(Luận văn thạc sĩ) propagation and plant technique wine grape in glenavon nurseries company

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THI THUY DUONG TOPIC TITLE: BENCH-GRAFTING PROPAGATION AND PLANT TECHNIQUES OF WINEGRAPE IN GRENAVON NURSERIES PTY LTD, 101 SOUTH BREMER ROAD, LARGHORN CREEK, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, 5255 BACHELOR THESIS Study mode: Full-time Major: Environmental science and management Faculty: International Programs Office Batch: 2013-2019 Type: On-the-Job Training (OJT) Thai Nguyen - 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to sincerely thank you and express my deepest gratitude to all AEP officers who provided me the opportunity to complete this research First and foremost, I would like to thanks and deep regards to my supervisor: Pham Bang Phuong, who guided me wholeheartedly when I implemented this research He is always willing to give suggestions on scientific problems and personal issues He is very supportive and a good listener, encouragement, advice, and guidance in writing this thesis Under his instruction with patience, knowledge and talent, I’m able to fulfill to my thesis I also want to express my thanks to my work big boss Mark Clegget who accept me to become his casual worker in his company and my dear work supervisor Lai Trong Tinh who was taught me how to work and make me understanding all about grapevine and provide me all document of this research, who spending a great number of time and introduce and help me fill up knowledge about grapevine I want to thank all my colleagues in Glenavon Nurseries company Mrs Dieu Hue who introduce this job for me and thank all about their help Mrs Kim Nhung, Mr Jerry, Mr Roger, Jeongwoo,…I was great pleasure to work with them, and my friends from Vietnam Quynh Lam, Khanh Linh Without them I cannot successfully complete my thesis in Australia I want to express my sincerest appreciation to my parents, my friends and my team for their love and support me every time Thai Nguyen, September 2019 Nguyen Thi Thuy Duong iv PART I INTRODUCTION Grapevine is an economic plant in several countries in the world According to International Organization of wine and vine (OIV) in 2017, the total areas of grapevines planted in 44 different countries worldwide are around 7.5 million Australia is listed in the top 15 countries with highest grape production in the same period (Aurand, 2016) In Australia, wine grapes are the most popular compared to the rest of varieties, while Adelaide Hills is one of the largest regions for making wine in the state, where Merlot are dominant in this region In recent years, Merlot is considered as a high quality varietal wine and widely grown across the world The vineyard area of Merlot was 5000 ha, which occupied 5.4 % of the total area of vineyard in Australia (OIV, 2017) Asexual propagation has been prove that it could reproduce the highestquality plants and ensure consistency of a variety of plant or crop for sale (Benbya, 2018) Specifically, grafting method is commonly used over the years for grafting vines since it could bring many benefits, such as change in variety, pest resistance, maturity and propagation, which are helpful to reduce the cost of production and enhance the quality of vines (Richards, 2019) Glenavon Nurseries Pty Ltd is a family business producing grapevines for the Australian wine industry, locating on Adelaide, South Australia In this nursery, bentch-grafting propagation method is applied to propagate high-quality grapevine varieties before planting outside to become youngvines During the propagation and production processes, some issues might be happened, therefore, the grapevines are need to be cared and trained by adequate method The objectives of this research are: - To investigate the propagation and production method of grapevines - To recognize grapevine-related issues and make solutions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Grapevine 2.1.1 Grapevine origin Grapevines are a woody-climbing plant which belongs to the botanical family Vitaceae The scientific classification of grapevine includes” Kingdom Plantae – Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Subclass Rosidae Order Rhamnales Family Vitaceae – Grape family Genus Vitis L – grape P Species Vitis vinifera L – wine grape P The popular seedlings of grapevine such as Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis rotundifolia, Vitis arizonica, Vitis californica Most of them are used for wine production as well as making jar and grape juice Vitis vinifera is the most popular grapevine which accounts for most of total grapevine quantity worldwide This species is dividing into two main groups including white grape with no-color or pale green fruits when ripping, and red grape with red or purple ones (Ha, 2014) Merlot (Figure 2.1) is a popular red grape which has thinner skin and milder tennis Merlot was normally used as a varietal wine or in a blend In the past, Merlot used to be blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and other Bordeaux varieties in order to enhance softness and fruit complexity, shorten aging requirements and prevent the risk of cool, late ripening conditions in Bordeaux In recent years, this kind of plant is considered as a high quality varietal wine and widely grown across the world The origin of the variety is not well-known, but it has been cultivated in the Bordeaux region of France since the eighteenth century The first botanical description was obtained in 1854 by V Rendue who described it favorably for blending with Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon and as a component of the great wines of Medoc (Poling, et al., 2015) \ Figure 2.1: Merlot grapevine 2.1.2 Grapevine structure Figure 2.2: Grapevine structures (Hellman, 2003) Grapevine can be grown naturally on their own root system or they could be grafted onto a rootstock (Figure 2.2) This thesis focus on bench-grafting method, therefore, the structure of grafted vines was demonstrated A grafted vine consists of two general parts, the scion variety producing the fruit and the rootstock variety providing the root system and lower part of the trunk Graft union is the position of the trunk where the two varieties were join by grafting and subsequently grew together This part is normally larger than adjacent part of the trunk since healing of the graft union often results in the production of abundant callus tissue which is a wound healing tissue composed of large thin-walled cells that develop in response to injury The trunk is an individual shoot which supports the aboveground vegetative and reproductive structure of the vine The height of the trunk varies among training systems, and the top of the trunk is referred to as the head The height of the head is determined by prun6 ing during the initial stages of training a young grapevine The trunk of a mature vine has arms, short branches from which canes originate The shoot arising from a bud is the primary unit of vine growth and the principal focus of many viticulture practices Some regular patterns such as tendrils flower, fruit clusters and buds arranged along the shoot in (Hellman, 2003) 2.1.3 Growth condition Grapevine is able to grow in various kinds of weathers; however dry season is adequate for grapevine because it encourages sugar leading to quality of grape The suitable temperature for grapevine development is 18-300c If temperature is higher or lower, they still impact to develop of grapevine The lack of light in long term period could directly affect to sum carbohydrate and withered flower or small-size grape Air humidity also plays a key role for planting grapevine The humidity from 70 to 75% is acceptable, since extreme high humidity could result in several kinds of diseases The annual amount of rainfall for grapevine should be 700-850mm Grapevine can grow in a bunch of soils, however perfect pH level for grapevine is 5.5-7.5 If PH is lower than 4.5 or higher than 8.5 they development of grapevine (Ha, 2014) Merlot has medium-high vigor and a trailing growth habit, however excessive growth creates a dense canopy due to lateral shoot development Merlot could adapt from cool to warm climate regions as well as well-growing on deep, sandy loam or well-drained soils that have good moisture-holding capacity However, grapevines might be impacted by the frost in the spring leading to bud break, soil problems involving zinc deficiency, salinity, or cold, excessively wet conditions It is sensitive to downy and powdery mildew, botrytis and droughts (Poling, et al., 2015) 2.1.4 Grapevine benefits Grapefruit might contain more vitamin A amount in comparison with an orange One-half of one grapefruit contains 28% of your daily value of vitamin A (based on a 2000-calorie daily intake), or far more than the 4% in oranges Grapefruit is able to lower bad cholesterol level, speed up weight loss, and reduce blood pressure Also, wine is considered as a well-recognized grapevine product that has many advantages for human health To be more specific, it contains antioxidants, boosting the immune system, increasing bone density, reducing the risk of stroke or heart disease, lower cholesterol and it can reduce the risk of cancer (Gardner, 2019) 2.2 Grapevine production Grapevine is an economic plant in several countries in the world According to International Organization of wine and vine in 2015, the total areas of grapevines planted in 44 different countries worldwide is around 7,5 million with the figure for 10 main varieties larger than 65000 ha, such as Syrah, Cabenet Sauvigon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvigon Blanc, Pinot Nior, Se’millon, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Muscat of Alexandried Grapevine productivity is around 5-35 ton/ha/year and it depends on location, nurturing condition or purpose of application In 2015 the global grape area and production was 7.5 million (as mentioned above) and 75.7 million tons, while the figures for Australia was stood at 149000 and 1.7 million tons respectively Therefore, Australia are listed in the top 15 countries with highest grape production in the same period (Aurand, 2016) In Australia, wine grapes are the most popular compared to the rest of varieties, which occupied around 90% of total grape products in 2014 Shiraz has the greatest percentage of total vineyard area at 26.8 % with 40000 ha, while Cabernet Sauvignon was 16.8% of the total area with 25000 The vineyard area of Merlot was 5000 ha, which occupied 5.4 % of the total area of vineyard in Australia (OIV, 2017)2 The grapevine type of products mainly focuses on food (fruits and raisins) beverage (wine juices and brandy) production, corresponding to each grapevine variety (Keller, 2015):, which are shown on the table below: Table 2.1: Grapevine types of products Purposes Characteristic Varieties Large, freshly or juicy Cardinal,Cinsaut, Chasselas, and grapes, often seedless Muscat of Alexandria Table grapes Thompson Seedless, Flame SeedPredominantly seedless Dried grapes less, Black Corinth (synonym Zante grapes Currant), and Delight Juice grapes Highly aromatic grapes Concord and Niagara Riesling, Chardonnay, Semillon, Very sweet, juicy Sauvignon blanc, Gewurztraminer, Wine grapes grapes, often low yieldthe Pinots and Cabernets, Merlot, ing Tempranillo and Nebbiolo White grapes producing Ugni blanc (synonym Trebbiano), bland, acidic wines Colombard, and Folle blanche Brandy International Organisation of Vine and Wine2 2.3 Propagation and production methods of grapevines 2.3.1 Grafting propagation method Vegetative or asexual propagation, by cuttings, grafts or layers, produces vines that are identical with the parents in all varietal characteristics unless mutation or virus infections intervene Grafting is process in which a new grape vine is produced by making a cut in the rootstock and then adding scion wood that is cut to fit inside the incision made in the rootstock (Stafne, 2013) In this method, the canopy and most of the trunk of one vine are replaced by a cutting of another vine which is sealed by a graft union There are two main types of grafting relating to the propagation of a grapevine, which include bench-grafting and field grafting (Olmstead, 2014) 2.3.2 Bench-grafting propagation method This thesis will focus on bench-graft method, which is the most commonly used method for grafting vines throughout the world since it is the most suited for mass production of grafted vines Bench-grafting is a rapid graft propagation technique that is performed by rooting the callused graft under mist for 30 days and hence moving them to a greenhouse for 30 days The grafted vines are required to be healthy and vigorous, without disease or insects, and relatively young (Stafne, 2013) The bench-grafting method is followed by these steps: Preparation of stock and scion wood, machine grafting and preparation for callusing, callusing waxing and planting in a nursery (Goldammer, 2018) 10 3.3.3 Caring Irrigation Drip irrigated system was utilized for watering in young graft-vines., in particular, if there was no rain, the vines could be irrigated hours/once/day Young vines tend to dry out after planting so it was essential to provide good moisture at planting adequate soil moisture should be maintained for vines until they start to grow, therefore, frequent light watering is suitable instead of over irrigating vines Fertilizers: Soil analysis need to be taken to identify the potential nutrient deficiencies in the planting area Pre-plant phosphorus and nitrogen after ripping was applied with the concentration of 1pound per 100 square feet (Agro-liquid fertilizer) Excessive fertilizer amounts should be avoided due to the fact that fertilizer can burn or kill vines Protection Planting a windbreak or cover crop in the autumn was carried out to minimize the risk from wind Using vine-guards such as plastic, sisal, coated cardboard sleeves or milk cartons was considered to protect the vines The application of cover sprays of fungicide (Mueso) is necessary to reduce disease like downy and powdery mildew Young vines were needed to check for the presence of mites, vine moth caterpillar and light brown apple moth throughout the growing season apart from pasture pests and cutworms because they can cause serious problems in a new vineyard (Figure 3.4) 29 Mueso(unfungi) pool Mueso liquid Soak vine in Mueso pool Figure 3.4: Application of Mueso for grapevine protection 3.3.4 Training vines Using non-stretch twine is necessary to support vines since they are trained up the wire To avoid choking the vines, the twine was attached around the fruiting wire and around the vine where shoots rise Undesirable side shoots, buds and top of the vines were removed to boost wine growth The canes were wrapped down from the permanent cordons, and they were cut to stimulate lateral shoot and spur formation when adjacent vines cordons meet (Figure 4.7) 3.3.5 Recycling Several kinds of organic wastes, such as roots, soil, branches, sticks, buds were put in paper boxes and hence taken to the farm by using tractor After that, all these wastes were crushed by machine to become fertilizer that was given 30 back to plant By the way, the non-reuse waste, for example, plastic bags, plastic tides or gloves were selected and moved by the trunk to the government company for advanced recycling (Figure 3.5) a b Figure 3.5: Recyling of organic waste (a) and non-reuse waste (b) 31 Cutting Grafting Propagation Callusing Wazing and planting in a nusery Method Site preparation Planting outside Production Caring Training vine Recycling Figure 3.6: Grapevine propagation and production methodology 32 PART IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Result 4.1.1 Propagating grafts Cuttings (a) (b) Figure 4.1: Grapevine sticks (a) and buds (b) Figure 4.1 shows the cuttings of grapevine obtained from cutting steps All of them were straight or slightly curved, out of small buds and mold All of them are given out dead leaves, soil and other debris beside invertebrate pests The length of sticks were around 45 cm, while the category for buds stood at cm The deep-brown color insists that they were well-matured cuttings 33 Grafting Figure 4.2: Grapevine grafts Figure 4.2 shows the grapevine sticks chosen in three blocks at the nursery and the buds taken by other company were grafted by using Omega-star grafting machine Grafts were well matched to ensure complete healing Callusing Figure 4.3: Placing grafts in callusing room 34 Figure 4.3 shows that the boxes containing grafted grapevines were put in callusing room with the low density to avoid high temperature and low oxygen favouring the development of pathogen There were no microbial and antibiotic contaminants, agrochemicals, dust and wind in the callusing media Callusing room was kept cleaned regularly Waxing and planting in a nursery Figure 4.4: Planting grafts in nursery This figure shows that the grafted grapevines was ready to plant in the nursery after callusing and waxing steps after grading grafted or un-grafted 35 4.1.2 Establishing young grapevines Site preparation Figure 4.5: Site preparation before planting Figure 4.5 shows the step of preparing sites for planting grafted vines that were in nursery before It was ready for planting those vines immediately after making survey, building irrigation infrastructure, finishing weed control and cultivation Planting Figure 4.6: Planting grapevines in vineyard 36 This figure indicates how the vines were planted in vineyard The grafted grapevines were kept standing at suitable distance and their grafts were above the surface of the soil Caring and training vines Figure 4.7: Training vines This figure presents that the vines were caring and training in order to form shape and healthy structure It is clear that the vines were healthy with vigorous root system and truck after applying appropriate fertilizers and irrigation, weed and pests control and pest The training shoots were grown above the height of fruiting wire, bent over and trained along the wire 37 Products Figure 4.8: Complete products before selling This figure shows that the grafted vines were ready for selling in Glenavon nursery 4.2 Discussion 4.2.1 Propagating grafts and young grafted vines Firstly, the obtained grafts were fully healed, which were not able to be moderate pressure applied by the thumb Secondly, the graft union were not contaminated with both organic and inorganic substances, such as grease, callusing mix and budding tapes inside Disbudding wood were not penetrated to the pith Finally, there was no internal staining or streaking in the tissues which results in leading away from the disbudding wound It is shown that the size of trunk was between and 12 mm in diameter In addition, their forms were straight and slight curved without any broken or damaged parts Besides, the sign of diseases and pests were not appeared in the vines All of chosen vines had at least well-developed shoot with healthy buds and 38 healthy, undamaged, evenly spaced roots Furthermore, the vines got a bright color on their surface, which was not blackened or covered in large amounts of mold They were not lacking of water that leads to shriveling Finally, there was no appearances of brown and black spotting in cross-sectional cut of the tissues of trunks, canes and roots of vines The results above have proved that the propagation and production method was applied properly and problems of growing grapevines were mitigated as much as possible 4.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages People in Glenavon Nurseries Pty Ltd have facilitated the process of my internship During that time, I always received enthusiastic help from my colleagues and teachers in breeding techniques and simultaneously was provided with all necessary documents for the content of the research topic In the first days, due to my limited knowledge and skills, I faced many difficulties while doing the assigned work and topic In addition, the differences in learning and working environment between Australia and Vietnam made it difficult for me to be adaptive, but the problems somewhat overcame after living here for a year 4.2.3 Acquiring experiences Through that one-year internship, I have learned considerable experience, gained much new particularly valuable knowledge for future work related to cultivation, specifically regarding the grafting method and producing grapevines 39 Practicing not only helps students like us obtain practical knowledge and experience in our professional field but also is an excellent opportunity to have a realistic view of daily work in the company Additionally, it also encourages us to apply all book-learning to real work, which assists us in learning more about the profession that we oriented Along with approaching cultivation and production technology in Australia, I have been more active in developing communication and problem-solving skills as well as learning from everyone to quickly achieve goals during the internship Besides, I have also built relationships with people nearby and received numerous comments from my instructors and colleagues, thereby seeing my own limitations to get better and develop my work afterwards PART V CONCLUSION In summary, this study presented the results relevant to the set research objectives, as follows: Firstly, the propagation and production method were applied properly for growing young vines that made qualified products – vigor grafted vines for selling In addition, recycling was performed after production steps which is helpful for cost savings and environmental protection Secondly, problems negatively affecting to young vine growth were found, which includes weed and water, weeds and animals Therefore, the application of weed and pest control apart from building protecting system are needed to be concerned 40 Although there were some difficulties relating to the limitation of knowledge and skills apart from differences of working environment, these factors did not impact strongly to the process and final result of internship In my opinion, we may apply grafting propagation and planting technique in South Australia especially Glenavon Nurseries company We may develop technology and computer management in viticulture and automatically drip system instead of traditional irrigation In fact, Vietnam is developing country and tropical weather then grafting is not necessary and they have not been anyone know which kind of variety vine is good for rootstock Production wine industrial in Vietnam is still developing In the future I believe that Vietnam will apply technology in viticulture which may reduce labor hour and save more time and achieve high production 41 REFERENCES Aurand, J.-M., 2016 World Vitiviniculture Situation, Paris: The International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV) Benbya, A., 2018 Vegetative plant propagation "Advantages & Disadvantages, Natural & Artificial Methods" [Online] Available at:https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/vegetative-plant-propagationadvantages-disadvantages-benbya-abdellah[Accessed 15 2019] Coombe, B & Dry, P., 1992 Viticulture: Practices Adelaide: Winetittles Gardner, A., 2019 21 Things You Should Know About Grapefruit [Online] Available at: https://www.health.com/food/grapefruit-facts[Accessed 15 2019] Goldammer, T., 2018 A Guide To Viticulture for Wine Production Centreville: Apex Publishers Ha, N T N., 2014 Grapevine: Plant propagation Plant propagation method, pp 10-11 Hellman, E W., 2003 Oregon Viticulture Texas: Oregon State University Press Keller, M., 2015 The science of Grapevines - Anatomy and Physiology, Oxford : Elsevier Inc OIV, 2017 Distribution of the world’s grapevine varieties, Paris: OIV Olmstead, M., 2014 Chip Budding [Online] Availableat:https://articles.extension.org/pages/32924/chip budding[Accessed 12 2019] Poling, B., Stafne, E., Reisch, B & Coneva, E., 2015 Growing Merlot Wine Grapes [Online] Available at: https://articles.extension.org/pages/33026/growing-merlotwine-grapes [Accessed 12 2019] Richards, J., 2019 Purpose of Grafting Grapes [Online] Available at: https://homeguides.sfgate.com/purpose-grafting-grapes-23622.html [Accessed 12 2019] Stafne, E., 2013 Grafting Grape Vines [Online] Available at: https://articles.extension.org/pages/32923/grafting-grape-vines [Accessed 12 2019] WS, 2017 Adelaide Hills Wine [Online] Available at: https://www.winesearcher.com/regions-adelaide+hills [Accessed 11 2019] 42 APPENDIX: TIME TABLE Labour Year Operation (hours) Year1 February Clear trees, old fence lines 16 Collect sticks and rocks 50 Deep rip 25 Contour plan for irrigation design and peg rows 20 Plan cover crop Install and assemblies 60 Install intermediate posts 350 Disc and harrow 30 Run two wires 50 Install drip irrigation system 280 Test run irrigation and check 25 Plant vines 190 Apply initial herbicides 12 Apply fungicide/insecticide Apply fungicide/insecticide 10 Spot spray weeds 15 Train vine 40 Irrigate 10 Apply fungicide/insecticide 10 Train vine 220 Irrigate 10 Apply fungicide/insecticide 10 Train vine 220 Irrigate 15 March April/June July August September/ October November December Year January 43 ... Grapevine production Grapevine is an economic plant in several countries in the world According to International Organization of wine and vine in 2015, the total areas of grapevines planted in. .. weed control and cultivation Planting Figure 4.6: Planting grapevines in vineyard 36 This figure indicates how the vines were planted in vineyard The grafted grapevines were kept standing at suitable... Grafting Propagation Callusing Wazing and planting in a nusery Method Site preparation Planting outside Production Caring Training vine Recycling Figure 3.6: Grapevine propagation and production methodology