MODULE 21: PHRASES (Cụm từ) Cụm từ nhóm từ hay đoạn câu mà từ có liên hệ với Cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (Infintive phrase): bắt đầu động từ nguyên mẫu Cụm động từ nguyên mẫu dùng như: - Danh từ (Noun) Ex: To save money now seems impossible It seems impossible to save money now (Có vẻ khó mà đề dành tiền lúc này.) [làm chủ từ cho seems] - Tính từ (Adjective) Ex: He always has a lot of money to spend on his foreign trips (Anh ta ln có nhiều tiền để tiêu xài cho chuyến nước ngoài.) [bổ nghĩa cho danh từ money] - Trạng từ (Adverb) Ex: She went home to get her books (Cô nhà để lấy sách.) [bổ nghĩa cho động từ went] Cụm danh động từ (Gerund phrase): bắt đầu danh động từ (V-ing) Cụm danh động từ dùng danh từ, làm chủ ngữ câu, tân ngữ động từ giới từ, bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ tân ngữ (Xem phần Gerunds & Infinitives ) Ex: Smoking cigarettes is bad for health (Hút thuốc có hại cho sức khỏe.) He’s finished mending the car (Anh sửa xe xong.) Cụm giới từ (Prepositional phrase): bắt đầu giới từ sau danh từ hay đại từ (làm tân ngữ cho giới từ đó) Cụm giới từ dùng như: - Tính từ (bổ nghĩa cho danh từ) Ex: The woman in red dress is my aunt (Người phụ nữ mặc đầm đỏ dì tơi.) - Trạng từ (bổ nghĩa cho động từ tính từ) Ex: John is standing by the gate (John đứng cổng.) They were very curious about the people who lived upstairs (Họ tò mò người sống tầng trên.) Cụm phân từ (Participle phrase): bắt đầu phân từ (present participle) khứ phân từ (past participle) a Cụm phân từ (Present participle phrase) dùng để rút gọn khi: - Hai hành động có chủ ngữ xảy đồng thời liên tiếp dạng chủ động (active) Ex: The boy was running down the hill He was chasing the cat → The boy was running down the hill, chasing the cat (Cậu bé chạy xuống đồi, đuổi theo mèo.) Mary saw an accident She called the police immediately → Seeing an accident, Mary called the police immediately (Thấy tai nạn, Mary gọi cảnh sát.) - Hành động có tính thường xun, lâu dài Ex: The woman who lives next door is nice → The woman living next door is nice (Người phụ nữ sống nhà kế bên tử tế.) Lưu ý: Ex: When we turned the corner, the view was quite different → Turning the corner, we had a different view (Rẽ ngã ba, chúng tơi thấy quang cảnh hồn tồn khác.) [NOT Turning the corner, the view was quite different.] - Dùng HAVING + PAST PARTICIPLE để nhấn mạnh tính hồn tất hành động xảy trước Ex: Having finished the work, Peter went out for lunch (Làm xong công việc, Peter ăn trưa.) b Cụm khứ phân từ (Past participle phrase) dùng để rút gọn câu dạng bị động (passive) Ex: My house was built for more than thirty years ago It needs repairing → Built for more than thirty years ago, my house needs repairing (Được xây cách 30 năm, nhà cần tu sửa.) Cụm trạng từ (Adverb phrase): thường bắt đầu giới từ sau danh từ, đại từ trạng từ (preposition + noun/ pronoun/ adverb) Cụm trạng từ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ trạng từ khác Ex: He stood in the doorway (Anh ta đứng lối vào.) Cụm trạng từ rút gọn từ mệnh đề trạng ngữ (Xem phần Adverb Clauses) MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes the sentence or that can substitute the underlined part After he had gone to Japan, he went to Korea A Going to Japan B After Japan C To have gone to Japan D To go to Japan When she found the door unlocked, Mary opened it cautiously A The door unlocked B When the door unlocked C On finding the door unlocked D Found the door unlocked , I went downstairs to see what happened A Heard some strange noise B Hearing some strange noise C When heard some strange noise D As to hear some strange noise The building could be entered A being replaced the broken lock B for being replaced the broken lock C after replacing the broken lock D after being replaced the broken lock , Lee decided to tell Susan the truth A He thinking hard and long B Thought hard and long C To think long and hard D Having thought long and hard As you are a doctor, you have to take responsibility for human life A As a doctor B To be a doctor C On being a doctor D For a doctor C by a hammer D to be a hammer The carpenter hit the nail A being a hammer B with a hammer , books on the subject must be read A To find the solution B For you to find the solution C Finding the solution D For you found the solution I was born and brought up In the highlands I am used to cold weather A As being born and brought up in the highlands, B To be born and bring up in the highlands C Being born and bringing up in the highlands D Born and brought up the highlands, 10 John decided to quit his job A On discouraging by long hours’ working and low pay B Discouraging by long hours’ working and low pay C To be discouraged by long hours’ working and low pay D Discouraged by long hours’ working and low pay 11 , he has become very skillful in the trade A Being train for two years B Been trained for two years C After having trained for two years D After having been trained for two years 12 The cat leaped onto the window sill and meowed A with its burning eyes B burning eyes C to burn its eyes D eyes burnt 13 Daisy’s goal in life, , is within her grasp this year A became a doctor B become a doctor C to become a doctor D when becoming a doctor 14 The hills were long A to across the valley B that crossing the valley C across the valley D it is across the valley 15 he gave up A Realized that there was no hope to save his business, B Realizing that there was no hope to save his business, C No hope to save his business, D To be hopeful to save his business, 16 As she saw such a terrible scene, she fainted A Seeing such a terrible scene B Seen such a terrible scene C To see such a terrible scene D As such a terrible scene 17 , she tried to console me A When surprising at my reaction B Surprised at my reaction C Being her surprise at my reaction D With her surprising at my reaction 18 I was amazed when I learnt that John had failed again A On amazed, B Amazing C To my amazement D For my amazing 19 Many families break up A because a lack of money B because of they lack money C because of a lack of money D since a lack of money 20 A lot of people are unhealthy as they have bad diets A due to their bad diets B because their bad diets C of their bad diets D for their bad diets 21 the tardiness of my response, I was not allowed to enter the institution A Because B Because of C Since D As 22 , human life has become better and better A The progress’ science and technology B Thanks to the progress of science and technology C As for the progress of science and technology D Because the progress of science and technology 23 Many shops are doing badly since there is an economy depression A as an economy depression B in spite of an economy depression C thanks for being an economy depression D because of an economy depression 24 Although they were tired, they stayed until they found out exactly what had happened A Despite they were tired B Even if tiredness C In spite of being tired D As they were tired 25 Bad as her health was, her continued working A as though her health was bad B despite of her bad health C despite her health was bad D in spite of her bad health 26 , people continue to spend hours lying in the sun in the middle of the day A Although warning about the potential danger of sunbathing B In spite of warning about the potential danger of sunbathing C Despite they are warned about the potential danger of sunbathing D Despite being warned about the potential danger of sunbathing 27 Kelvin changed his major from Geography to Business Studies A so as to his job prospects will be improved B in order to his job prospects will be improved C in order that improve his job prospects D in order to improve his job prospects 28 I felt nervous, but kept it to myself A so as not to worry my friends B so that not worry my friends C in order I did not worry my friends D in order to my friends were not worried 29 What I have to ? A so that convince them B in order that convince them C so to convince them D so as to convince them 30 Sally brought a painting home from school A shown to her mother B to show to her mother C and show to her mother D she showing to her mother 31 , we would not have got any achievement last year A As your recommendation B If to recommend C To be recommended D Without your recommendation 32 But for Kevin’s assistance, we would not have completed our term before the deadline A If Kevin had not assisted me B If Kevin did not assist me C Unless Kevin had not assisted me D Provided that Kevin does not assist me 33 , the bird may abandon the nest A As if they are disturbed B If disturbed C When disturbing D On disturb 34 Unless you had interfered with my work, I would have been successful A Due to your interference with my work B As to your interference with my work C With your interference with my work D Without your interference with my work 35 Papers which are submitted late will be marked down one grade A submit late B submitting late C to submit late D submitted late 36 The people who are from Iowa are especially nice A from Iowa B to be from Iowa C being from Iowa D are from Iowa 37 The bomb that was buried in the sand exploded violently A was buried in the sand B to be buried in the sand C burying in the sand D buried in the sand 38 The student who scored the highest In math was praised by the professor A score the highest in math B scoring the highest in math C to score the highest in math D scored the highest in math 39 John was the first student of our school who studied at Oxford University A studied at Oxford University B studying at Oxford University C to study at Oxford University D he studied at Oxford University 40 We have a lot of things that we have to do, so we cannot find time when we can go out with you A / going out with you B to / to go out with you C doing / gone out with you D done / go out with you 41 Mary has just taken us to a bookstore where we can buy the books we want A buy the books we want B buying the books we want C to buy the books we want D bought the books we want 42 Look! The boy who is wearing a white cap is my son A wearing a white cap B to wear a white cap C worn a white cap D wear a white cap 43 I went shopping and I also visited the museum when I visited London A So going shopping, B To go shopping, C Thanks to going shopping D In addition to going shopping, 44 Bill Clinton, who is the former President of the USA, is from Arkansas A the former president of the USA B to be the former president of the USA C being the former president of the USA D been the former president of the USA 45 The money which had been placed on the table was mine A placing on the table B to place on the table C placed on the table D place on the table 46 John decided to quit job because he had performed badly A before dismissing him B before being dismissed C as dismissed him D to dismiss him 47 I am so nervous that I really not know A doing what B what doing C what to D what done 48 We must make a careful preparation, for the future may bring unexpected changes A due to unexpected changes in the future B in spite of future unexpected changes C when bringing unexpected changes in the future D brought unexpected changes in the future 49 , we cannot go with you A As a conference at o’clock B To be conference at o’clock C Being the conference at o’clock D With the conference at o’clock 50 They had to stop their project A to be financial difficulties B being financial difficulties C in addition to financial difficulties D owning to financial difficulties ... tu sửa.) Cụm trạng từ (Adverb phrase): thường bắt đầu giới từ sau danh từ, đại từ trạng từ (preposition + noun/ pronoun/ adverb) Cụm trạng từ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ trạng từ khác... different.] - Dùng HAVING + PAST PARTICIPLE để nhấn mạnh tính hồn tất hành động xảy trước Ex: Having finished the work, Peter went out for lunch (Làm xong công việc, Peter ăn trưa.) b Cụm khứ phân từ. .. cho động từ, tính từ trạng từ khác Ex: He stood in the doorway (Anh ta đứng lối vào.) Cụm trạng từ rút gọn từ mệnh đề trạng ngữ (Xem phần Adverb Clauses) MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose a, b, c, or d that