A study on the analysis of ridership improvement on circular railway in yangon, myanmar

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY THU YEIN MYINT THEIN A STUDY ON THE ANALYSIS OF RIDERSHIP IMPROVEMENT ON CIRCULAR RAILWAY IN YANGON, MYANMAR MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY THU YEIN MYINT THEIN A STUDY ON THE ANALYSIS OF RIDERSHIP IMPROVEMENT ON CIRCULAR RAILWAY IN YANGON, MYANMAR MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: 8900201.04QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: PROF HIRONORI KATO, JAPAN (A) DR NGUYEN NGOC VINH, VIETNAM (B) Hanoi, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my grateful thanks to Professor Hironori Kato, Associate Professor Shinichi Takeda and Doctor Phan Le Binh for their encouragement, motivation, understanding, helpful suggestions, true-line guidance, and supervision I strongly believe that my thesis has a huge contribution from them I wish to extend special thanks to Professor Nguyen Dinh Duc for not only his lectures and valuable bits of knowledge but also for giving the opportunities to study at Vietnam Japan University I am grateful to Japan ASEAN Integration Fund (JAIF) organization for the two-years full scholarship to study at Vietnam Japan University I would like to convey heartfelt thanks to Yangon Technological University and Doctor Thiri Aung for letting me use data in the thesis I would also like to thank Associate Professor Vu Hoai Nam, Associate Professor Nguyen Hoang Tung, Doctor Nguyen Tien Dung and Doctor Nguyen Ngoc Vinh who have always given me valuable lectures and knowledge, great advice, suggestions, comments in the thesis Besides, I am grateful to our program assistants: Mr Bui Hoang Tan and Mrs Bui Thi Hoa for their supports Last but not least, I wish to express my great gratitude to all teachers for their kind, help, and discussion during the two-year study period And also, beloved parents and friends for their support and encouragement to complete my thesis without any trouble DECLARATION I declare that this thesis was composed by myself, that the work contained herein is my own except where explicitly stated otherwise in the text, and that this work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified Thu Yein Myint Thein TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the Study 1.2 Location of the Study 1.3 Background of the Study 1.4 Statement of the Problems 1.5 Research Questions 1.6 Objectives of the Study 1.7 Structure of the Study CHAPTER REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Railway Transportation in Southeast Asian Countries 2.1.1 Railway Transportation in Myanmar 2.1.2 Railway Transportation in Thailand 2.1.3 Railway Transportation in Cambodia 10 2.1.4 Railway Transportation in Indonesia 11 2.2 Trends in the Ridership of Public Transportation 12 2.3 Accessing Descriptive and Causal Analyses of Transit Ridership 13 2.4 Factors Influencing on Transit Ridership 14 2.5 Consideration of Travel Demand 15 2.6 Feeder Service Transit 16 2.7 Type of Stations 17 2.7.1 Light Rail Stations 17 2.7.2 Heavy Rail Stations 17 2.7.3 Commuter Rail Stations 17 2.7.4 Intermodal Terminals 18 2.8 Park and Ride Facilities at Stations 18 2.8.1 The Facilities for Bicycle Parking 19 2.9 Pedestrian Facilities at Stations 20 2.10 Safety and Security at Stations 20 CHAPTER DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH METHOD 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Plan of the Study 21 3.3 Selecting and optimizing of Bus-stop location 22 3.4 Survey Process of the Study 22 3.4.1 Objective of the Survey 22 3.4.2 Pre-Survey implementation 23 3.4.3 Implementation of the On-Site Survey 23 3.5 Data Collection at Selecting Bus-Stops 23 3.6 Method of the Study 24 3.6.1 Step 1: Development of Hypotheses 24 3.6.2 Step 2: Statistical Tests 25 3.6.3 Step 3: Discussion on Policy Recommendations to Local Government 28 3.7 Definitions of Variables 28 CHAPTER DATA ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION RESULTS 30 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 30 4.2.1 Gender 30 4.2.2 Age 31 4.2.3 Incomes 33 4.2.4 Causes of Lowering in Ridership 34 4.2.5 Travel Modes of the Respondents 35 4.2.6 Solution - Providing Feeder Service 36 4.2.7 Solution - Providing Right Time Scheduling 37 4.2.8 Solution – Providing Increase Speed of Train 39 4.2.9 Solution - Ticket Price Reduction 40 4.2.10 Solution - Providing Better Amenities and Cleanliness at the Stations 41 4.2.11 Solution - Providing Park and Ride Facilities at the Stations 42 4.2.12 Solution - Providing Better Pedestrian Facilities of the Stations 44 4.2.13 Solution - Providing Safety System 45 4.2.14 Ridership Percentage for Each Solution 46 4.3 Estimation Results of Statistical Test – Test 47 4.4 Estimation Results of Statistical Test – Test 47 4.4.1 Results for Hypothesis 47 4.4.2 Results for Hypothesis 48 4.4.3 Results for Hypothesis 49 4.4.4 Results for Hypothesis 50 4.5 Discussion on Policy Recommendation to Local Government 51 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS 54 5.1 Discussion and Conclusions 54 5.2 Limitation of the Study 56 REFERENCES 57 APPENDIX 61 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1.1 Ridership of Yangon Circular Railway in Years Table 4.1 Percentage of Gender of the Respondents 30 Table 4.2 Percentage of Age subgroup of the Respondents 32 Table 4.3 Percentage of Incomes of the Respondents based on Type of Jobs 33 Table 4.4 Causes of Lowering in Ridership 35 Table 4.5 Percentage of Riders Based on Mode of Travel 35 Table 4.6 Percentage of Respondent for Feeder Service Solution 37 Table 4.7 Percentage of Respondent for Right Time Schedule Solution 38 Table 4.8 Percentage of Respondent for Increase Speed of Train Solution 39 Table 4.9 Percentage of Respondent for Ticket Price Reduction Solution 40 Table 4.10 Percentage of Respondent for Having Better Amenities and Cleanliness of Stations Solution 41 Table 4.11 Percentage of Respondent for Park and Ride Facilities at Station Solution 43 Table 4.12 Percentage of Respondent for Better Pedestrian Facilities at Stations Solution 44 Table 4.13 Percentage of Respondent for Safety System Solution 45 Table 4.14 Ridership Percentage for Each Solution 46 Table 4.15 Results of Kruskal-Wallis Test 47 Table 4.16 Results of Binary Logit Model for Feeder Service Solution (H1) 47 Table 4.17 Results of Binary Logit Model for Safety System solution (H2) 48 Table 4.18 Results of Binary Logit Model for Increase Speed of Train solution (H3) 49 Table 4.19 Results of Binary Logit Model for Right Time Schedule solution (H4) 50 i LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1 Map of the Yangon Circular Railway Figure 1.2 Transportation mode share in Yangon in 2014 Figure 1.3 Flow of Research Figure 2.1 Passengers carried by Railway in Myanmar (million passenger-km) Figure 2.2 The Percentage of SRT Passengers 10 Figure 2.3 Passengers carried by Railway in Cambodia (million passenger-km) 11 Figure 2.4 Passengers carried by Railway in Indonesia (million passenger-km) 12 Figure 2.5 Annual Public Transportation Ridership 12 Figure 3.1 Flow Chart of the Study 21 Figure 3.2 Implementing the Questionnaire Survey at Bus Stops (Aung, 2013) 24 Figure 4.1 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage Classified Based on Gender 31 Figure 4.2 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage Classified Based on Age Types 33 Figure 4.3 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage Classified Based on Income 34 Figure 4.4 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage Based on Modes of Travel 36 Figure 4.5 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage for Feeder Service Solution 37 Figure 4.6 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage for Right Time Schedule Solution 38 Figure 4.7 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage for Increase Speed of Train Solution 39 Figure 4.8 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage for Ticket Price Reduction Solution 39 Figure 4.9 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage for Having Better Amenities and Cleanliness of Stations Solution 42 Figure 4.10 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage for Providing of Park and Ride Facilities at Station Solution 43 Figure 4.11 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage for Better Pedestrian Facilities at Stations Solution 44 Figure 4.12 Pie Chart of Passengers Percentage for Providing Safety System Solution 46 ii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the Study Transportation may be described as a service to transfer passengers and goods from one place to another Transportation cannot be separated from society, and it has a very close relationship to life’s style, location range, goods, and services for consumption Transportation can be said as a kind of production because the delay of transport can affect production Easy transportation will cause saving on the market price as raw materials are needed to transfer to their destination within a suitable time, and cheap transportation will reduce the cost of the product Therefore, price stability and economic development depend on transportation The public transportation sector has been playing an essential role in the development of both developed and developing countries today If the transportation system is powerful, it can provide economic and social opportunities such as citizens can travel efficiently and effectively High quantity transportation infrastructure and networks are dependent on a good level of development Although many people usually travel to their destinations by public transportation, others use private vehicles If the public transportation system cannot attract travelers, private automobiles will be increased and it can cause air pollution, energy consumption, and traffic congestion These problems provide negative impacts on the environment and will be harmful to the users’ health Therefore, good public transportation is a solution for those problems and it may shift people’s mode of transportation from private to public transportation because of safe, time-saving, convenient, and reliable systems There are many modes of transportation systems such as in-land, water, railway, and air Among them, the railway transportation system is the most suitable to support the compact city model for the long term Goods and passengers can be transferred on rail line via trains is called railway transportation Rail transit can carry more passengers and goods over a long distance than other modes of transportation Furthermore, high levels of investment from the private sector can be attracted by rail transit As a comparison of road transportation, rail transit is the cheapest and most convenient transportation for low-income people, especially in developing countries Moreover, railway transportation is a sustainable transport system if it is organized efficiently, rail transportation will be a solution for many problems such as public health, ecosystem hazards, etc Further, it can solve traffic congestion which is the most facing problem in developing countries In the modes of transportation, only railway transportation is under the control of the government even though other transportation modes are operated by both the public and private sectors In Myanmar, the rail system is the largest transportation service according to the report of the Pyithuhlutaw in 1989 and is the state-owned transportation operating 18 freight trains and 379 users per train, using about 100,000 passengers daily 1.2 Location of the Study Figure 1.1 Map of the Yangon Circular Railway Source: (Yangon Day Tours, 2016) gender is significant with safety systems in railway transportation and the results show that males compared to females like to prefer safety system improvement at trains and stations But it does not mean that females not need safety system because currently, males feel Yangon Circular Railway needs more safety systems due to some reasons Males have to work late at night and when they return home, they want to use Yangon Circular Railway because there is no bus transportation Although there is some private transportation, they are expensive and railway transportation is the best option However, they feel that railway transportation, especially stations are not seen as safe The current stations not have enough safety systems such as CCTV, police, welllighting, and so on In addition, there is no regulation for the alcoholic person in public transportation and they make other people annoyed and even crimes Therefore, males prefer safety systems than females Further, the reason why females not prefer safety systems than males is that there are not enough even if more safety systems are providing because they usually face some violence such as sexual harassment, other forms of violence even in bus transportation which has enough safety system Therefore, if the government wants females to use Yangon Circular Railway, more secure system should be provided such as education and training of transportation employees, increasing public awareness, use updated technologies, and some regulations like in Japan The existing research papers point out that the operation speed of public transportation has a positive significant effect on household income Fortunately, the increase speed of train solution is significant with individual income based on the type of job in this research The result presents that high-income people prefer increase speed of train solution than low-income people According to the survey results, 82 percent of people including high-income people said that the current operating speed of Yangon Circular Railway is very weak and the service frequency is low There are many ways to speed up Yangon Circular Railway but the government needs to consider the costs because high-speed rail transit can charge high costs and it can affect low-income people To attract both high-income and low-income people to use Yangon Circular Railway, the government should plan two types of railway system basically: high-speed railway with high charges and current speed railway with cheap price 55 Even though there is no research related to the right time schedule solution influencing transit ridership, it is significant in this study percent of passengers among 317 said that Yangon Circular Railway does not run as schedule and current schedules is one of the problems because it does not fix for high-income workers’ office hours About 80 percent of respondents want the right time schedule solution and among them, high-income people prefer the right time schedule solution than lowincome people based on the analysis result for hypothesis In addition to the solutions for punctuality service described in Chapter 4, the authorities of Yangon Circular Railway should revise the preferable schedule, especially office hours for high and low-income people 5.2 Limitation of the Study In this research, non-rail users are targeted In the future, the research can focus on both non-rail and rail users to study the operation system of Yangon Circular Railway Moreover, only twenty bus stops near twenty stations are selected as a study area As a further study, data can be collected from thirty-eight bus stops to cover a total of thirty-eight stations of Yangon Circular Railway Although the existing papers point out that the education level of passengers can affect the safety of public transportation, it did not include any information on education level in this study According to Aung, 2013, she proposed eight potential solutions to improve Yangon Circular Railway ridership, only four solutions could be checked the preference of local people in this study Adding more solutions may improve the ridership of Yangon Circular Railway Furthermore, improvements beyond this study should be provided such as raising the platform because the current platform level is about 30 cm above ground level and it means that it is lower than the train level This is inconvenient to the passengers, especially for elders, the disabled, and children The proper provision of improvements can also be the optimal solution to increase ridership of Yangon Circular Railway and people’s preference on those improvements can be checked as further research 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Yangon-Insein-Mingalardon-Yangon (Circular/ Anticlockwise) Numbers of Coaches 7 Insein- Yangon (Anticlockwise) 24 Yangon- Insein (Clockwise) 28 Insein- Mingalardon- Yangon Yangon- Mingalardon- Insein Yangon- Mingalardon 10 Mingalardon- Yangon 10 Yangon- Paywetseikkon 10 Paywetseikkon- Yangon 11 Insein- Hlawkar 16 12 Hlawkar- Insein 17 13 Yangon- Thilawar 14 Thilawar- Yangon 15 Yangon- Toe Kyaungkalay 16 Toe Kyaungkalay- Yangon 17 Yangon- Ywarthar Gyi 18 Ywarthar Gyi- Yangon 19 Yangon- Oakphosu 20 Oakphosu- Yangon 21 Yangon- Dagon University 22 Dagon University- Yangon 23 Yangon- University of East Yangon 24 University of East Yangon- Yangon 25 Yangon- University of Computer Science 26 University of Computer Science- Yangon 27 Yangon- Insein- Hlawkar 28 Hlawkar- Insein- Yangon Total 200 61 Appendix A-1 Pilot Survey (At Bus-stops) (Aung, 2013) Which area you travel from? Which area you travel to? Do you regularly travel with circular rail transit? Yes No If you travel with rail transit, which station you regularly travel from? If not, why don't you travel with rail transit? Do not have safety Do not run on time Cannot reach directly It is inconvenient Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if there is feeder service? Yes No Which mode of travel can you use to go to the station? Walk Bus Bicycle Trishaw Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the stations and trains have safety? Yes No Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the trains run on time? Yes No 10 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if it is faster than bus transit? Yes No 11 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the ticket prices are reduced? Yes No 12 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the stations are clean? Yes No 13 If you travel with rail transit, how many transfers you need to make? Can reach directly one transfer two transfers 14 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if there are park and ride facilities for bicycles? Yes No 62 15 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if there has safe and well pedestrian facilities? Yes No 16 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the feeder service costs 100 kyats for one trip? Yes No 17 How you travel to the place you want to go if you use the rail transit? Walk-Train-Walk Walk-Train-Bus Bus-Train-Walk Bus-Train-Bus Bicycle-Train-Walk 63 Appendix A-2 Pilot Survey (At Stations) (Aung, 2013) Which area you travel from? Which area you travel to? Do you regularly travel with circular rail transit? Yes No Which station you regularly travel from? Are you convenient in travelling with rail transit? Yes No How you come to the station? Walk Bus Bicycle Trishaw How often you make the journey with rail transit in one week? Above days 3-4 days 1-2 days Once a month Do the stations have safety? Yes No Do the trains run on time? Yes No 10 How much time you spend to wait for the trains? Below 5mins 10mins 20mins Above 30mins 11 The distance from the station to the nearest bus-stop Below 100 yards 100-500 yards 500-1000 yards Above 1000 yards 12 Do the ways from bus-stops to stations have safety? Yes No 13 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the trains run on time? Yes No 14 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if there is feeder service? Yes No 15 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if there are park and ride facilities for bicycles? Yes No 64 16 How you travel to the place you want to go? Walk-Train-Walk Walk-Train-Bus Bus-Train-Walk Bus-Train-Bus Bicycle-Train-Walk 17 Is your home close to the station? Yes No 65 134 Appendix A-3 Questionnaire Survey Form (Aung, 2013) Age- Job- Is your home close to the bus-stop? Yes Gender- If not, why don't you travel with rail transit? Do not have safety Do not run on time Cannot reach directly It is inconvenient Which mode of travel can you use to go to the station? Walk Bus Bicycle Trishaw Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if there is feeder Time- Date- 2013 are reduced? Yes No 10 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the stations are clean? Yes No 11 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if there are park and ride facilities for bicycles? Yes No 12 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if there has safe No Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the feeder service costs 100 kyats for one trip? Yes No Do you want to travel with rail transit if the trains run on time? Yes Bus-stop Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the ticket prices No Have u ever traveled with circular rail transit? Yes No service? Yes Survey Location- No Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if it is faster than bus transit? Yes No and well pedestrian facilities? Yes No 13 Do you want to travel with rail transit regularly if the stations and trains have safety? Yes No 14 How you travel to the place you want to go? Walk-Train-Walk Walk-Train-Bus Bus-Train-Walk Bus-Train-Bus Bicycle-Train-Walk Trishaw-Train-Trishaw 66 145 Table A-2 Input Data for Bus-stops (Variable View) 67 145 Table A-3 Input Data for Bus-stops (Data View) 68 145 69 ...VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY THU YEIN MYINT THEIN A STUDY ON THE ANALYSIS OF RIDERSHIP IMPROVEMENT ON CIRCULAR RAILWAY IN YANGON, MYANMAR MAJOR: INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING... in Myanmar The first Myanmar railway line between Yangon and Pyay Regions was operated on the 1st of May 1877 by a private organization, called the Irrawaddy Valley State Railway Company and was... Railway Board and organized the affairs of the Myanmar Railways During World War II, the Myanmar railway network was damaged and this golden age of Burmese railway construction ended abruptly in