Perceptions about air quality and air pollution control in a metropolitan urban residential a cross sectional case study in palembang, indonesia

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY MUHAMMAD DICKY DARMAWAN PERCEPTIONS ABOUT AIR QUALITY AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN A METROPOLITAN URBAN RESIDENTIAL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL CASE STUDY IN PALEMBANG, INDONESIA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office Batch : K48 – AEP Thai Nguyen, 10/11/2020 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agricultural and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Muhammad Dicky Darmawan Student ID DTN1754290011 Perceptions about air quality and air pollution control in a Thesis Title metropolitan urban residential: a cross-sectional case study in Palembang, Indonesia Supervisor (s) Dr Ho Ngoc Son & Dr.rer.nat Nikki Heherson A Dagamac Abstract: Air pollution has become a serious environmental problem that plagues many developing countries in Southeast Asia over the past few decades This research was conducted to evaluate the level of public perception about air quality management strategies and air pollution control in Palembang City, Indonesia This crosssectional case study deliberately distributed a validated questionnaire among 1514 respondents coming from schools, government offices, industries, laborers and others This four-phase study was designed to (1) provide a glimpse on the current situation of environmental education, (2) determine how students perceived the situation of environmental education, (3) assess the levels of awareness, attitudes, and practices regarding air quality and air pollution control among high school students in Palembang, (4) measure the levels of knowledge, attitudes, practices and to assess the willingness to pay of residents in the city of Palembang about air quality and air pollution control This study provided key major findings that (i) ii constructivist teaching programs based on an environmental education approach can be designed, (ii) students realize that through innovation in the country's current environmental education system by including a curriculum that emphasizes the concept of sustainability is urgently needed, (iii) policies that involve improvement on the curriculum of environmental education in Indonesia are recommended to increase the proactivity of the younger generation towards a more sustainable mitigation of air pollution problem in the country, (iv) government policies and programs related to air pollution control must be immediately emphasized in order to improve air quality in Indonesia Keywords: AAP, Air pollution, ASEAN, EE, KAP, SDGs, WTP Number of pages 112 Date of 10/11/2020 Submission: iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I would like to express my praise and gratitude to Allah SWT, because of his blessings and grace so that I was able to complete this undergraduate thesis well Furthermore, in completing this thesis, of course as a researcher, I cannot be separated from the obstacles and difficulties And other things, I am very grateful to all those who have provided input in various forms for this research Special thanks to Dr.rer.nat Nikki Heherson A Dagamac for his invaluable guidance and support throughout this research, also to Dr Ho Ngoc Son for all the permission and wise advice given to me, you both are epic supervisors that I ever had And also I would like to say a million thanks to Prof Nguyen The Hung (Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam), Dr Condro Wibowo (Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia), Dr Paul Kristiansen (The University of New England, Australia), Dr.Agr.Sc Ernoiz Antriyandarti (Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia), Dr H Suhuri, M.Pd (SMAN12), Wiwi Heriyani, M.Pd (SMAN12), and Mami Lusi Desdemona, S.Pd (SMAN12) for their assistance as validators in this research Thank you to every head of government offices for allowing me to be able to collect data in their office And a big thanks to my loving mom (Titin Agustina) and my sisters (Siti Syahra & Ana Putri Pratiwi), I wouldn’t even be writing a thesis if it hadn’t been for the way you motivated me to push myself beyond my capabilities To my best friend Fitria Silfiani Hilmy, thank you for always supporting me in whatever condition I am, and also to my crazy friends Ari Zuzu and Pauline Pulpul who always cheer me up when I'm down And last to my only roommate in Vietnam (Liham Mulawarman), where we are both struggling to complete our thesis and still support each other But in the end WE DID IT BROO !!! iv TABLE OF CONTENT List of Figures vii List of Tables List of Abbreviations CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 Research rationale 10 1.2 Research questions and hypotheses 13 1.3 Research objectives 16 1.4 Significance of study 18 1.5 Scope and limitations 19 1.6 Definitions of terms 19 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 21 2.1 Environmental Education 21 2.2 Air Quality in Indonesia 28 2.3 Social Perceptions about Air Pollution 30 2.4 Economic Implications 32 CHAPTER III SITUATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 35 3.1 Materials and Methods 35 3.2 Results 36 3.3 Discussion 43 CHAPTER IV STUDENTS’ INSIGHTS ON TEACHING AIR POLLUTION 48 4.1 Materials and Methods 48 4.2 Results 49 4.3 Discussion 52 CHAPTER V AAP OF STUDENTS REGARDING AIR POLLUTION 56 5.1 Materials and Methods 56 5.2 Results 58 5.3 Discussion 65 CHAPTER VI KAP AND WTP OF RESIDENTS REGARDING AIR POLLUTION 74 6.1 Materials and Methods 74 6.2 Results 76 v 6.3 Discussion 85 CHAPTER VII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 93 REFERENCES 97 APPENDICES 113 vi List of Figures Chapter V Awareness, attitudes, and practices of senior high school students Figure 5.1 Preparation, selection of respondents 56 Figure 5.2 Students’ attitudes on air pollution 62 Figure 5.3 Students’ practices on air pollution 64 Chapter VI Knowledge, attitudes, practices and WtP of Residents Figure 6.1 Study design and data collection 74 Figure 6.2 Residents’ attitudes on air pollution 81 Figure 6.3 Residents’ practices on air pollution 83 Figure 6.4 Residents’ satisfaction on air quality 88 vii List of Tables Chapter V Awareness, attitudes, and practices of senior high school students Table 5.1 Characteristics of the participants 58 Chapter VI Knowledge, attitudes, practices and WtP of Residents Table 6.1 Characteristics of the participants 77 Table 6.2 The Willingness to Pay of Respondents 84 List of Abbreviations AAP Awareness, Attitudes, and Practices ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CO Carbon Dioxide EE Environmental Education FGDs Focal Group Discussions KAA Knowledge, Attitudes, and Awareness KAP Knowledge, Attitudes, adn Practices NOx Nitrogen Oxide PM10 Particulate Matter 10 PM2.5 Particulate Matter 2.5 SDGs Sustainability Development Goals SOx Sulfur Oxide SWM Solid Waste Management UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization WHO World Health Organization WTP Willingness to Pay CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale Air is the most important factor in life However, related to the increase in population, human needs will also increase significantly to support their survival Thus, the need to develop the city, starting from the construction of infrastructure, as well as the development of transportation and also the number of industries can contribute to the increase of pollution in the air Clean air is a basic requirement for human health, however, rapid economic development in some developing countries increase the number of industries Regarding waste released into the atmosphere, air pollution has become a major risk to public health (Liao et al., 2015) In this case, the level of air quality will also experience changes associated with increased air pollution due to human activities, or as changes in air regulation from normal requirements, such as the entry of pollutants (aerosols and small particles) or the content of other hazardous substances into the air in a certain amount to a long period of time This now in return can affect air quality, which can determine the level of human health, animals and plants (BPLH DKI Jakarta, 2015) The city of Palembang or more commonly called the City of empek-empek is located in the South Sumatera Province The city is famous as a center for Sriwijaya Kingdom and Sport city Located in the lowlands with the height of approximately masl (Pemerintah Kota Palembang, 2016) Palembang is currently a developing city in the fields of infrastructure, industry, housing, education, trade, and transportation Along with urban development, it greatly influences the level of demand for 10 Department of Food Crops and Horticulture Agriculture 128 Department of Public Works Office of Highways and Spatial Planning 129 Department of Culture and Tourism 130 Department of Energy and Mineral Resources 131 Regional Research and Development Agency 132 Department of Transportation 133 10 Department of Industry 134 11 Department of Education 135 12 Department of Housing and Settlement Area 136 13 Senior High School Number 137 14 Senior High School Number 138 15 Senior High School Number 139 16 Senior High School Number 10 140 17 Senior High School Number 12 141 18 Senior High Scool (SMK) PGRI 142 ... ID DTN1754290011 Perceptions about air quality and air pollution control in a Thesis Title metropolitan urban residential: a cross- sectional case study in Palembang, Indonesia Supervisor (s)... was conducted to evaluate the level of public perception about air quality management strategies and air pollution control in Palembang City, Indonesia This crosssectional case study deliberately... of Palembang about air quality and air pollution control This study provided key major findings that (i) ii constructivist teaching programs based on an environmental education approach can be