucker Klaus P Schneider Volume De Gruyter Mouton Foundations of Pragmatics Edited by Wolfram Bublitz Neal R Norrick De Gruyter Mouton ISBN 978-3-11-021425-3 e-ISBN 978-3-11-021426-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foundations of pragmatics / edited by Wolfram Bublitz, Neal R Norrick p cm Ϫ (Handbook of pragmatics; 1) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-3-11-021425-3 (alk paper) Pragmatics I Bublitz, Wolfram II Norrick, Neal R P99.4.P72F68 2011 4011.45Ϫdc22 2011013980 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de ” 2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, Berlin/Boston Cover image: Vetta Collection/iStockphoto Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz GmbH & Co KG, Lemförde Printing: Hubert & Co GmbH & Co KG, Göttingen ϱ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Preface to the handbook series Wolfram Bublitz, Andreas H Jucker and Klaus P Schneider The series Handbooks of Pragmatics, which comprises nine self-contained volumes, provides a comprehensive overview of the entire field of pragmatics It is meant to reflect the substantial and wide-ranging significance of pragmatics as a genuinely multi- and transdisciplinary field for nearly all areas of language description, and also to account for its remarkable and continuously rising popularity in linguistics and adjoining disciplines All nine handbooks share the same wide understanding of pragmatics as the scientific study of all aspects of linguistic behaviour Its purview includes patterns of linguistic actions, language functions, types of inferences, principles of communication, frames of knowledge, attitude and belief, as well as organisational principles of text and discourse Pragmatics deals with meaning-in-context, which for analytical purposes can be viewed from different perspectives (that of the speaker, the recipient, the analyst, etc.) It bridges the gap between the system side of language and the use side, and relates both of them at the same time Unlike syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics and other linguistic disciplines, pragmatics is defined by its point of view more than by its objects of investigation The former precedes (actually creates) the latter Researchers in pragmatics work in all areas of linguistics (and beyond), but from a distinctive perspective that makes their work pragmatic and leads to new findings and to reinterpretations of old findings The focal point of pragmatics (from the Greek prãgma ,act’) is linguistic action (and inter-action): it is the hub around which all accounts in these handbooks revolve Despite its roots in philosophy, classical rhetorical tradition and stylistics, pragmatics is a relatively recent discipline within linguistics C.S Peirce and C Morris introduced pragmatics into semiotics early in the twentieth century But it was not until the late 1960s and early 1970s that linguists took note of the term and began referring to performance phenomena and, subsequently, to ideas developed and advanced by Wittgenstein, Ryle, Austin and other ordinary language philosophers Since the ensuing pragmatic turn, pragmatics has developed more rapidly and diversely than any other linguistic discipline The series is characertised by two general objectives Firstly, it sets out to reflect the field by presenting in-depth articles covering the central and multifarious theories and methodological approaches as well as core concepts and topics characteristic of pragmatics as the analysis of language use in social contexts All articles are both state of the art reviews and critical evaluations of their topic in the light of recent developments Secondly, while we accept its extraordinary complexity and diversity (which we consider a decided asset), we suggest a definite structure, which gives coherence to the entire field of pragmatics and provides vi Wolfram Bublitz, Andreas H Jucker and Klaus P Schneider orientation to the user of these handbooks The series specifically pursues the following aims: – it operates with a wide conception of pragmatics, dealing with approaches that are traditional and contemporary, linguistic and philosophical, social and cultural, text- and context-based, as well as diachronic and synchronic; – it views pragmatics from both theoretical and applied perspectives; – it reflects the state of the art in a comprehensive and coherent way, providing a systematic overview of past, present and possible future developments; – it describes theoretical paradigms, methodological accounts and a large number and variety of topical areas comprehensively yet concisely; – it is organised in a principled fashion reflecting our understanding of the structure of the field, with entries appearing in conceptually related groups; – it serves as a comprehensive, reliable, authoritative guide to the central issues in pragmatics; – it is internationally oriented, meeting the needs of the international pragmatic community; – it is interdisciplinary, including pragmatically relevant entries from adjacent fields such as philosophy, anthropology and sociology, neuroscience and psychology, semantics, grammar and discourse analysis; – it provides reliable orientational overviews useful both to students and more advanced scholars and teachers The nine volumes are arranged according to the following principles The first three volumes are dedicated to the foundations of pragmatics with a focus on micro and macro units: Foundations must be at the beginning (volume 1), followed by the core concepts in pragmatics, speech actions (micro level in volume 2) and discourse (macro level in volume 3) The following three volumes provide cognitive (volume 4), societal (volume 5) and interactional (volume 6) perspectives The remaining three volumes discuss variability from a cultural and contrastive (volume 7), a diachronic (volume 8) and a medial perspective (volume 9): Foundations of pragmatics Wolfram Bublitz and Neal R Norrick Pragmatics of speech actions Marina Sbisà and Ken Turner Pragmatics of discourse Klaus P Schneider and Anne Barron Cognitive pragmatics Hans-Jörg Schmid Pragmatics of society Gisle Andersen and Karin Aijmer Preface to the handbook series Interpersonal pragmatics Miriam A Locher and Sage L Graham Pragmatics across languages and cultures Anna Trosborg Historical pragmatics Andreas H Jucker and Irma Taavitsainen Pragmatics of computer-mediated communication Susan Herring, Dieter Stein and Tuija Virtanen vii Acknowledgements This initial, foundational volume in this series of handbooks represents the work of a large number of individuals over a fairly long period of time We must, of course, thank our contributors for producing high quality articles reflecting scholarly rigor and a strong sense of what our readers seek in a handbook of this scope Without conscientious, willing reviewers, projects like this are simply impossible Our sincere thanks go out to all our reviewers, though we cannot identify them by name We editors are surrounded by competent, trustworthy staff in Augsburg and Saarbrücken, Germany We own a debt of gratitude to Claudia Enzweiler for proofreading and Sylvia Monzon for her clerical services, to Katharina Rüters, Katrin Stuis and Claudia Rieger for their help with the desk editing and compilation of the indexes Finally, we are grateful to the De Gruyter team: Barbara Karlson, Wolfgang Konwitschny and Anke Beck 696 Name index Goodwin, C 6, 34, 52, 143, 156, 268, 272, 319–321, 323, 335, 391–392, 438, 442, 499–500, 502–503 Goodwin, M.H 438, 499–500 Goossens, L 121 Gordon, P.C 364 Gotti, M 124–125 Goudge, T.A 186 Graczyk, R 326, 329, 333 Grady, J 122, 124 Graesser, A.C 561 Graf, C 112 Graffi, G 246, 248 Granger, S 592–593 Graumann, C.F 247 Greatbatch, D 118 Green, G.M 69, 274 Green, J 672 Greenbaum, S 592, 596 Greenberg, R 670 Grefenstette, G 595 Greimas, A.J 190, 192–195 Grice, H.P 2, 5–7, 11, 24, 29, 31, 36–37, 41–43, 61, 69, 89, 109, 114, 129–130, 142, 145, 147, 153–154, 157–159, 170, 175–176, 178–180, 187–188, 208, 217–219, 223, 273, 319, 381–383, 387, 407–410, 412–414, 416, 440, 448, 461, 467–469, 471–472, 474, 539, 561–562, 566–567, 578, 580 Gries, S.T 449 Grimm-Vogel, I.H 246 Grodner, D.J 411, 565–566, 569–570 Grodzinsky, Y 577 Grönqvist, L 670 Grondelaers, S 123 Grosz, B J 36, 364 Gruber, H 547 Grünbaum, A.A 236–237, 239, 247 Grundy, P 68–69, 274 Guasti, M.T 576 Guendouzi, J.A 670 Günthner, S 278, 439, 450, 665 Gundel, J.K 359, 364, 433–434 Gunnarsson, M 670 Gumperz, J.J 26–27, 34, 56, 117–118, 120, 122, 131, 144, 156, 274–275, 319, 334, 462, 492, 546, 665 Gustafsson, M 591 Gut, U 538, 551, 668 Guy, G 602 H Haan, F de 593, Haastrup, K 542 Habel, C 364 Haberland, H 158 Habermas, J 2, 7, 12, 31, 111, 116, 148, 171, 178, 246, 289–310 Haegeman, L 591 Hagemann, J 107, 130 Hagen, K 598 Hager, J.C 667 Haiman, J 444 Hajicˇová, E 248 Halliday, M.A.K 12, 25, 38, 52, 55, 114, 117, 130, 141, 147, 156, 190, 229, 232, 246, 317, 357, 427, 433–434, 440, 491–492, 538, 596, 603, 607, 609 Hancher, M 155 Hanks, W.F 6, 13, 26, 28, 36, 58, 68, 143, 316, 320, 323, 325–327, 330, 333–335, 463, 651 Hanna, J 571 Haravon, A 670 Harlow, L.L 92–93 Harnish, R.M 221, 386, 411 Harris, R.A 143, 147 Hart, H.L.A 222 Hartford, B.S 91, 552 Hasan, R 52, 55, 114, 117, 130, 147, 156, 317, 357 Haslerud, V 593 Haspelmath, M 444 Hasselgård, H 364, 594 Hausendorf, H 269, 275–276 Have, P ten 70, 268 Haverkate, H 79 Haviland, J.B 334–335 Haviland, S.E 364 Hawkins, J 359, 364 Hay, J 429 Hayashi, M 436 Heath, C 268, 272, 548 Heath, J 325, 328, 330, 332–334 Hedberg, N 433 Name index Hedström, K.E 591 Heger, K 247 Heim, I 359, 363–364, 407 Heine, B 444, 590 Heller, D 571 Hellermann, J 496 Hellmann, C 357 Hemingway, E 518–519 Hengeveld, K 427 Henrichsen, P.J 670 Henzler, S 247 Hepburn, A 504 Heritage, J 26, 34, 145, 261, 264, 267–269, 272, 278, 335, 526, 663 Herrmann, T 247 Hervey, S.G.J 176 Herzog, M.I 240 Heusinger, K von 353, 414 Heuvel, T van den 592 Hill, C 325, 334 Hilpinen, R 179, 188, 190, 194–195 Himmelmann, N.P 334–335 Hindelang, G 275 Hintzman, D.L 355 Hirschberg, J 410–411, 597 Hobbs, J.R 364 Hörmann, H 247 Hoey, M 549, 632 Hoffmann, L 428 Hoffmann, S 630 Hofland, K 591–592, 595 Hoiting, N 596 Holdcroft, D 63 Holenstein, E 149, 151, 248–249 Holly, W 12, 277, 430, 547 Holmes, J 87, 551–552, 592–593 Holt, E 496 Honneth, A 303, 307–308 Hood, S 550 Hopper, P.J 429–430, 439, 444–445, 447 Horn, L.R 6, 27–28, 38–39, 69, 400, 405, 407–408, 410–414, 416, 464, 470–471, 473, 562, 566 House, J 93 Houser, N 183, 194 Huang, Y 3, 14, 27–28, 32, 39, 43, 60, 68–69, 140, 381, 397–398, 400, 402, 405–413, 470–474, 580 697 Huang, Y.T 569–570 Hudson, R 590, 637 Hübler, A 10, 109, 111, 124, 147, 547 Hülzer, H 246 Hünnemeyer, F 444 Hundsnurscher, F 275 Hundt, M 695 Hunston, S 549, 608, 633 Hurewitz, F 411 Husserl, E 148–149, 158–159, 233, 236, 247, 261, 291, 319, 394 Hutchby, I 267–268 Hutchins, E 393 Hyland, K 115 Hymes, D.H 2, 7, 11–12, 56, 144, 244–245, 274–275, 336, 546 I Ide, S 31 Imo, W 278, 446, 450 Innis, R.E 247 Irvine, J.T 144 Israel, M 398 J Jackendoff, R 350, 480 Jackson, D.D 176 Jacobs, A 95–96, 100 Jaffe, A 672 Jaggar, P 325, 330, 334 Jakobson, R 2, 7, 11–13, 129–130, 134, 141–142, 146–147, 149–152, 156, 158, 170–171, 229–230, 232, 240, 242–246, 248–249, 309, 318, 334 Jannedy, S 429 Janssen, T 334 Jasperson, R 499 Jaszczolt, K 27–29, 45 Jaworski, A 110, 159 Jefferson, G 70, 145, 265–267, 274, 335, 379, 388, 391, 435–436, 492, 498, 504, 531, 663 Jeffrey, R.C 217 Jespersen, O 13, 130, 141, 240, 244, 318, 334 Jewitt, C 547 Johannessen, J.B 598 Johansen, J.D 181, 188, 195 698 Name index Johansson, S 443, 591–592, 594, 596 Johnson, K 85 Johnson, M.H 121–122, 178, 214 Johnson-Laird, P.N 364, 366 Johnston, T 549 Jonge, C.C de 407 Jørgensen, A.M 593 Joshi, A.K 364 Joswick, H 195 Juchem, J.G 232, 246–247 Jucker, A.H 78–79, 95–97, 100, 599, 630, 646–648, 651 K Kallmeyer, W 274 Kamide, Y 568, 574 Kamio, A 525 Kamp, H 363 Kamp, R 247 Kaplan, D 11, 142, 207, 209, 223, 462, 466 Kappner, S 176 Karkkäinen, E 446 Karttunen, L 68, 143, 402, 406–407 Kasper, G 88–90, 92–93, 543, 551, 591 Katsos, N 576–577 Kay, P 429, 450 Keenan, E.L 89, 319–320, 326, 328–332, 334–335, 463 Kehoe, A 595 Keller, R 214, 446 Kelly, J 493, 495, 498 Kemmer, S 429 Kendon, A 321–322, 598 Kennedy, C 465 Kennedy, G 587–588 Kenwood, C 661, 667 Keysar, B 571 Kibble, R 364 Kilgarriff, A 595, 638–639 King, J.C 412, 462 Kingdon, R 664 Kintsch, W 70, 364 Kipp, M 661 Kirk, J 608 Kirschbaum, I 214 Kissmann, U.T 272 Kita, S 335 Kitzinger, C 504 Kjellmer, G 606 Klein, W 248 Klewitz, G 496 Knees, M 358 Knoblauch, H 272 Knobloch, C 246–247 Knowles, G 592–593, 608 Koerner, E.F.K 247 Kohnen, T 97, 651 Kohrt, M 275 Koktová, E 533 Koons, R 209 Kowal, S 659, 662, 670–671 Koyama, W 10, 23, 143, 223 Krafft, U 272 Kress, G 442–443 Kreuz, R.J 18, 537, 547, 590, 662, 666, 672 Krifka, M 434 Kripke, S 142 Kronmuller, E 573 Kroskrity, P.V 159 Krzyz˙anowski, M 551 Kubo, S 31–33 Kühn, P 277 Kuklick, H 145 Kulick, D 146 Kuno, S 334 Kumpf, L.E 431 Kurylowicz, J 328, 335 Kussmaul, P 591 Kutas, M 450 Kutschera, F von 217, 220 Kyburg, A 465 Kyratzis, A 658 Kytö, M 97, 592 L Labov, W 240, 275–276, 444, 544, 546 Ladd, D.R 499 Ladusaw, W.A 399, 658 Lakoff, G 15, 121–122, 143, 178, 214, 428, 478, 480 Lakoff, R.T 38, 146 Lambrecht, K 39, 364, 369, 431 Lampert, M.D 597, 608 Langacker, R.W 15, 53, 428–429, 441, 447, 478–479, 483 Name index Langford, D 608 Lasater, A 324 Lasersohn, P.N 465 Lasnik, H 426 Lass, R 444 Lauridsen, K.M 592 Laval, V 125 Lawrence, L 592 Lazarus, M 246 Laziczius, J von 247 Leder, D 108 Lee, D 550 Leech, G.N 9, 38, 77–78, 80, 82–86, 89, 92, 99–100, 109, 114, 147, 158, 170–171, 186–188, 443, 538, 588, 597, 642, 661 Leeuwen, T van 442–443 Lehrer, A 410 Leicher, S 630 Lenk, U 364, 443, 599, 651 Lenz, F 358 Leonard, R 334 LePage, R.B 444 Lepore, E 15, 412, 461, 466 Lerner, G 436 Levelt, W.J.M 668 Levenston, E 542 Levinson, S.C 6, 10, 23, 27–29, 31–32, 36, 38, 40–43, 56–57, 61, 68–69, 79, 83, 89, 141, 143–145, 153, 155–159, 167–170, 175, 186–187, 194, 223, 242, 244, 247, 273–277, 319, 334–335, 383, 386, 388–390, 392, 398, 400, 402–403, 408, 410–413, 416, 465, 469–473, 475, 484, 538, 562–567, 642 Lewis, D.K 11, 23, 33, 36, 204, 209, 217, 220, 223, 481, 561 Liberman, A 242 Liebal, K 579 Liedtke, F 436 Lieven, E 448 Lindquist, H 590 Lindsay, J 671 Linell, P 56, 493 Lipton, P 223 Liszka, J.J 194 Lizskowski, U 578 Local, J.K 493, 495–498, 501, 504 Locke, J 140, 149–150, 154, 159 699 Loehr, D.P 598 Lof, G.L 658 Lohmann, J 247 Loll, A 354, 364 Loman, B 591 Looks, K 668 Lopes, J.G 364 Louw, B 539, 549, 608, 632–633, 635 Louwerse, M.M 667, 672 Luckmann, T 56, 69, 149, 492 Lucy, J.A 111, 116, 129–130, 154, 156 Luff, P 268, 272 Luhmann, N 178, 269, 308 Luzio, A di 26, 156 Lycan, W.G 638 Lyons, J 141, 242, 244, 320, 335, 358, 464, 642 M MacDonald, M.C 566 Macfarlane, S 495 Mackenzie, J.L 427 MacWhinney, B 349, 429, 660, 665–666, 669–670 Maes, A 364 Mahlberg, M 551 Mahon, B 349 Mair, C 590 Makin, V.S 572 Malinowski, B 2, 7, 144–145, 150, 232, 243, 246, 248, 545 Manelis Klein, H.E 333 Manes, J 646–647 Mann, W 55 Manning, P 57 Manor, R 205 Markman, A.B 572 Marmaridou, S.S.A 9, 25, 38, 45, 54, 57, 69, 79 Marshall, C 334, 348 Marslen-Wilson, W 349 Martens, E 195 Martin, J.R 548 Martinet, A 149, 229, 319 Marty, A 158–159, 233, 247 Masaryk, T.G 240 Mathesius, V 229–230, 239–242, 245, 248 Matisoff, J 329, 334 700 Name index Matthiessen, C.M.I.M 550, 552 Maturana, H.R 127 Mauranen, A 589 Mauro, T de 594 Mautner, G 547, 551–552 Maynard, C 630 Maynard, D.W 263, 499 Mazeland, H 496 McCarthy, M.J 594, 606, 610, 634, 639 McCarthy, T 289 McComish, J.F 670 McDonald, J.L 349 McEnery, T 18, 587–589, 594 McIntyre, D 642–645 McKee, C 575 McKoon, G 361 McNamara, T 10, 92–94 McNeill, D 115, 127, 598, 668 McNeill, P 537, 540, 545, 551 Meggle, G 11, 217, 220, 223, 539 Meibauer, J 274, 450 Meier, C 665 Meijs, W 592 Meillet, A 158, 319 Merin, A 412 Merlan, F 334 Merleau-Ponty, M 148, 152, 319 Metzing, C 572–573 Mey, J.L 9, 15, 24–25, 54, 68–69, 77–78, 80, 128–129, 140–141, 143–144, 146–149, 153, 155–156, 158–159, 168, 274, 526, 528, 532, 629 Meyer-Hermann, R 112, 130 Mill, J.S 407 Miller, J 540, 542 Milroy, L 596 Ming, T 594 Mishler, E.G 672 Mitterer, H 503 Moeschler, J 275 Mondana, L 334 Moneglia, M 593 Montague, R 141–142, 167, 207, 484 Monville-Burston, M 248–249 Moore, G.E 158–159, 379, 416, 528 Moravcsik, J.M 212–213 Morel, M.-A 334 Morgan, J 28, 32, 36, 43 Morley, J 631–633 Morpurgo Davies, A 246 Morreau, M 465 Morris, C.W 1, 2, 7, 11, 13, 24, 79, 142, 148, 150, 158, 167–169, 178, 183, 186, 190, 203–204, 248, 316, 334 Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B 587, 597, 599–600, 610 Moxey, L.M 364 Muck, B 124 Müller, F 496, 499–500, 504 Müller, N 662, 670 Mulder, J 441 Mulligan, K 150, 159 Murphy, G.L 364, 477–478 Murphy, J.P 183 Musolff, A 11, 247, 309, 428 Musolino, J 575–576 Myers, G 661 N Nadin, M 184, 194 Nässlin, S 591 Neidle, C 661 Nekula, M 248 Nerlich, B 140–141, 147–148, 150–152, 158–159, 236, 246–249 Nevala, M 98 Nevalainen, T 96, 592–593 Newman, J 651 Newmeyer, F.J 426 Niedzielski, N.A 120 Nöth, W 11, 168–170, 172, 174, 176, 182–185, 189–190, 194–195 Norrick, N 604, 610, 651 Norris, S 442, 660 Noveck, I.A 411, 544, 563–564, 575–577, 580 Novick, D.G 657 Nunberg, G 68, 316 O O’Connell, D.C 659, 662, 670–671 O’Connor, J.D 491–492, 664 O’Connor, M.C 450 O’Donnell, M 548 O’Halloran, K 549, 633 O’Sullivan, M 650 Name index Oakhill, J 364 Obler, L.K 670 Ochs, E 278, 335, 450, 600, 660, 663, 667, 669 Oehler, K 179, 194–195 Östman, J.-O 591, 600 Ogden, R 494–495, 497, 503 Olsen, S.E 80, 100 Olshtain, E 89 Ono, R 542–543, 552 Ono, T 450, 504 Oreström, B 591, 604 Ortner, H 247–248 P Palen, L 393 Paltridge, B 553 Panizza, D 411 Pankow, C 194 Papafragou, A 575–576 Pape, H 186, 188, 195 Paradis, C 591 Parks, E 516–517 Parmentier, R.J 177 Parrot, D.J 672 Parret, H 176, 184, 194 Parsons, T 261, 265 Partee, B 205, 207 Partington, A 589, 631–633 Paul, I 108 Peirce, C.S 1, 7, 11, 13, 23, 141–142, 148–150, 158–159, 168–169, 171–174, 176–177, 179–186, 188–195, 244, 263, 316–317, 334, 382 Pekarek Doehler, S 439 Penco, C 36 Peppé, S 495 Perrault, C.R 387–388 Perrott, M.A 672 Perry, J 213, 462 Peter, G 466 Petrus, K 566, 580 Pfänder, S 429–430 Phillips, B 661, 667 Pickering, M.J 446 Piercy, M 522–523 Pietarinen, A.-V 179–180, 182, 188, 190, 194 701 Pietroski, P.M 400, 467 Pike, K.L 144, 491 Pinker, S 448 Plato 172, 233 Pollak, A 547 Pollack, M.E 28, 32, 36, 43 Pomerantz, A 267 Portner, P.H 205, 407 Posner, R 167, 194 Potter, J 70, 504 Potts, C 413–414 Pouscoulous, N 563, 567, 576 Power, R 364 Powers, E 529 Powers, W.R 666 Pressman, J.F 142 Preston, D.R 120, 672 Preyer, G 466 Prieto, L.J 176, 194 Prince, E.F 364, 433, 439 Prucha, J 9, 77, 80 Psathas, G 267, 274, 663 Püschel, U 277 Pullum, G.K 658 Putnam, H 142 Pye, C.A 672 Q Quasthoff, U 665 Quinn, N 131 Quirk, R 114, 130, 591, 596, 664 R Rahilly, J 670 Ransdell, J 182 Ratcliff, R 361 Rauch, E 277 Raumolin-Brunberg, H 96 Rawls, J 124 Raymond, G 441 Raymond, W.D 597 Reber, E 499 Reboul, A 411 Recanati, F 27, 29, 31–32, 155, 209, 214, 364, 411–412, 464, 466, 484 Redder, A 276, 428 Reddy, M 29, 121, 124 Rees, M.A van 390 702 Name index Rehbein, J 275, 278 Reichenbach, H 320, 335 Reinhart, T 364, 577–578 Rellstab, D 194 Renouf, A 592, 595 Reppen, R 589, 609 Richardson, A 148 Rickheit, G 364 Ricœur, P 157 Rieber, S 413 Riley, P 84–86 Rimé, B 650 Rissanen, M 592, 596 Risselada, R 364 Roberts, C 672 Roberts, F 672 Robinson, J.D 672 Robinson, M.A 90 Roever, C 10, 87, 92–94 Romero, J 603–604 Rommetveit, R 319 Rorty, R.M 147 Rosaldo, M.Z 89, 144, 159 Rose, K.R 88, 90, 92–93, 542–543, 552 Routarinne, S 495 Rubio-Fernandez, P 580 Rudy, S 243, 248 Rühlemann, C 17, 26, 587, 590, 599, 634, 651 Ruesch, J 156 Ruiter, J.P de 503 Russell, B(enjamin) 400 Russell, B(ertrand) 143, 156, 309, 320, 335, 348, 405–406, 461, 638, 640 S Saba, W.S 463 Sacks, H 2, 7, 12, 70, 143, 265–269, 272–274, 316, 319, 335, 379, 388, 391, 433, 435, 492, 503, 531, 663 Sadock, J.M 61, 69, 143, 159, 464 Saeed, J.I 15, 29, 68, 223, 400, 416, 430 Sajavaara, K 591 Sanders, T 351, 364 Sandford, D 588, 609 Sanford, A.J 16, 359, 364 Sankoff, D 601 Santaella, L 169, 189, 194–195 Sapir, E 142, 151, 545 Sarangi, S 146 Sarno, M.T 670 Sauerland, U 400, 411, 566 Saul, J 416, 566, 580 Saunders, R 333 Saussure, F de 5, 126, 152, 154, 168, 174, 234–236, 308 Savan, D 185 Savigny, E von 221–222 Saville-Troike, M 56 Sayette, M A 672 Sbisá, M 28, 31–32, 187, 192–193, 195, 373, 382–384, 387 Schallenberger, S 247 Schank, G 277 Schank, R.C 480 Scheerer, T.M 247 Schegloff, E.A 12, 70, 145, 261, 265–269, 273–274, 278, 319, 323, 330, 334–335, 379, 388, 390–391, 433, 435–436, 440, 450, 492–493, 496, 498, 500, 503–504, 531, 547, 663, 668 Schelfhout, C 593 Schenkein, J.N 267–268, 663 Schiaratura, L 650 Schieffelin, B.B 159 Schiffer, S 217 Schiffrin, D 244, 438, 658 Schlieben-Lange, B 247 Schlobinski, P 443, 665 Schmid, H.-J 35, 130, 357, 439, 609 Schmitt, R 272 Schmitz, U 443 Schneider, S 593 Schneider, W.L 269 Schnurr, S 551–552 Scholes, R.E 513, 519, 532 Scholz, O.R 223 Schreuder, R 322, 334, 348 Schubiger, M 492 Schütz, A 261, 264, 273 Schütze, F 274 Schunn, C.D 350 Schutz, A 148, 319–321, 335 Schwarz, F 580 Schwarz, M 350–352, 354, 357–359, 362–364 Name index Schwarz-Friesel, M 13, 354, 358, 363, 637 Schwitalla, J 274, 277–278 Sclaroff, S 661 Searle, J.R 2, 5, 7, 11, 24, 27–28, 31–33, 35–37, 39–41, 69, 93, 107, 127–128, 143–145, 147–148, 154, 157, 171, 175–176, 180, 184–192, 212, 220, 223, 236, 272, 294–296, 316, 334, 349, 373, 381–388, 390, 392, 432, 436, 461, 466, 539, 641, 646, 648, 658 Sedivy, J.C 565–567, 569–570, 577 Sefi, S 526, Seidenberg, M.S 566 Selinker, L 88 Selting, M 278, 435, 450, 495, 497, 504, 598, 602, 665 Semino, E 121–122, 548 Sengul, C.J 349 Senft, G 335 Shannon, C.E 170, 242 Shastri, S.V 592 Sherzer, J 144, 334 Short, M 548 Short, M.H 642 Short, T.L 179 Shriberg, L.D 658 Sidnell, J 334–335 Sidner, C.L 36 Sifianou, M 87 Silverman, D 537 Silverstein, M 116, 142, 147, 153–154, 156–157, 159, 318, 323, 333–334 Singer, M 364 Simmons-Mackie, N.N 669 Simon-Vandenbergen, A.-M 122–123, 594, 599 Simpson, G.B 464 Sinclair, J.M 274–275, 388, 550–551, 558–589, 592, 598, 606–609, 631, 639 Siren, K.A 672 Skaffari, J 549 Slobin, D.I 669 Smith, B.C 461 Smith, B.L 123 Smith, H.L.J 491 Smith, S 599 Smits, R 335 703 Snedeker, J 569–570 Snow, C 669 Soames, S 69 Sontag, S 523–524, 533 Sorjonen, M.-L 438 Southgate, V 579 Sperber, D 6, 15, 27, 32–34, 36, 41–42, 68, 112, 129, 157, 168, 173, 175, 179, 351, 382, 410–412, 473–475, 477, 544, 564, 567, 580, 594, 599, 636 Spinks, C.W 194 Spooren, W 351, 364 Spranz-Fogasy, T 278 Stalnaker, R.C 11, 31–33, 35, 68–69, 223, 406–407, 484 Stanley, J 206, 210, 412, 462, 484 Steels, L 450 Stefanowitsch, A 449 Stenning, K.D 349, 364 Stenström, A.-B 588, 591–593, 597–598, 603, 607–609, 644, 651 Steinbach, M 450 Stelma, J.H 672 Stetter, C 174 Stiles, W.B 630 Stivers, T 335 Stocking, G.W Jr 151 Storm, T 514 Strawson, P.F 2, 5, 7, 11, 68, 143, 147, 153, 187, 309, 348, 382, 403, 406, 416, 461, 466, 638, 656 Streeck, J 272, 278, 443 Stöckl, H 443 Stokoe, E 540 Stubbe, M 548 Stubbs, M 549, 607, 609, 631, 633–634 Sudnow, D 262, 265, 267 Svartvik, J 591–592, 596, 664 Swanton, J 326, 333 Sweetser, E.E 444 Swiggers, P 247 Szabó, Z.G 467, 484 Szczepek Reed, B 495, 497, 500 T Taavitsainen, I 95, 100 Tabouret-Keller, A 444 Tagliamonte, S 590, 637 704 Name index Tajfel, H 118 Takahashi, S 90 Takahashi, T 89 Talmy, L 478 Tanaka, H 495 Tanenhaus, M.K 565 Tannen, D 144, 277, 544–545, 664–665 Tao, H 325, 334 Tarplee, C 494 Taylor, L 592 Taylor, S 537, 548, 551 Tenchini, M.P 246 Tesnière, L 194 Thavenius, C 591 Thibaud, P 195 Thibault, P 56, 69, 549, 650–651 Thies, A 668 Thomas, J 9, 69, 77–78, 80, 82, 85–87, 99, 155, 592, 661 Thomason R H 33 Thompson, G 549 Thompson, S.A 55, 278, 335, 435–436, 438–441, 446–447, 450, 495 Thornton, R 577 Thrane, T 348 Tilley, S.A 672 Titscher, S 537, 545–546, 548, 553 Tognini-Bonelli, E 538, 588 Toman, J 242–243, 248 Tomasello, M 212, 448–450, 567, 578–579 Toobin, J 377 Tottie, G 591, 593, 598, 601, 605 Tracy, K 277 Trager, G.L 491 Traugott, E.C 39, 100, 124, 444–445, 590 Travis, C 212 Trippel, T 668 Trnka, B 248 Trosborg, A 89 Trotha, T von 276 Tsohatzidis, S 69 Turner, K 414 Turner, M 479, 483 Turner, R.M 262–265, 268 Tynjanov, J 243 Tyson, S 593 U Uhmann, S 278, 434, 496, 665 Ungeheuer, G 112, 232, 247 Urban, G 153 V Vachek, J 248 Vanderveken, D 31–33, 436 Vanparys, J 121 Venditti, J.J 597 Ventola, E 190, 275, 443 Verschueren, J 25, 52, 108, 116, 120, 127–128, 130, 147, 156, 158–159, 588 Vicher, A 601 Virtanen, T 450, 587–588 Volosˇinov, V.N 157 Vonk, F 247 Vonwiller, J 602 Voormann, H 538, 551 W Walker, G 496–498, 504, 597 Walsh, S 589–590 Waltereit, R 594 Walton, L 657 Ward, G 27, 39, 434 Ward I.C 491–492 Ward, K 657 Wardhaugh, R 546, 592 Warner, R 566 Warnock, G.J 147, 374, 381, 383 Wasow, T 444 Watts, R 31 Watzlawick, P 130, 176 Waugh, L.R 243, 248–249 Weaver, W 170, 242 Webber, B.L 358 Weber, M 150, 154, 223, 273, 289, 300 Wegener, P 2, 7, 158, 230–232, 234, 240–243, 245–247 Weil, H 241 Weinback, L 89 Weinreich, U 240 Weissenborn, J 247 Welker, K 410 Wells, B 495 Wells, W.H.G 495 Welte, W 130 Name index Werlen, I 277 Wertz, J.M 672 Westney, P 592 Wetherell, M 541 Wettersten, J 247 Wexler, K 577 White, P.R.R 548 Whitsitt, S 632 Wichmann, A 496, 593, 597–598, 602–603 Wichmann, S 333 Widdowson, H.G 35, 85 Widmer, J 269 Wierzbicka, A 89, 100, 599 Wilcox, K.A 672 Wilkes-Gibbs, D 446 Wilkinson, S 504 Williams, G 146 Wilson, A 587–588, 592 Wilson, D 6, 15, 27, 32–34, 36, 41–42, 68, 112, 129–130, 157, 168, 173, 175, 179, 351, 382, 410–412, 473–475, 477–479, 564, 567, 594, 599, 636 Wittgenstein, L 2, 7, 11, 23, 100, 144, 147, 156, 172, 216, 222, 224, 248, 273, 293–296, 374, 389, 461 Wodak, R 67, 100, 275, 537, 547, 551 Wolf, K 247 Wolfson, N 89, 646–647 Wood, J.L 97 Woodfield, H.P 542–543, 551 Woods, D.K 661 Woods, J 415 Wooffitt, R 118, 267 Woolard, K 159 Woolf, V 531 Wootton, A 269–270 Wright, G.H von 154 Wright, M 498 Wunderlich, D 247 Wundt, W 150, 233, 247 Wynne, M 538, 551 X Xiao, R 594 Y Yaeger-Droh, M 500 Yang, Y 325 Yngve, V 604 Yuan, Y 543, 546, 551–552 Yule, G 24, 100, 247, 364, 544 Z Zacharsky, R 433 Zelinsky-Wibbelt, C 364 Zide, N 325–326, 329, 333–334 Ziv, Y 599, 651 705 706 Subject index Subject index A anaphora 4, 7, 13, 51, 55, 156, 205, 238, 317–318, 325, 327, 330–333, 347, 353–358, 363, 412, 428, 433, 440, 462, 599–600, 603, 607, 640–641, 644 indirect ~ 359–360, 364, 640–641 anaphoric see anaphora appropriateness 9–10, 25, 27, 29, 77, 92, 94, 99–100, 143–144, 146, 268, 414 C cataphora 111, 238, 317, 330, 640–641, 644 cataphoric see cataphora cognition 14, 185–186, 291, 305, 307, 349–350, 391, 393, 430, 474, 480, 566 cognitive ~ models 121, 123, 480 ~ pragmatics 26, 34, 68, 566, 574 ~ process 15, 43, 82, 347, 352, 355–356, 358, 360–361, 363, 431, 450, 479–481, 483, 542, 566 ~ processing see ~ process ~ science 4, 23–34, 38, 44, 127, 350, 578, 588 ~ semantics 15, 363, 478–479 coherence 116, 351, 353, 356–357, 363, 438, 651 common ground 8, 31, 33–35, 38, 58, 69, 120, 178, 180, 184, 188–189, 269, 320, 327, 330–332, 348, 407, 415, 432, 589, 599–660 compositionality 27–28, 45, 206, 325–326, 406 Construction Grammar 14, 278, 428, 430, 450 context cognitive ~ 9, 25, 29, 35–36, 39, 52, 54, 62, 68, 70 extralinguistic ~ see non-linguistic ~ linguistic ~ 9, 25, 28–29, 35–36, 56, 565–566 nonlinguistic ~ 55, 59, 66, 206, 317, 324, 398, 408, 642 ~ sensitive see ~ sensitivity ~ sensitivity 205, 207–211, 215, 414, 449, 465–467, 548, 629 social ~ 9, 25–29, 32, 35–36, 39, 52, 62, 70, 79–80, 96, 99, 246, 278, 304, 306, 491, 552, 590, 609, 630, 660 Conversation Analysis 14, 16, 26, 65, 144–145, 149, 153, 155, 265–270, 272–278, 319–320, 390–391, 430, 492, 531, 537, 547–548, 587, 589, 597, 663 cooperative principle 24, 37–38, 41–43, 61, 83, 382, 387, 407–408, 413, 468, 648 corpora see corpus corpus 5–6, 17–18, 95–100, 359, 364, 429, 449, 538, 545–552, 587–599, 601–603, 605–610, 629–631, 636–640, 642, 644, 646–651, 664–665 ~ based 6, 8, 17, 436, 538, 551, 587–593, 595–598, 600, 602–606, 609–610, 638, 648, 651 ~ driven 538, 588–590, 610 Corpus Analysis see Corpus Linguistics Corpus Linguistics 8, 10, 16–18, 56, 77–78, 95, 538–539, 547–549, 552, 587–590, 593, 595–597, 610, 629, 630–631, 633, 638, 646–647, 649–651 Corpus linguistic see Corpus Linguistics Critical Discourse Analysis 9, 26, 67–70, 96–97, 100, 144, 146, 275, 548, 552 Critical Social Theory 12, 148, 290, 300, 303, 305, 307–308 D deictic center 142–143, 642 deictic field 141–142, 147, 237–238, 247, 315–316, 322–323, 328 deictics 13, 58, 117, 315–318, 320, 324–333, 428, 435, 444, 642, 644–645 Subject index deixis 4–5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 18, 28, 31, 51, 55–59, 61–64, 68, 79, 95, 98, 141, 184, 186, 204–205, 235, 238, 244, 246–247, 316–324, 326, 329, 331–332, 354, 440, 462, 481, 638, 642, 644–645, 651 discourse ~ 28, 36, 58, 315, 327, 358 participant ~ see person ~ person ~ 36, 315, 644 referential ~ 315, 319, 644 social ~ 36, 98, 315, 392 spatial ~ 186, 238, 315, 317, 327–330 temporal ~ 36, 186, 315, 324, 327 Discourse Analysis 9, 26–27, 120, 153, 155–156, 274–275, 373, 390, 547–548, 551–552, 587, 597, 607, 609 discourse marker 5–7, 28, 95, 119, 350, 438–439, 443, 446, 448, 476, 526, 587, 590–591, 594–595, 598–599, 601–602, 604, 609–610, 637, 651, 658–660 E entailment 4, 7, 14, 397–401, 405, 408, 410, 413–416, 470, 566 ethnography 8, 12, 16, 27, 55, 120, 144, 229, 263, 274–275, 319, 322, 388, 390–392, 537, 545–546, 596 ethnographic(al) see ethnography Ethnomethodology 2, 7, 12, 34, 145, 149, 261–265, 269, 272, 274, 319 explicature 14–15, 42, 397, 410–412, 430, 475, 477 F face 28, 31, 40, 94, 144, 270, 277, 543, 597, 603 falsity see truth felicity 23, 357, 379 ~ condition 8, 32–33, 35, 40–41, 62, 69, 143–144, 172, 178, 383–385, 390, 403, 576 frame 4, 14, 34, 36, 53, 96–97, 111, 144, 153, 178, 271, 277, 322, 360, 362, 441–442, 449, 480, 514, 544, 640 Frankfurt School 146, 290, 303, 307 707 function of language conative ~ 146, 152–153, 157, 171, 243, 248 emotive ~ 146, 152–153, 157, 170–171, 243 expressive ~ 170, 241, 243 metalinguistic ~ 146, 152–153, 159, 244 phatic ~ 146, 152, 171, 244, 248 poetic ~ 146, 152–153, 156, 159, 171, 243 referential ~ 146–147, 152–153, 155, 157–158, 170, 243 I illocution 9, 15, 32, 40, 51, 54, 57, 62, 77, 83–85, 88–89, 109, 148, 171, 177, 190–194, 220–222, 224, 296–298, 349, 380–381, 383–387, 389–390, 643, 648, 658 illocutionary act see illocution illocutionary force see illocution illocutionary force indicating devices 383–385, 436, 646 implicature 4, 6–7, 9, 14–16, 28, 31–33, 37, 39, 42–44, 51, 55–64, 67–69, 79, 94, 98, 139, 142, 145, 153, 157–158, 179–180, 188, 203–205, 208, 319, 323, 382, 387, 397, 400, 404, 407–416, 429–430, 445, 467–470, 473, 475–476, 484, 561–570, 574–578, 580, 630 conventional ~ 14, 28, 37, 42–43, 69, 397, 412–415, 469 conversational ~ 14, 28, 37, 42–43, 69, 179, 208, 382, 387, 397, 404, 407–416, 445, 467–470, 473, 580, 630 default ~ 42, 563–564, 566–567 generalized ~ 562, 564, 566, 569 scalar ~ 39, 400, 411, 562–564, 567, 570 impliciture 28, 397, 411–412, 430 indexical see indexicality indexicality 4–5, 7, 13, 31–33, 35, 55–56, 116–117, 119, 139, 141–143, 146–147, 159, 167, 183–186, 207, 209–210, 223, 238, 244–245, 248–249, 264–265, 276, 315–319, 320–321, 323, 326–328, 331–333, 462, 466–467, 600 708 Subject index inference 4–5, 7, 14–15, 27–28, 32–33, 35, 41–44, 56, 59, 61, 63, 98, 223, 231, 266, 278, 319, 351–352, 359, 361–363, 397–398, 401, 403, 411, 415, 425, 445, 448, 462, 465, 470, 474, 477, 484, 500, 565, 576, 579, 633, 638, 640, 646, 648 pragmatic ~ 51, 203, 205, 208–215, 387, 412, 416, 469, 473, 475–476, 563, 566–567, 569–570, 573–575, 603, 636 intention 9–11, 13, 28, 31–33, 36–39, 41, 43, 44, 51, 54, 62, 64–67, 69, 78–79, 86, 95, 108–112, 116, 124–125, 144–155, 169, 171, 173–177, 180–182, 187–189, 193, 206, 209–211, 213, 215–223, 236, 271, 289–291, 293, 295–297, 299, 302, 307–309, 322, 347, 349, 377, 379–380, 382–388, 392, 427, 445–446, 448, 462, 467, 475, 526–527, 567, 570, 572–575, 578–580, 594, 596–597, 605 intentionality see intention introspection 5, 8, 16–17, 192, 461, 491, 539, 563, 596, 631 K knowledge metapragmatic ~ 119–120, 122, 125, 432 L language acquisition 87, 90, 92, 212, 236, 373, 448, 542, 544 lifeworld 291, 295, 298, 300–302, 304, 306 locution 62, 296, 298, 380, 383, 390 locutionary see locution Logical Positivism 159, 167, 374 M maxim of conversation exploiting ~ 42–43, 208–209, 409 flouting ~ 43, 114, 208, 409 manner ~ 37, 109, 114, 408, 468 quality ~ 37, 109, 114, 409–410, 468 quantity ~ 37, 109, 114, 440, 468, 471–472 relation ~ 37, 109, 114, 468 ~ of relevance see relation ~ meaning context-dependent ~ 24, 26, 34, 462 conventional ~ 41, 186–188, 208, 219–220, 222, 414, 467, 479, 570 hearer ~ 187–188 intended ~ 24–25, 33, 39, 176, 178, 187, 571 intersubjective ~ 219, 291–292 lexical ~ 27, 352, 357, 477, 479 pragmatic ~ 9, 31, 37–38, 77, 96, 187, 426, 437, 549, 552, 630–631 sentence ~ 2, 170, 187, 222, 382, 385, 461, 484 speaker ~ 170, 187–188, 411, 416, 561, 578, 635 subjective ~ 219, 223, 290–291, 293, 309 utterance ~ 3, 27, 29, 31, 81, 183, 187, 322, 385 metacommunication 107–109, 111–113, 116, 119, 129–130, 156–157 metalanguage 108, 116, 129–130, 140, 156, 171 metaphor 15–16, 121–124, 131, 213–214, 232, 319, 321, 331, 385, 429, 444–445, 478–480, 483, 580, 609–610 metapragmatics 10, 107–108, 112, 117, 119, 125, 129–131, 139, 147, 156 multimodal 14–15, 18, 442, 449–450, 502–503, 543, 547–549, 610, 629, 650–651 multimodality see multimodal N narration 513–514, 517–519, 522, 530, 532 O Ordinary Language Philosophy 27, 39, 153–155, 159, 272 Organon model 141, 170, 232–233, 235, 237–238 origo of deixis see deictic center P participation framework 13, 271, 321 performative 25, 31, 39–40, 55, 124, 139, 146, 148, 155–159, 194, 294, 296, 375–380, 390, 413, 436, 651 Subject index ~ verb 112, 120, 297, 377, 384 performativity see performative perlocution 9, 23, 27, 40, 62, 127, 143, 148, 154, 177, 192–193, 220–222, 224, 298–381, 387, 392 perlocutionary see perlocution politeness 15, 27, 31, 38, 79, 81, 83, 86–89, 92–93, 95, 100, 109, 114, 157, 191, 277, 386, 441, 446, 538, 547, 597 polysemy 211–214, 464 Positivism see Logical Positivism pragmatic ~ competence 85, 89, 561, 566–567, 574–576, 578–579 ~ development 78, 84, 90–91, 95, 99, 578 ~ enrichment 27, 464, 475, 477 ~ failure 43, 77–78, 84–88, 91–93, 95, 99 ~ intrusion 205, 412, 465, 473 ~ transfer 77–78, 84, 87–92, 95, 99 pragmatics development of ~ 12, 461, 561 empirical ~ 26, 292–293, 552, 587–588 formal ~ 12, 26–27, 141, 292, 294, 299–300, 302–303, 305–308 functional ~ 275, 278, 428, 548 general ~ 8, 25, 31, 38, 44, 82–84, 89 historical ~ 17, 26, 77–78, 84, 95, 98–100 inferential ~ 467, 473 interlanguage ~ 26, 88–90 literary ~ 16, 511 micro ~ and macro ~ 7, 9, 51, 53–57, 60–61, 63, 66–68, 70 universal ~ 12, 292 presupposition 4–5, 7–9, 15–16, 28, 31, 35, 51, 55–56, 60–65, 69, 79, 117, 119, 130, 139, 143, 153, 174, 192, 204, 297, 299, 304–307, 397, 401–405, 413–416, 427, 465, 470, 481, 544, 561, 565, 580, 609, 638 pragmatic ~ 14, 32–33, 57, 62, 397, 406–407 ~ trigger 32, 59, 402, 406 proposition 29, 32–33, 35, 37, 40, 51, 55, 68, 112–113, 147–148, 150, 158, 172, 179, 188–192, 203, 205–206, 215, 709 296–297, 304–305, 349, 351–352, 358, 379–380, 383–385, 397–399, 401, 403–407, 410, 413, 430–431, 461–467, 469, 473, 475–476, 484, 567, 577, 589, 599, 601, 604, 607, 635–636, 642–643 propositional see proposition prosodic see prosody prosody 6, 15, 116–118, 430, 438, 449, 491–495, 497–503, 539, 548–549, 590, 592, 598, 600–603, 608–609, 629, 631–635, 650, 664, 670–671 semantic ~ 18, 539, 549, 608–609, 629, 631–635 R reference 7, 11, 13, 28, 37, 40, 58–59, 98, 109, 112, 117, 142, 148, 158–159, 183–185, 206, 315, 317–318, 320, 322–323, 327–328, 330–331, 333, 347–350, 357, 359, 363–364, 380, 442–444, 462, 465, 481, 483, 501, 512, 519–520, 544, 568–569, 572, 637–638, 640–646 co-~ 317, 355–356, 432, 447, 577–578 ~ resolution 355, 475, 646 referential see referentiality referentiality 155, 127, 155, 157, 269, 350 reflexive (language) see reflexivity reflexivity 111, 116, 130, 139, 155, 157, 217–218, 264–265, 267, 307, 320 relevance conditional ~ 35, 267 principle of ~ 129, 179, 351, 474, 594 Relevance Theory 15, 33, 41–42, 129, 157, 410–413, 473, 475, 477–479, 484, 567, 599, 636 rheme 39, 157, 229, 241, 248, 380, 433–434, 603 rule constitutive ~ 35, 39, 107 regulative ~ 35, 39 S second language acquisition see language acquisition 710 Subject index semantic ~ preference 608–609, 631, 635 ~ prosody 18, 539, 549, 608–609, 629, 631–635 shifter 13, 116–117, 129–130, 141, 244–246, 249, 316, 318, 327 sincerity condition 40, 125, 384–385 stance 15, 320, 425, 437–438, 442, 463, 493, 499–500, 503, 517, 600, 651 T theme 39, 157, 229, 241, 433–434, 603 Theory of Communicative Action 178, 246, 290, 295, 298, 302–303, 308–309 transcription 6, 8, 17–18, 391, 503, 590–591, 597–598, 601–602, 629 systems of ~ 537, 547, 657–672 truth ~ conditional see ~ conditions ~ conditions 29, 167, 172, 203, 205–208, 211, 215, 348, 358, 374, 384, 401, 412, 414–415, 466–467, 469, 475, 479–480, 484, 574 ~ value 32, 207, 348, 358, 374–376, 378, 398, 406, 466, 575, 638 turn 85, 94, 110, 113, 115, 117, 268, 430, 436, 438, 440–442, 446, 494, 498–501, 504, 517, 523, 605, 608, 650, 658–660, 665, 668 ~ constructional see ~ construction ~ construction 15, 435–436, 441, 493, 496, 503–504 ~ continuation 436, 493, 497 ~ -taking 15, 35, 66, 122, 266–267, 272, 321, 392, 425, 435, 495–496, 503, 531, 543, 548, 587, 591–592, 597, 602–604 U underspecification 15, 41, 350–351, 364, 464–465, 477, 484 underspecified see underspecification Z Zeigfeld see deictic field ... and cultures of this series Handbooks of Pragmatics) , interlanguage pragmatics, sociopragmatics (cf vol Pragmatics of society of this series Handbooks of Pragmatics) and theoretical pragmatics. .. experimental pragmatics (cf Breheny this volume), formal pragmatics, historical pragmatics (cf vol Historical pragmatics of this series Handbooks of Pragmatics) , intercultural pragmatics (cf vol Pragmatics. .. economic and in other kinds of discourse, the present handbook Foundations of Pragmatics opens with a section on Conceptual Foundations consisting of the description of pragmatics as a linguistic