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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TRAN HOANG SON DIFFERENTIATING CRESTED WHEATGRASS (AGROPYRON CRISTATUM) IN SASKATCHEWAN LANDING PROVINCIAL PARK, CANADA WITH REMOTE SENSING BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : K47 Thai Nguyen, May 2020 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Non-native species are a threat to agricultural and native prairie communities around the world The existence of invasive species affected negatively on the native species population, crowding out the existence of native plants Invasive species are any species that not originate from that ecosystem and are capable of self-propagation, have introduced or likely caused harm to the environment and other factors (Pejchar and Mooney, 2009) Non-native species are also affected by climate change Predicted environmental changes, such as changes in rainfall and temperature, nutrient content and soil disturbance, may increase habitat sensitivity to non-native plants (Hufnagel and Garamvölgyi, 2014) When non-native plants invade the environment, they are able to overcome native plants through direct or indirect competition (Robert et al., 2013) A study by Driscoll et al (2014) shows that environmental weeds are nonnative plants that establish in natural areas, often harming to the native plants, damage to ecosystem function and cost billions of dollars to manage each year Crested Wheatgrass (CW) (Agropyron cristatum) is known as a species that occupied – 11 million hectares of grassland in the North American Great Plains (DeLuca and Lesica, 1996) Crested Wheatgrass threatens native ecosystems, which are important reservoirs of biodiversity (Mooney and Drake, 1989; D’Antonio and Vitousek, 1992) This species impacts both fauna and flora (Sutter and Brigham, 1998; Heidinga and Wilson, 2002) They also affect nutrition and energy sources (Christian and Wilson, 1999) Non-native species are a threat to agricultural and native prairie communities around the world The existence of invasive species affected negatively on the native species population, crowding out the existence of native plants Invasive species are any species that not originate from that ecosystem and are capable of self-propagation, have introduced or likely caused harm to the environment and other factors (Pejchar and Mooney, 2009) Non-native species are also affected by climate change Predicted environmental changes, such as changes in rainfall and temperature, nutrient content and soil disturbance, may increase habitat sensitivity to non-native plants (Hufnagel and Garamvölgyi, 2014) When non-native plants invade the environment, they are able to overcome native plants through direct or indirect competition (Robert et al., 2013) A study by Driscoll et al (2014) shows that environmental weeds are nonnative plants that establish in natural areas, often harming to the native plants, damage to ecosystem function and cost billions of dollars to manage each year Crested Wheatgrass (CW) (Agropyron cristatum) is known as a species that occupied – 11 million hectares of grassland in the North American Great Plains (DeLuca and Lesica, 1996) Crested Wheatgrass threatens native ecosystems, which are important reservoirs of biodiversity (Mooney and Drake, 1989; D’Antonio and Vitousek, 1992) This species impacts both fauna and flora (Sutter and Brigham, 1998; Heidinga and Wilson, 2002) They also affect nutrition and energy sources (Christian and Wilson, 1999) 1.2 Objectives The purpose of this study is to see whether remote sensing can be an effective method for detecting Crested Wheatgrass in native mixed-grass prairies Until now, an effective method has not been developed to detect nonnative plants in mixed grassland ecosystems with medium-resolution imagery At an affordable cost, it will be suitable for resource managers to work with The objectives are: a Investigate the spectral characteristics of crested wheatgrass from ground hyperspectral data; b Find the best vegetation indices to differentiate Crested Wheatgrass; c Investigate the behavior of Crested Wheatgrass in different Grazing regimes CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Remote sensing technique 2.1.1 Remote Sensing Remote sensing is the collection of information about an object or phenomenon that does not physically contact the object and is therefore the opposite of local observation In modern use, this term often refers to the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the surface and in the atmosphere and oceans) by means of signal transmission (for example, electromagnetic radiation) It can be divided into active remote sensing (when the first signal is emitted from aircraft or satellites) or passively (for example, sunlight) when information is only recorded (Curran, 1985) Figure Remote sensing process (researchgate.net) An advanced image synthesis technique recently developed to provide a means to detect the structure and functional properties of invasive plants at different canopy levels is the integration of passive energy and actively collected at the same time by image spectrometer and scanning-waveform light detection and ranging system (LiDAR) (Huang and Gregory, 2009) A study by Ustin et al show map based on high spectral (224 10 nm bands) and spatial (/ spl sim / m) resolution spectra of several invasive species, including eggplant, jubata, fennel and giant reed from a range of habitats at Camp Pendleton and Vandenberg Air Force Base in California using AVIRIS data (2002) Through the advent and dissemination of imaging systems born in air and space, researchers have been able to measure the physical and chemical properties of surface geology of the earth and planets, monitoring changes in plant biomass of continents, monitoring global migration of water, measuring surface heat flux, visualizing deformation of the earth's surface due to human processes and nature and many other applications (Beasley and Barnhart, 2017) In the study of northern mixed-grass prairie in Canada, Zhou and Guo used SPOT-5 imagery to detect Crested Wheatgrass invasion The results of their study showed that a single-date SPOT-5 imagery with a resolution of 10 m would be useful in distinguishing CW from native species in mixed grasslands (2007) Using remote sensing can be a cost effective strategy to detect invasive weeds Historically, invasive species have often been identified by natural resource managers and volunteers who manually scouted (Shaw, 2005) 2.1.2 Hyperspectral data Hyperspectral data refers to the analysis and measurement of the reflection, transmission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation with very high spectral resolution (Lukas et al., 2018) According to Zebin et al., the large dimensions and mass and hundreds of contiguous spectral channels are characteristic of hyperspectral remote sensing images These images obtained from the Earth's surface contain a variety of information about space, radiation and spectrum, which helped a lot for researchers in analyzing, processing and monitoring information on the Earth's surface (2016) Hyperspectral remote sensing can form a ground surface reflection images at several hundred wavelengths simultaneously, with wavelengths ranging from 0.4 to 2.5 µm and spatial resolution 10 - 30m Applications of this technology include environmental monitoring and mineral exploration and mining The benefit of super spectral imagery is that many different objects and types of terrain can be characterized by their spectral signature (Lucas et al., 2000) The spectral information contained in hyperspectral images allows characterization, identification and classification of overlays with improved accuracy and certainty (Wang, 2019) Hyperspectral images are volumetric image cubes that consist of hundreds of spatial images Each spatial image, or spectral band, records the response of objects on the ground at a specific wavelength (Cheung and Antonio, 2009) Hyperspectral images contain large amounts of autocorrelation data Principal component analysis (PCA) is often used to solve this problem (Bartold, 2008; Olesiuk and Zagajewski, 2008; Zagajewski, 2010) 2.1.3 Reflectance Reflectance is the ratio of energy reflected with the total energy breakdown per body, expressed as a percentage An object appears green because it only reflects the wavelengths corresponding to green in the visible spectrum Therefore, blue objects absorb all light waves except blue-related objects, and so on Spectral reflectance is the ratio of reflected energy to incident radiation (ɸr/ɸ) as a function of the wavelength (Jain and Singh, 2003) Reflectance is typically measured with a specular reflectometer The reflectance of the sun mirror has a direct and powerful impact on thermal efficiency, because 1% reduction in reflectivity leads to a near 1% reduction in efficiency (Herrmann et al., 2017) Different types of reflectance can be defined respecting the direction of the reflection (specular, diffuse, or hemispherical reflectance) or to λ (spectral or solarweighted reflectance) (García et al., 2017) 2.1.4 Wavelength Wavelengths are important for physical phenomena, while frequencies are connected to energy and are therefore greatly related to radiation transmission (Anne, 2019) Visible wavelengths (0.40 - 0.67 μm) electromagnetic radiation interacts with the outer electronic shell of transition metal ions in pigments and thermal infrared wavelengths (4 – 14 μm) emanating from objects on the Earth's surface interacting with ions linked to ions on the surface of the Earth interact with ions bound in crystalline lattices (Vincent, 2015) The shortest wavelengths are in the gamma, X-ray, and ultraviolet (UV) parts of the EM spectrum (William and Adriano, 2017) 2.1.5 Vegetation Indices The vegetation indices (VIs) obtained from canopy based on remote sensing is a fairly simple and effective algorithm for quantitative and quantitative assessment of plant cover, vitality and growth dynamics, among other applications These indicators have been widely deployed in RS applications using various satellite and aerial platforms with recent advances using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) (Xue and Su, 2017) A vegetation index (VI) is derived from an aerially observed multispectral image (MSI) image, commonly used to quantify crop health, moisture and nutrient content (Khan et al., 2018) 2.2 Crested Wheatgrass characteristics Reynolds and Springfield (1953) show that Crested Wheatgrass is a hardy grass with many basic leaves and stems and has a broad and deep root system This grass owns a high resistance to cold, drought and grazing, and it provides a large source of good quality forage Crested Wheatgrass grows best on soils ranging from light sandy to medium clay, especially soils that allow rainfall to enter and have good water holding capacity This species outcompeting native vegetation by creating nearly monotypic stands (Diana, 2018) The Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.) of the Poaceae family which is a grass that is well adapted to the cold season, with a long rooting system (Iwaasa et al., 2014; Yu et al 2012) In addition, this is the first perennial grass to grow in the spring and it has a high quality of forage at an early stage of growth (Hoffman et al., 1993) Crested Wheatgrass has a lower below ground biomass when compared with native prairie, which in turn results in a lower root detritus and exudates which would aid in the formation of soil organic matter (Lesica and DeLuca, 1996) Crested Wheatgrass reduces species diversity Fields which have been planted as Crested Wheatgrass and then abandoned contain few native species (Christian and Wilson, 1999) Native plants, birds and wildlife may be adversely affected in areas planted with Crested Wheatgrass (Reynold and Trost, 1980) The early grazing of this species supports the supply of forage until native grasses grow to be ready for grazing in early summer (Dwyer and Owen, 1984) Low diversity with altered ecosystem function relative to native prairie formed by Crested Wheatgrass (Christian and Wilson, 1999) In addition, Crested Wheatgrass is currently considered a noxious weed in most parts of the world, where it has been introduced and is considered a special type of invasion in the United States and Canada (Diana, 2018) A study by Coffin et al (1996) shows that crested wheatgrass is prone to invade disturbed areas more commonly than native prairie This study also indicated that the rate of invasion of crested wheatgrass into native prairie is relatively low The cover of native grasses has been shown to decrease with increasing crested wheatgrass cover (Heidinga and Wilson, 2002) Crested wheatgrass obtains moisture at low temperatures and takes up phosphorus faster than native species, disallowing native plants to invade crested sites (Lesica and DeLuca, 1996) Crested wheatgrass also exhibits a ground layer with more exposed soil than native prairie, raising concern over threats of soil erosion (Lesica and DeLuca, 1996) SAVI MSAVI 018324140918237 018586531076837 861 -.034034324090946 070682605927419 -.368552649272954* 018823311719037 000 -.421578127987826 -.315527170558082 -.022856969498434 018823311719037 743 -.075882448213306 030168509216438 -.168961632349977* 019742055882791 000 -.224575223604593 -.113348041095361 * -.150637491431740 017607595834271 000 -.200238284961921 -.101036697901559 -.217915157841214* 017607595834271 000 -.267515951371395 -.168314364311033 127780521933306* 017607595834271 000 078179728403125 177381315463487 -.018324140918237 018586531076837 861 -.070682605927419 034034324090946 * 150637491431740 017607595834271 000 101036697901559 200238284961921 375912037607204* 021887051161133 000 314255970768435 437568104445974 214125226857136* 022955332918149 000 149459798413264 278790655301008 392941596780080* 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190843279394677* 029139097730381 000 108758116616959 272928442172395 42 5 033193556849320 027433553462324 746 -.044087068733613 110474182432253 -.481881115146533* 027783039570290 000 -.560146246987223 -.403615983305844 -.011674334983817 027783039570290 993 -.089939466824506 066590796856872 -.190843279394677* 029139097730381 000 -.272928442172395 -.108758116616959 -.157649722545357* 025988653808802 000 -.230860049714995 -.084439395375720 -.324231392601176* 025988653808802 000 -.397441719770814 -.251021065431538 145975387561540* 025988653808802 000 072765060391902 219185714731178 -.033193556849320 027433553462324 746 -.110474182432253 044087068733613 157649722545357* 025988653808802 000 084439395375720 230860049714995 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level 43 APPENDIX B Multiple Comparisons Table (10 sites study) Multiple Comparisons Tukey HSD 95% Confidence Interval Dependent Variable (I) Code (J) Code NDVI -.017573179829342 019858501673780 997 -.081154481117515 046008121458831 001712123687693 019858501673780 1.000 -.061869177600481 065293424975866 -.058292991041983 019858501673780 103 -.121874292330156 005288310246190 -.097299097459764* 019858501673780 000 -.160880398747937 -.033717796171591 -.102768540715587* 019858501673780 000 -.166349842003760 -.039187239427414 -.099903677938985* 019858501673780 000 -.163484979227158 -.036322376650812 -.163469260334672* 019858501673780 000 -.227050561622845 -.099887959046498 -.094081254708281* 019858501673780 000 -.157662555996454 -.030499953420108 10 -.036640942254210 019858501673780 706 -.100222243542383 026940359033963 017573179829342 019858501673780 997 -.046008121458831 081154481117515 019285303517035 019858501673780 994 -.044295997771139 082866604805208 -.040719811212641 019858501673780 565 -.104301112500814 022861490075532 -.079725917630422* 019858501673780 003 -.143307218918595 -.016144616342249 -.085195360886245* 019858501673780 001 -.148776662174418 -.021614059598072 -.082330498109643* 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Wheatgrass; c Investigate the behavior of Crested Wheatgrass in different Grazing regimes CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Remote sensing technique 2.1.1 Remote Sensing Remote sensing is the collection... 1984 Grazing crested wheatgrass range in the Inter-mountain West Rangelands 6: 29-31 Figure Remote sensing process Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Stages -in- a -remote- sensingprocess_fig2_316473726... remaining axis indicates Reflectance The main subject of the study is Crested Wheatgrass with gray curves Examining the spectral curve can provide insight into the spectral properties of Crested
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