Training manual generator introduction and electrical design Ampere’s Law : Currents Create Magnetic Fields Faraday’s Law : Changing Magnetic Flux Induces Voltage Training manual generator introduction and electrical design Ampere’s Law : Currents Create Magnetic Fields Faraday’s Law : Changing Magnetic Flux Induces Voltage Training manual generator introduction and electrical design Ampere’s Law : Currents Create Magnetic Fields Faraday’s Law : Changing Magnetic Flux Induces Voltage Training manual generator introduction and electrical design Ampere’s Law : Currents Create Magnetic Fields Faraday’s Law : Changing Magnetic Flux Induces Voltage
Generator Introduction and Electrical Design 2013 Turbine Generator BG DAE IL SONG, daeilsong@doosan.com This document is the informational asset of Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Thus, unauthorized access, revision, distribution and copying of this document are strictly prohibited. Generator Overview Generator in Power Plant “Generator” BOP The generator is a Energy Converter for Electric Power from Mechanical Energy Boiler Turbine / Generator Generator Electrical Design Concept Electromagnetic Machine Torque Mechanical Speed Mechanical Input Loss ElectroMagnetic Field Electrical Loss Voltage Current Electric Output Generator Electrical Design Concept < Basic Electromagnetic > • Ampere’s Law : Currents Create Magnetic Fields • Faraday’s Law : Changing Magnetic Flux Induces Voltage Generator Overview Cooling Material : H2, Water Stator Core Inner Shield Outer Shield Bearing, Hydrogen Seal, Oil Deflectors EXCITER Armature Winding TURBINE Rotor Rotor Fan Retaining Ring Cooler Dome Field Coil Stator Foot Stator Frame High Voltage Bushing Generator Type Air-Cooled Hydrogen-Cooled Water-Cooled • 100 ~ 150 MW • 150MW ~ 400 MW • Above 400 MW • O/V(Open Ventilated) • Vertical Cooler Design • TEWAC (Totally Enclosed Water to Air-cooled) • Gas Control System • Twin Dome Cooler Design • Shaft Seal Oil System • Gas Control System • Shaft Seal Oil System • Stator Winding Liquid Cooling System Generator Product Lineup Pole Steam Turbine Generator Water-Cooled Pole Steam Turbine Generator HydrogenCooled Gas/Steam Turbine Generator Air Cooled : Below 150 MW H2 Cooled : 150 MW~400 MW • H2/Water Cooled : Above 400 MW • • Air-Cooled Gas/Steam Turbine Generator 50 100 150 200 350 400 600 800 1000 1500 Generator Rating (MW) Air-Cooled Generator Cirebon Projects 60Hz, 150MW Air-Cooled Generator OCISE Co Ltd in KOREA Rated MVA 168.7 MVA Rated Voltage 17 kV Power Factor 0.90 Cold Air Temp 42˚C RPM 3600 ▲ Air-cooled generator in the progress of manufacturing Hydrogen-Cooled Generator 60Hz H2-Cooled STG 300MW 60Hz H2-Cooled GTG 200MW Korean Southern Power Co Ltd (KOSPO in Korea) ▼ Hydrogen-cooled generator installed in site GTG Rated MVA STG 240 MVA Rated Voltage 18 kV Power Factor 0.90 H2 Pressure Rated MVA 45 PSIG(3.16kg/cm ) RPM 3600 Cold Gas Temp 40˚C 340 MVA Rated Voltage 18 kV Power Factor 0.90 H2 Pressure 60 PSIG(4.22kg/cm2 ) RPM 3600 Cold Gas Temp 40˚C 10 Generator Electrical Design Concept kVA const Mar N P f < Magnetic Flux() Vs Armature Reaction(Mar) > A Trade off in the machine B Material Cost vs Cooling Cost < Design Process> - Check required kVA - Evaluate flux and armature reaction - Decide the magnetic volume, size of the machine, cooling cost - Iterate to optimize the design 16 Armature Voltage & Flux Ε 4.44f Ν Φ f : Frequency N : Number of turn Φ : Flux density 17 Armature Current Ground Insulation System : Micapal HT (Air/H2-Cooled), Micapal II (Water-Cooled) Air,H2-Cooled Water-Cooled Water-Cooled Mixed Ratio 2:1 All Hollow 18 Speed & Poles Frequency (Hz) Speed (RPM) Number of Pole 60 3600 Fossil Fuel 50 3000 Fossil Fuel 60 1800 Nuclear Fuel 50 1500 Nuclear Fuel 120 f RPM Np - Np : Number of poles - f : Frequency -RPM: Rotational speed Non Salient Pole (2 pole, pole) Salient Pole (Hydrogenerator) 19 Short Circuit Ratio - SCR is as measure of stability, which means how much the field current is affected by load variation - SCR = AFNL/AFSI ( No Load Field Current / Short Circuit Field Current ) 20 Saturation and synchronous impedance curve To increase SCR - increase the air-gap - increase the saturation B’ - apply bigger machine Modern Static Excitation Sys leads to lower SCR 21 Reactive Capability Curve - Generator Capability is a related to gas pressure A - Curve AB is limited by field winding heating B - Curve BC is limited by armature heating - Curve CD is limited by end iron heating C D 22 V Curve - Curve AB is limited by field winding heating C - Curve BC is limited by armature heating - Curve CD is limited by end iron heating B A D 23 Loss Curve - Fan & Windage Loss - Bearing & Friction Loss - Core Loss - Stray Load Loss - Armature I2R Loss - Field I2R Loss - Excitation Sys Loss 24 2.3 Generator Specification Rotor Surface Loss Rotor Coil Pump Effect Loss Fan Brush Cooling Wind Fan Loss Loss • Distribution of Loss - Fan & Windage Loss Lead Resistance Loss Stator Coil Resistance Loss Wind Loss Bearing Loss Stator Coil Loss - Bearing & Friction Loss - Armature I2R Loss Mechanical Loss Brush Abrasion Loss - Field I2R Loss Fixed Loss Total Loss Resistance Loss Iron Loss - Excitation Sys Loss Load Loss - Miscellaneous Loss Rotor Coil Stray Load Loss Resistance Loss Rotor Coil Loss Stator End Other Stray Load Loss Eddy Current Loss at Eddy Current Loss Eddy Current Loss on Rotor Surface of Stator Coil - Stray Load Loss Friction Loss Sealing Loss - Core Loss Brush Electrical Loss 25 Appendix Type of Generator Protection 26 Type of Protection TYPE DESCRIPTION TBN CB GEN Exciter Trip Open Remove Simultaneously (TBN CB Exciter) Simultaneously (CB Exciter) Remark Trip Simultaneous trip Trip Generator trip - Open Remove Trip Breaker trip - Open - Trip Sequential trip Trip Open Remove TBN reverse power relay on CB after sec Exciter Trip Manual trip Trip Open Remove TBN manually CB Exciter Trip Manual runback and trip Derate Open Remove Manually derate TBN sequential trip Runback Automatic runback Derate - - Automatically derate to preset load Runback Manual runback Derate - - Manually derate to a level of operator CB only 27 Electrical Fault FAULT TYPE DETECTION RECOMMENDATIONS ELECTRICAL FAULT STATOR OVER CURRENT STATOR OVERCURRENT RELAY(50) RUNBACK OR STATOR GROUND FAULT STATOR GROUND FAULT RELAY(59) TRIP STATOR PHASE-TO-PHASE FAULT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY(87) TRIP OVER-VOLTAGE OVER VOLTAGE RELAY(59) RESTORE NORMAL VOLTAGE OVER-VOLTS/HERTZ OVER V/HZ RELAY(24) TRIP 1(OR 2) FIELD OVER EXCITATION OVER EXCITATION LIMIT(OEL) TRIP 4(OR 1) FIELD UNDER EXCITATION UNDER EXCITATION LIMIT(UEL) TRIP 4(OR 1) FIELD GROUND FIELD GROUND RELAY(64) TRIP 4(OR 6) LOSS OF EXCITATION LOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY(40) TRIP 1(OR 2) 28 Other Fault System fault Unbalanced arm current Negative sequence relay(46) Trip 3(or or1) Loss of synchronism Impedance relay(40) Trip 3(or or1) Abnormal freq operation Not required for Gen but TBN(81) See TBN instruction Breaker failure Reverse power(32), loss of synch(40)., Negative seq relay(46), breaker failure protection(50) Use Breaker Failure Protection (External fault back-up) Distance relay(21), inverse-time overcurrent relay, Negative seq relay(46) Trip 3(or 1) Voltage surges Switching surges or fault surges Use surge arrestor System back-up FAULT TYPE DETECTION RECOMMENDATIONS Mech or thermal faults Bearing vibration Vibration detector Trip Bearing metal temp Bearing metal temp thermocouple Trip Bearing oil temp Bearing oil temp RTD Trip Synchronizing errors Synchroscope, MW & MVAR oscillation Use synchro check relay Motoring Reverse power relay Trip 1(or or 3) after sec Stator overtemperature Temp by RTDs or TCs Alarm(or Trip or 4) Loss coolant to H2 coolers Cold H2 gas temp or Hot gas temp Trip 6(or 4) Reduced seal oil pressure Diff seal oil pressure Reduce H2 press & load 29 Thank you This document is the informational asset of Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Thus, unauthorized access, revision, distribution and ...1 Generator Overview Generator in Power Plant ? ?Generator? ?? BOP The generator is a Energy Converter for Electric Power from Mechanical Energy Boiler Turbine / Generator Generator Electrical Design. .. 75 PSIG(5.27kg/cm2 ) 3000 46.5˚C 38˚C ▲ MD2 generator in the progress of manufacturing 11 Introduction to Electrical Design 12 Generator Function GENERATOR LOAD Real Power (W) ~ Power System... Trip Manual runback and trip Derate Open Remove Manually derate TBN sequential trip Runback Automatic runback Derate - - Automatically derate to preset load Runback Manual runback Derate - - Manually