Teaching and testing speaking

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227987748 Teaching and Testing Speaking Chapter · November 2009 DOI: 10.1002/9781444315783.ch23 CITATIONS READS 750 1 author: Martin Bygate Lancaster University 37 PUBLICATIONS 498 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Martin Bygate on 12 May 2016 The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file The Handbook of Language Teaching The Handbook of Language Teaching Edited by Michael H Long and Catherine J Doughty © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISBN: 978-1-405-15489-5 Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics This outstanding multi-volume series covers all the major subdisciplines within linguistics today and, when complete, will offer a comprehensive survey of linguistics as a whole Already published: The Handbook of Child Language Edited by Paul Fletcher and Brian MacWhinney The Handbook of Phonological Theory Edited by John A Goldsmith The 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Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2009 © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization © 2009 Michael H Long and Catherine J Doughty Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007 Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of Michael H Long and Catherine J Doughty to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of language teaching / edited by Michael H Long and Catherine J Doughty p cm — (Blackwell handbooks in linguistics) ISBN 978-1-4051-5489-5 (hardcover : alk paper) Language and languages— Study and teaching—Handbooks, manuals, etc Second language acquisition— Handbooks, manuals, etc I Long, Michael H II Doughty, Catherine P51.H3265 2009 418.0071—dc22 2009008867 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Set in 10/12 Palatino by Graphicraft Ltd, Hong Kong Printed in Singapore 2009 Craig Chaudron (1946–2006) Contents List of Contributors x Part I Overview 1 Language Teaching Michael H Long Part II Social, Political, and Educational Contexts of Language Teaching The Social and Sociolinguistic Contexts of Language Learning and Teaching Sandra Lee McKay and Rani Rubdy The Politics and Policies of Language and Language Teaching Robert Phillipson and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas History of Language Teaching Diane Musumeci Part III Psycholinguistic Underpinnings of Language Learning The Language-Learning Brain Alan Beretta Sequences and Processes in Language Learning Lourdes Ortega The Importance of Cross-Linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning Håkan Ringbom and Scott Jarvis Cognitive-Psychological Processes in Second Language Learning Robert M DeKeyser Optimizing the Input: Frequency and Sampling in Usage-Based and Form-Focused Learning Nick C Ellis 26 42 63 65 81 106 119 139 viii Contents Part IV Program Design 159 10 Bilingual and Immersion Programs Jim Cummins 11 Heritage Language Programs Silvina Montrul 12 Specific Purpose Programs Ken Hyland 13 Study Abroad Research: Findings, Implications, and Future Directions Joseph Collentine 14 Less Commonly Taught Languages: Issues in Learning and Teaching Kira gor and Karen Vatz 15 Third Language Acquisition Theory and Practice William P Rivers and Ewa M Golonka 161 182 201 218 234 250 Part V Course Design and Materials Writing 267 16 Foreign and Second Language Needs Analysis James Dean Brown 17 Syllabus Design Peter Robinson 18 Advances in Materials Design Alan Waters 19 Corpora in Language Teaching John Flowerdew 20 Technology-Enhanced Materials David Brett and Marta González-Lloret 269 294 311 327 351 Part VI Teaching and Testing 371 21 Methodological Principles for Language Teaching Michael H Long 22 Teaching and Testing Listening Comprehension Larry Vandergrift and Christine Goh 23 Teaching and Testing Speaking Martin Bygate 24 Teaching and Testing Reading William Grabe 25 Learning to Read in New Writing Systems Keiko Koda 26 Teaching and Testing Writing Charlene Polio and Jessica Williams 27 Teaching and Testing Grammar Diane Larsen-Freeman 373 395 412 441 463 486 518 Contents ix 28 Teaching and Testing Vocabulary Paul Nation and Teresa Chung 29 Teaching and Testing Pragmatics Carsten Roever 30 Task-Based Teaching and Testing John M Norris 31 Radical Language Teaching Graham Crookes 32 Diagnostic Feedback in Language Assessment Antony John Kunnan and Eunice Eunhee Jang 33 Computer-Assisted Teaching and Testing Carol A Chapelle 543 Part VII Teacher Education 645 34 Language Teacher Education Renée Jourdenais 35 Diffusion and Implementation of Innovations Kris Van den Branden 647 560 578 595 610 628 659 Part VIII Assessing and Evaluating Instruction 673 36 Current Trends in Classroom Research Rosamond F Mitchell 37 Issues in Language Teacher Evaluation Kathleen M Bailey 38 Investigating the Effects and Effectiveness of L2 Instruction Rick de Graaff and Alex Housen 39 Program Evaluation Steven J Ross 675 Author Index Subject Index 706 726 756 779 791 Contributors Kathleen M Bailey Kathleen M Bailey received her PhD from the University of California at Los Angeles She is a professor of Applied Linguistics at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, where she has taught since 1981 In 1998–99 she was the President of the international TESOL association Alan Beretta Alan Beretta is Professor of Linguistics at Michigan State University His research is in neurolinguistics and has been published in such journals as Brain and Language, Cognitive Brain Research, and Aphasiology David Brett David Brett worked in Italy as an ESL teacher for 10 years before becoming a researcher in English Linguistics at the University of Sassari He has published and presented widely on New Technologies and Second Language Learning, with particular reference to pronunciation teaching He has also held training workshops for language teachers on various aspects of technology-enhanced teaching, both in Italy and in other countries James Dean Brown James Dean (“JD”) Brown is Professor of Second Language Studies at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa He has authored or co-authored numerous articles and books on topics as diverse as second language testing and quantitative research methods, language curriculum development, using surveys in language programs, teaching connected speech, and heritage language curriculum Martin Bygate Martin Bygate is Professor in Applied Linguistics and Language Education at Lancaster University, UK He has undertaken funded research and taught courses on oral language teaching and development Principal publications are Speaking 776 Steven J Ross Conclusions Approaches to language program evaluation depend on the factors that lead a program to the evaluation process The methodology of evaluation needs to match program needs If the evaluation effort is endogenous, with the goal of improving practice, qualitative methods have evolved to provide ample evidence of program processes leading to information to improve practice If the evaluation mandate is exogenous, propelled by an accountability requirement, a wide array of quantitative methods are available to assess whether the desired effects have taken place Language program evaluation may be best served by moving toward a “mixed method” approach (Chatterji, 2005), employing both hermeneutic and hypothetical-deductive research methods As Chen (2005) suggests, an evaluation effort starting with a program theory and a logic model can lay the groundwork for providing evidence to satisfy stakeholders interested in outcomes, as well as yielding explanatory evidence about why the program succeeded or failed Applied linguistics research focused on language program processes and outcomes can benefit from methodological pluralism A mixed mode approach is more likely to provide evidence that there has been a program effect through quantitative methods, and can yield insights as to how such effects have occurred through qualitative methods Language programs are likely to be best evaluated with evidence addressing both of these issues REFERENCES 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J (1979) Evaluation: Promise and performance Washington, DC: Urban Institute Wholey, J (2004) Evaluability assessment In J Wholey, H Hatry, & K Newcomer (eds.), Handbook of practical program evaluation (2nd edn., pp 33–62) New York: John Wiley & Sons Wholey, J., Hatry, H., & Newcomer, K (2004) Handbook of practical program evaluation, 2nd edn New York: John Wiley & Sons Author Index Abbott, G 423 Acheson, K 707–8, 709, 710 Achiba, M 566 Adair-Hauck, B 528 Adam, C 497 Alcón Soler, E 568 Alderson, C 444, 451, 454 Alderson, J 431, 432, 611, 613, 619, 621, 639, 756, 757, 763 Aljaafreh, A 499, 532, 689 Allwright, D 650, 676, 695–6 Andersen, R 86, 94 Anderson, J 396 Anderson, R 470, 475 Anglin, J 443 Ard, J 107, 115 Arkoudis, S 504–5 Arneil, S 354 Asher, J 445 Aston, G 328, 329–30, 418 Au, T 189 Auerbach, E 601, 604, 605 August, D 168, 450, 505 Austin, T 692 Avrahami, J 149 Bachman, L 429, 561, 611, 759 Back, M 227 Bacon, F 69 Baddeley, A 396 Bailey, K 655, 663, 676, 709, 712, 714, 715, 717, 718, 719, 720, 722 Baker, K 169 Bakhtin, M 497 Bamford, J 549 Bangs, P 355, 356 Barber, C 340 Bardovi-Harlig, K 100, 564, 565, 566 Barr, J 354 Barron, A 225, 227 Bartels, N 648, 651 Bartlet, G 255 Bartlett, E 144, 145 Basturkmen, H 569, 684 Bates, E 466 Bauer, L 547 Bazerman, C 205 Beatty, K 667 Belkada, S 632, 633 Bell, J 317 Belz, J 636 Benesch, S 207, 500, 601 Beretta, A 72, 756, 757, 775 Berg, E 493–4 Bernhardt, E 448 Bernstein, B 496 Berwick, R 272–3, 430 Best, C 241 Bhatia, V 203 Bialystok, E 419, 468, 474, 733, 738 Bianchi, F 340 Biber, D 333–4, 416, 417, 549 Biddle, B 709 Billmyer, K 563 The Handbook of Language Teaching Edited by Michael H Long and Catherine J Doughty © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISBN: 978-1-405-15489-5 780 Author Index Birdsong, D 738 Bitchener, J 490 Blake, R 634, 635, 636 Bley-Vroman, R 186–7, 301 Block, D 29 Bodman, J 566 Boers, F 548, 549 Boldt, R 772 Bonate, P 767 Boo, J 638 Borg, S 663 Borrás, I 630, 631 Borsato, G 168 Bossers, B 443 Bouchard, E 444 Bouton, L 564, 570, 571 Bowers, R 717 Bowey, J 446 Boxer, D 569 Boyd, W 51 Bradlow, A 423 Braine, G 506 Braine, M 146 Branum-Martin, L 474 Brazer, S 706 Brecht, R 220, 234, 258 Brett, D 355, 358, 628, 629 Breznitz, Z 446 Brice, C 491 Brindley, G 90, 91, 272, 273, 406, 504, 586 Britton, B 395 Brockett, C 297–8 Brown, A 430 Brown, J D 140, 269, 273, 274, 275, 278–9, 282, 283, 284, 285, 295, 570, 581, 721, 722 Brown, P 560 Buck, G 396, 405 Buckingham, T 277 Burns, A 694, 695 Burston, J 629 Bybee, J 145, 147, 150 Bygate, M 415, 416, 424–5, 427, 432, 579 Byrne, D 422 Byrnes, H 100, 428, 431 Calzoni, D 721 Cameron, D 490 Cameron, L 527 Cameron, R 551 Campbell, D 770 Camps, J 95, 99 Canagarajah, A 206, 500, 506, 601, 693 Canale, M 561 Candlin, C 295 Caplan, D 73–4 Carey, S 144, 145 Carless, D 590 Carlisle, J 443 Carlo, M 443, 473 Carlson, J 219 Carreira, M 183, 192, 195, 196 Carrell, P 444 Carrier, K 398 Carroll, J 219 Carson, C 602 Carter, R 334–5 Carver, R 543 Casenhiser, D 148, 149, 150 Cauldwell, R 400 Celce-Murcia, M 426 Chafe, W 416 Chalauisaeng, B 284 Chamot, A 734 Chandler, J 489–90 Chang, M 494 Chapelle, C 353, 361, 365–6, 631, 637, 640, 667 Chatterji, M 776 Chaudron, C 581, 677 Chen, H 758, 759, 763, 767, 776 Chen, H.-C 445 Chen, J 632, 633 Cheng, H 406 Chick, K 11 Chinnery, G 365 Chiswick, B 252 Choi, I.-C 638 Chomsky, N 15, 68, 69, 76, 119, 238, 519 Christianson, K 491 Christie, F 497 Chun, D 630, 631, 636 Chung, T 545 Churchill, E 227, 228 Cisero, C 473 Clahsen, H 89 Clapham, C 450, 611, 613 Author Index 781 Clark, H 396, 417, 418 Clark, M 563 Clark, V 588 Clarke, D 295, 312–15 Clarke, M 650 Clennell, C 569 Cobb, T 52–3 Cochran-Smith, M 651 Coffin, C 205 Cohen, A 222, 225, 563 Collentine, J 219, 221, 224, 228 Collins, A 621 Colpin, M 431 Comenius, J 44–5, 54–5, 57–8, 60 Comrie, B 91 Coniam, D 406 Conrad, S 333–4, 492, 549 Cook, G 344 Cook, H 565, 570, 571 Cook, M 398 Cook, T 768, 769, 770 Corder, P 94, 332, 379 Corin, A 257, 258 Cortes, V 549 Coughlan, P 687 Coulmas, F 464 Coulson, D 424 Coulthard, M 677 Crandall, E 569 Crawford, L./Crawford-Lange, L 600–1, 603 Cresswell, J 588 Crombie, W 298 Cronbach, L 588, 738 Crookes, G 603, 605 Crozet, C 563, 566 Cruttenden, A 110–11 Crystal, D 10, 637 Cumming, A 487–8, 503, 504, 506, 756 Cummins, J 166, 167, 176 Cumo-Johanssen, P 528 Cureton, E 586 Cushion, S 356 Cutler, A 399 Dalton, D 666 Daresh, J 707, 708, 714 Darling-Hammond, L 707, 718 Davidson, D 220 Davies, A 610–11 Day, R 549 De Angelis, G 253 de Bot, K 419, 421, 682 de Carrico, J 330 de Graaff, R 684, 740, 744 de Jong, N 127 De La Fuente, M 632, 633 Debski, R 637 DeCoo, W 737 Dehaene-Lambertz, S 70 DeKeyser, R 82, 85, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 187, 223, 224, 245, 384, 522, 523, 529, 729, 732, 733, 734, 735, 738, 740, 743 Delpit, L 496 Denes, M 432 Derwing, B 270, 271 Derwing, T 423 Detmer, E 570 Dewey, J 578–9, 694 Dillon, K 196–7 Dobao, A 424 Domangue, T 128 Donato, R 528, 689 Dooley, K 665 Dörnyei, Z 564, 730 Doughty, C 44, 46, 128, 228, 355, 356, 376, 386, 403, 425, 523, 605, 631, 681, 682, 727, 731, 733, 736, 737, 738, 740, 743 Douglas, D 637 Dressler, C 167 Droop, M 443 Dudley-Evans, T 206, 211, 276, 498 Duff, P 687, 691 Duke, N 444 Duran, P 555 Durgunoglu, A 473 Dyson, P 219 Early, M 383 Eastman, J 403 Eckman, F 239 Edelenbos, P 615 Egbert, J 366 Ehri, L 442 Eisenstein, M 566 Elkhafaifi, H 398 Elley, W 445 782 Author Index Ellis, N 82, 83, 85, 140, 142, 144, 147, 151, 153, 294, 295, 467, 528–9, 732, 734, 739 Ellis, R 98, 100, 122, 125, 298–9, 301, 318, 425, 488–9, 490, 524, 527, 528, 530, 566, 584, 666, 679, 684, 726, 727, 728, 729, 731, 733, 734, 735, 736, 738, 739, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745 Embick, D 69, 71 Enright, M 638 Eraut, M 652 Esser, H 169 Essig, W 425 Evans, J 740 Everson, M 475 Feak, C 213, 407 Feez, S 497 Fender, M 478 Ferguson, C 11 Fernández-Garciá, M 632, 633, 634 Ferris, D 489, 492 Feyerabend, P 654 Field, J 400 Fielding, N and J 284 Fillmore, C 420 Fiorentino, R 71 Fiori, M 634, 635 Firth, A 15 Fishman, J 12 Fitzpatrick, E 52 Flaitz, J 631 Flavell, J 401 Flege, J 241 Flowerdew, J 296, 331, 334, 341, 397, 628 Flowerdew, L 340 Foster, P 424, 425, 680 Fotos, S 528, 737 Fox Tree, J 418 Francis, D 168 Frank, V 236, 243 Freed, B 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 229 Freeman, D 648, 649, 650, 695 Freire, P 598–601 Friederici, A 74, 75 Frolich, M 766 Fuchs, L 446 Fukkink, R 447 Fukuya, Y 563, 567 Fulcher, G 429, 431 Fullan, M 662, 668 Fuse, A 84, 100 Gaies, S 717 Gall, M 707–8, 709, 710 Garcia, P 398, 406 Gardner, S 319 Garin, E 50, 59 Gass, S 425, 466, 488, 526, 527, 650, 680, 681, 745–6 Gatbonton, E 526, 732 Gates, S 495 Gavioli, L 327, 328, 334, 339 Gebhard, J 708–9 Gee, J 208 Genesee, F 167, 168, 448 Geva, E 175, 442, 447, 448, 449, 465 Gill, S 22 Gillespie, J 354 Ginsberg, R 220 Ginther, A 406 Giroux, H 601 Glickman, C 711, 719 Godwin-Jones, R 362 Goh, C 396, 397, 400, 401, 402 Goldberg, A 147, 148, 149, 150 Goldenkoff, R 763, 766 Goldschneider, J 85 Goldstein, L 492 Golonka, E 221, 224 Gombert, J.-E 122 González-Lloret, M 358, 628, 629 Goo, J 130, 227, 377, 381, 384, 390, 680, 681, 684 Goodglass, H 400 Goodman, K 597, 598 Gor, K 245 Gordon, S 711, 719 Gore, J 595, 604 Gorsuch, G 447 Gower, R 317 Graaff, R de 684, 740, 744 Grace, C 631 Graddol, D 30, 31 Graesser, A 395 Granger, S 343–4 Grant, L 547 Author Index 783 Graves, K 270, 271, 649 Graves, M 445 Graziano-King, J 276 Green, J 721, 730 Gribble, C 256 Gries, S 151 Griffiths, M 652 Grin, F 37–8 Grosjean, F 191 Gruba, P 397, 403 Guillelmon, D 191 Guillory, H 630, 631 Gumperz, J 15 Gunn, C 697 Guthrie, J 447 Guynn, M 526 Gysen, S 431 Hahne, A 74–5 Haley, M 746 Hall, G 667 Halliday, M 496, 500, 520 Hamada, M 479 Hamel, R 172–3 Hammarberg, B 253 Hammerly, H 112 Hamp-Lyons, L 502, 503 Han, Z 96–7, 532 Hancin-Blatt, B 473 Hannafin, M 666 Harklau, L 487 Harley, B 399, 524, 740 Harrington, M 636 Harris, T 398 Hartford, B 565 Harvey, D 28, 37 Hatch, E 530 Hauck, M 640 Hayes, J 486 Hazi, H 707 Hedgcock, J 649, 650, 651, 653, 654 Heining-Boynton, A 715 Heller, M 691 Helms-Park, R 486 Hendrix, L 737 Henrichsen, L 400 Hewings, M 344 Heyworth, F 495 Hirvela, A 505 Holliday, A 603 Holme, J 284 Holmes, M 354 Holt, J 597 Holton, J 256 Homburg, T 107, 115 Hooper, S 666 Hord, S 667 Horiba, Y 444 Horst, M 550 House, J 567 Housen, A 684, 731, 737, 740 Howard, M 225 Howatt, A 43, 58, 175 Hu, G 21, 125 Hu, M 543 Huberman, A 284, 773 Hudson, T 570 Huebner, T 95–6 Hufeisen, B 114–15 Hughes, R 419, 431 Huhta, A 619 Hull, D 76–7 Hulstijn, J 126, 396, 400, 432, 443, 447, 528, 732, 734, 740 Hult, F 22–3 Hunston, S 331, 333, 334 Hutchinson, E 324 Hutchinson, T 272, 277 Huth, T 569 Hyland, K 201, 203, 205, 209, 213, 273, 342, 497 Hyltenstam, K 88, 93 Hymes, D 14, 245 Iberri-Shea, G 588 Isabelli, C 224 Isemonger, I 122, 125 Iwasaki, M 224 Iwashita, N 432 Izumi, S 224, 732 Jacobs, G 493 James, C 110 James, W 579 Jamieson, J 406 Jang, E 617, 618–19, 620 Jansen, L 100 Jarvis, S 82, 83, 237, 251 784 Author Index Jasso-Aguilar, R 206 Jensen, E 400, 525 Jensen, J 256 Jeon, E 566 Jeon-Ellis, G 637 Jepson, K 632, 633 Jessner, U 255 Jia, G 84, 100 Jiang, N 120, 125 Jiang, X 446 Joe, A 551 Johns, A 213–14, 497, 501 Johns, T 339 Johnson, K 295, 300–1, 421, 422, 493, 648, 649, 650, 653 Johnson, R 162–3 Johnston, J 403 Johnston, M 90, 91, 739 Jones, R 492–3 Jordan, I 256 Jordan, R 270, 271, 272, 276, 277 Jourdenais, R 650 Juffs, A 120, 732, 733, 734, 735 Juola, P 252 Kachru, B 13, 16, 18, 535 Kagan, O 196–7 Kakigi, R 75 Kaltenböck, G 331–2 Kamil, M 167 Kamwangamalu, N 20 Kanagy, R 563 Kanno, K 192 Karmiloff-Smith, A 122 Kasper, G 398, 415, 418, 421, 430, 566 Kay, H 498 Kaya, T 566 Kayman, M 31 Ke, C 475 Keenan, E 91 Kellerman, E 96, 107, 238 Kelly, L 43, 45 Kemmis, S 694 Kennedy, G 424 Kiely, R 758, 775 Kim, K 72, 638 Kim, Y 487 Kinginger, C 221, 228, 229, 636, 688 Klein, E 254, 255 Klein, W 85, 94, 728, 729 Klingner, J 445 Knop, C 712–13 Koda, K 242, 245, 448, 449, 475, 477, 478, 479 Koike, D 567 Kondo-Brown, K 192, 194 Kormos, J 131, 432 Korzilius, H 214 Kraemer, A 505 Kramsch, C 244, 246, 361 Krappels, A 491 Krashen, S D 84, 126, 131, 384, 466, 524, 678, 683, 732, 734, 739 Kroll, J 223, 447 Krych, M 417 Ku, Y.-M 470 Kubanek-German, A 615 Kubota, R 486, 603, 692 Kuder, J 169 Kuhl, P 241 Kulman, A 257 Kunnan, A 612, 618 Lafayette, R 630, 631 Lafford, B 221, 222, 226, 228, 229 Lakshmanan, U 532 Lally, C 492 Lamb, C 706, 718–19 Lambert, W 162, 175 Landerl, K 446 Lane, S 128–9 Lantolf, J 499, 500, 532, 535, 616, 636, 684, 685, 686–7, 688, 689 Lapkin, S 177, 488, 529, 689 Laporte, N 732 Lardiere, D 97, 98 Larsen-Freeman, D 85, 142, 519, 521, 523, 524, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 534, 653, 654, 739 Lather, P 601 Laufer, B 555–6 Laurillard, D 354–5 Lave, J 497 Laver, J 417, 419 Lazar, N 229 Lee, D 336, 340 Lee, H 506 Lee, I 489 Author Index 785 Lee, J 569 Lee, L 636 Leech, G 327, 334, 337, 339, 532, 560 Leedham, M 424 Legutke, M 427 Lems, K 447 Lesaux, N 168 Leung, C 616 Levelt, W 418, 419 Levinson, S 560 Levy, B 446 Lewin, K 694 Lewis, M 546 Li, D 665 Li, J 505–6 Li, W 470 Liddicoat, A 398, 563, 566 Lightbown, P 98, 99, 152, 530, 532, 729, 746 Lillis, T 208 Lindemann, S 213 Lindfield, K 400 Lindholm-Leary, K 168 Linn, R 775 Little, D 431, 432 Littlewood, W 428 Liu, D 721 Liu, J 570 Liu, X 402, 474, 476–7 LoCastro, V 563 Loewen, S 122, 125, 684 Logan, G 467 Long, M 46, 97, 99, 228, 241, 245, 271, 278–9, 281, 295, 301, 302, 352, 355, 356, 358, 373, 374, 376, 386, 418, 524, 525, 526, 531, 532, 534, 579, 581, 583, 589, 605, 631, 676, 677, 679, 680, 683, 698, 709, 726, 730, 736, 737, 739, 756, 759, 766 Lorenzo-Dus, N 430 Loschky, L 301 Lu, C 477 Lumley, T 504 Luoma, S 419, 505 Lynch, B 757, 758, 766 Lynch, T 425 Lyster, R 531, 563, 680, 681, 682, 682–3 Ma, B 340 Mackay, R 757 Mackey, A 424, 526, 650, 680, 681, 682, 684 Mackey, W 43, 45, 99 Maclean, J 425 MacWhinney, B 242, 466 Magnan, S 227, 245 Malvern, D 555 Manalo, J 506 Manchon, R 491 Manes, J 149 Mansour, W 717 Mareschal, C 403 Markee, N 654, 660, 662, 664, 692 Martin, J 496 Martin-Chang, S 446 Martínez-Arbelaiz, A 632, 633, 634 Martínez-Flor, A 567 Mathews, R 128–9 Matsumura, S 565 Matsunaga, S 191 Mauranen, A 336 Mayo, P 606 McCarthy, M 417, 418 McChesney, B 569 McCormick, D 689 McDonough, K 683, 684 McGeeking, A 227 McGreal, T 714 McGroarty, M 493 McKay, S L 11 McLaren, P 601 McNamara, T 533, 535, 571 McTaggart, R 694 Meara, P 430 Medgyes, P 322, 711 Mehlmauer-Larcher, B 331–2 Meier, A 569 Meisel, J 89, 380 Mendonỗa, C 493 Michael, E 223 Milanovic, M 430 Miles, M 284, 773 Miller, L 210, 397 Miller, P 252 Milton, J 344 Mitchell, R 42, 47 Möhle, D 255 Mohr, L 770 Molis, M 738 786 Author Index Montrul, S 189, 191, 192, 244 Morales, F 150 Morgan, B 500–1, 601 Mori, H 683 Morita, N 692–3 Morrow, K 422, 429 Mosher, R 706 Muljani, M 476, 479 Munby, J 278, 295, 300 Munro, M 423 Murdoch, G 718, 719, 720, 722 Murphy, J 47 Murphy, L 491 Murphy-Lejeune, E 221 Musumeci, D 42, 44, 45, 57, 579 Myers-Scotton, C 13–14 Myles, F 42, 47 Nagata, N 630, 631 Nagy, W 443, 473, 502 Nakata, H 75 Nakhleh, L 252 Nassaji, H 499–500, 689 Nation, I S P 240, 245, 543, 545, 549, 551 Nattinger, J 330, 338 Negueruela, E 532, 686 Nerenz, A 712–13 Neville, H 74, 400 Newell, A 147, 419 Newmann, F 773 Newton, J 424, 551 Ng, C 567 Ng, G 442 Nicholas, H 532 Nicholson, T 442, 446 Niezgoda, K 564, 567 Ninio, A 148 Nishida, C 224 Nitta, R 319 Nobuyoshi, J 679 Norris, J 381, 490, 495, 523, 528, 580, 581, 582, 585, 586, 587, 588, 630, 684, 727, 737, 740–1, 742, 743, 744 Norton, B 692 Nunan, D 273, 706, 718–19 O’Brien, I 222, 223, 225 Odlin, T 107, 111, 153, 240, 466 Oh, J 189 Ohta, A 531, 563, 686, 687–8, 689, 690 Ojima, S 75 Okamoto, S 603, 632, 633 Oliver, R 680–1, 681 O’Loughlin, K 504–5 Olshtain, E 563 Omaggio, A 713 O’Malley, J 734 Opper, S 219 Ortega, L 84, 98, 294, 381, 487, 490, 523, 528, 531, 580, 585, 588, 630, 684, 727, 737, 740–1, 742, 743, 744 Osborn, T 603 Oshita, H 82 Pakir, A 20, 172 Palmer, H 296, 546 Paradis, M 187 Park, P 662 Patthey-Chavez, G 492 Patton, M 278, 280 Pavesi, M 100 Pawley, A 418, 546 Payne, S 634, 635 Pazzaglia, R 340 Peacock, M 730 Pearson, L 567 Pearson, P 444 Pease, S 707 Pellegrino-Aveni, V 226 Pellettieri, J 632, 634 Pennington, M 647–8, 710, 720 Pennycook, A 207, 601 Perani, D 73 Perdue, C 83, 87, 94, 149, 225 Perencevich, K 447 Perfetti, C 441, 442, 444, 467, 474, 476–7, 479 Pfeifer, E 75 Phillips, C 70, 71 Phillipson, R 18, 31, 36, 37 Philp, J 682 Pica, T 94–5, 379 Pickering, L 569 Pienemann, M 89, 90, 91, 99, 298, 380, 382, 530, 739 Pierrard, M 731, 737, 740 Pigada, M 550 Pike, L 443, 451 Author Index 787 Pinker, S 119 Pinter, A 424, 425 Planken, B 214 Plass, J 630, 631 Plough, I 425 Poehner, M 535, 616, 686 Poeppel, D 69, 71 Polio, C 488, 489, 491, 684 Politzer, R 712 Popham, W 706, 708 Pothos, E 128 Potowski, K 194, 195 Poupore, G 424 Prabhu, N 426 Priestley, J 67–8 Purpel, D 706 Purpura, J 273, 276, 277, 533, 534 Pylkkänen, L 71 Qi, D 488 Qian, D 451 Quirk, R 337 Ramanathan, V 500–1 Rampton, B 15, 17, 693 Ramsay, R 254–5 Ranta, E 680, 681, 682 Raupach, M 220 Read, J 407, 554 Rea-Dickens, P 757, 758 Regan, V 225 Renouf, A 338 Rentz, P 746 Rhodes, N 715 Richard, D 757 Richards, B 555 Richards, J 273, 276, 295, 654, 708 Richmond, B 760 Rifkin, B 535 Ringbom, H 82, 83, 107, 108, 112, 237, 240, 251, 253 Rivers, W 255–6, 258, 259 Robinson, P 130, 143, 151, 153, 294, 303–4, 373, 427, 726, 732, 740 Roca de Larios, J 491 Rodgers, D 525 Roediger, I 526 Roever, C 533, 535, 564, 567, 570, 571, 639 Rogers, E 660–1, 662 Rose, K 563, 564, 566, 567 Rosencranz, H 709 Ross, S 430, 757, 760, 772 Rossell, C 169 Rossett, A 278, 280 Ross-Gordon, J 711, 719 Rossner, R 312–15 Rost, M 396 Rost-Roth, M 566 Rothkopf, D 31 Rott, S 550–1 Royer, J 473 Rubin, D 770 Rupp, A 406 Russell, J 743 Rutherford, W 212 Ryan, K 617 Sabatini, J 446 Sachs, R 488 Saito-Abbot, Y 692 Salaberry, R 431 Salehzadeh, J 407 Sallas, B 128–9 Salsbury, T 566 Sampson, G 522 Samuda, V 425, 579, 582 Samuels, S 446 Sanders, L 400 Sasaki, M 492 Sato, C 100, 380 Saury, R 630 Sawaki, Y 446, 614, 637 Schmidt, R 567 Schmitt, N 550 Schön, D 706 Schoonen, R 443, 444 Schulz, R 127, 522 Schumann, J 85, 98 Schutz, N 270, 271 Scida, E 630 Scriven, M 758 Secombe, M 17 Seedhouse, P 274, 691–2 Segalowitz, N 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 245, 397, 419, 526, 732 Seidlhofer, B 15, 16, 535 Selinker, L 81, 96, 253, 466, 532 Sénéchal, M 445 788 Author Index Sethuraman, N 148, 149, 150 Seybolt, T 49 Shadish, W 770 Shanahan, T 450 Shardakova, M 225–6 Sharwood Smith, M 525, 734 Shavelson, R 374 Sheen, R 523 Sheen, Y 681 Sheldon, A 241 Shi, L 492, 504 Shin, D 549, 603 Shirai, Y 94 Shively, R 222, 225 Shohamy, E 613 Shor, I 601 Shu, H 475 Siegal, L 448, 449 Siegel, J 535 Siegel, M 603 Silva, T 491 Simis, A 447 Sinclair, J 337, 338, 498, 677 Singh, R 275, 276 Sinicrope, C 100 Skehan, P 301, 302, 303, 320–1, 424, 425, 426–7, 530, 581, 738 Skuntabb-Kangas, T 28, 30, 32, 34, 35 Slade, D 418 Slayter, H 406 Slobin, D 153 Small, R 606 Smith, B 632, 633 Smith, J 714–15 Smith, M 597, 598, 606 Smolicz, J 17 Smyser, S 721 Snow, R 738 Song, M 191, 505 Spada, N 99, 524, 532, 727, 743, 766 Spolsky, B 613 St John, M.-J 206, 211, 276 Stanovich, K 443, 445 Stansfield, C 503 Stapleton, P 486 Stauble, A 88 Steinhauer, K 75 Stenson, N 714–15 Stern, H 42 Stern, P 374 Sternberg, R 579, 738 Stevens, J 445 Stickler, U 640 Stockwell, G 636 Stodolsky, S 708 Storch, N 488 Strange, W 241 Strevens, P 709, 711–12, 714 Stromswold, K 73 Stuart, E 770 Stubbs, M 328–9, 333, 336 Stufflebeam, D 271, 277 Sugaya, N 94 Sun, R 128–9 Sunderland, J 692, 693 Suppes, P 588 Swain, M 162–3, 177, 384, 488, 499–500, 524, 526, 529, 561, 678–9, 682, 683, 689, 732 Swales, J 152, 212–13, 340, 341–2, 501 Swan, M 319–20 Sweetland, Y 505 Syder, F 418, 546 Sykes, J 634, 635 Tafaghodotari, M 403 Taguchi, N 398, 447 Takahashi, S 568 Takahashi, T 475, 478 Takaki, M 550 Takala, S 113 Takyasu-Maass, M 447 Taleghani-Nikazm, C 569 Talmy, S 605 Tan, A 446 Tang, G 444 Tann, S 652 Tarnanen, M 505 Tarone, E 418, 424, 650 Tateyama, Y 567 Taylor, A 445, 550 Taylor, J 150 Taylor, P 599 Teichler, U 219 Teixeira-Leal Tarquinio, L 257 Tekwe, C 775 Terrell, T 530 Tetrault, E 257, 602 Author Index 789 Thaler, V 446 Thomas, H 427 Thomas, M 44, 45 Thomas, N 770 Thornbury, S 418, 427, 428 Thorne, S 499, 637, 684, 685, 686–7, 688, 689 Titone, R 43, 45 Tokowicz, N 223 Tomasello, M 142, 143, 152, 520 Tomasevski, K 30, 34–5 Tomita, Y 743 Tomlinson, B 321 Toohey, K 692 Trabasso, T 444 Trappes-Lomax, H 651 Trenkic, D 121, 125 Trochim, W 770 Truscott, J 489, 490 Tucker, G 162 Tversky, A 148 Tyler, M 397 Ulich, R 59 Ullman, M 121 Ullman, R 756 Ur, P 429 Valdés, G 183, 196 Van Daele, S 740 Van den Branden, K 582, 589, 663, 666, 669 Van Gelderen, A 444 van Hooft, A 214 van Lier, L 654–5 Van Moere, A 430 Van Valin, R 466 Vandergrift, L 396, 397, 398, 402, 404 Vandrick, S 602 VanPatten, B 423, 524, 683, 737, 739 Varela, E 682 Vaughn, S 445 Verhoeven, L 443 Vinther, T 400, 525 von Stutterheim, C 85 Vygotsky, L 499, 684, 688 Wagner, E 405, 407 Wajnryb, R 719 Walczyk, J 446 Walker, C 734 Wall, D 611, 613 Wallace, C 500 Wallace, M 648, 649 Walters, J 551 Walton, A 234 Wang, M 474, 476–7, 479 Wang, W 486 Ward, M 355, 356 Wardaugh, R Waring, R 550 Warschauer, M 353, 354, 366, 635 Waters, A 272, 277 Waugh, L 532 Weber, J 342–3 Weber-Fox, C 74 Weible, D 354 Weigle, S 503, 504, 506 Weir, C 430, 670 Weissberg, R 487 Wen, Q 486 Wenden, A 255 Wenger, E 497 West, M 545 West, R 272 Westhoff, G 745 White, L 82, 83, 385, 524 White, R 275, 716 Whitney, P 634, 635 Wholey, J 759, 766, 767 Widdowson, H 13, 43, 58, 273, 294, 298, 319, 323, 338, 527, 580, 651 Wiebem, G 423 Wigfield, A 447 Wigglesworth, G 637 Wildner-Bassett, M 567 Wilkins, D 275, 295, 296, 300, 373 Wilkinson, S 227 Williams, E 35, 171–2 Williams, J 129–30, 487, 492, 523, 551, 727, 731, 736, 737, 739, 740, 743 Williams, M 652 Willis, D 295, 299–300, 338 Willis, F 219 Willis, J 300, 427 Wilson, M 400 Wingfield, A 400 Winkler, K 714–15 790 Author Index Winn, M 281 Wise, A 707 Wishnoff, J 563 Wode, H 238 Woldorff, M 400 Wolfe, E 506 Wolfe-Quintero, K Wolfson, N 149 Wong, W 488 Wright, T 651–2 Wu, W 503 You, X 494 Young, S 490 Young, W 57 Yu, W 175 Yuan, F 425, 488–9 Yule, G 418, 424 721, 722 Yaghoub Zadeh, Z 442, 447 Yamashita, S 570 Yang, Y 366 Yan-kit Leung, I 253 Yoshii, M 631 Yoshimi, D 563, 566 Yoshitake, S 570 View publication stats Zahorik, J 710 Zanutto, E 770 Zeichner, K 651 Zhang, R 696–7 Zhang, S 493 Zhang, Y 477 Zhao, Y 353, 629 Zheler, A 480 Zhu, W 493 Zipf, G 149 Zobl, H 254, 255, 530 Zyzik, E 124, 636 ... Teaching Michael H Long 22 Teaching and Testing Listening Comprehension Larry Vandergrift and Christine Goh 23 Teaching and Testing Speaking Martin Bygate 24 Teaching and Testing Reading William... Koda 26 Teaching and Testing Writing Charlene Polio and Jessica Williams 27 Teaching and Testing Grammar Diane Larsen-Freeman 373 395 412 441 463 486 518 Contents ix 28 Teaching and Testing Vocabulary... Language Teaching Michael H Long Part II Social, Political, and Educational Contexts of Language Teaching The Social and Sociolinguistic Contexts of Language Learning and Teaching Sandra Lee McKay and