MODULE 16: RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ) Mệnh đề quan hệ (Relative clause), cịn gọi mệnh đề tính ngữ (Adjective clause), dùng tính từ để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước Mệnh đề quan hệ đặt sau danh từ mà bổ nghĩa bắt đầu đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) who, whom, which, that, whose trạng từ quan hệ (relative adverbs) when, where, why Ex: The woman whom I love best is my mother (Người phụ nữ mà tơi u thương mẹ tôi.) I Cách dùng đại từ trạng từ quan hệ • WHO: làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ, thay cho danh từ người Ex: Do you know the man who is standing over there? (Bạn có biết người đàn ơng đứng khơng?) • WHOM: làm tân ngữ, thay thê' cho danh từ chi người Ex: Peter keeps talking about the girl whom/ who he met last week (Peter nói gái mà anh gặp tuần rồi.) • WHICH: làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ, thay cho danh từ vật Ex: Please recommend me a restaurant which serves seafood (Làm ơn giới thiệu cho nhà hàng bán hải sản.) • THAT: làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ, thay cho danh từ người danh từ vật Ex: Do you know the man who/ that is standing over there? Peter keeps talking about the girl whom/ that he met last week Please recommend me a restaurant which/ that serves seafood That dùng sau cụm danh từ gồm người lẫn vật, sau đại từ everything, something, anything, all, little, much, none dạng so sánh Ex: The firemen managed to rescue the old woman and her cats that were stuck in the burning house (Lính cứu hỏa tìm cách cứu bà lão mèo bà bị kẹt nhà cháy.) She is the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever met (Cô cô gái đẹp mà tơi gặp.) • WHOSE: sở hữu Ex: Peter does not like the secretary whose ideas are contrary to his (Peter khơng thích người thư ký có quan điểm trái với anh ấy.) • WHEN (= on/ at/ in which): thay cho danh từ thời gian Ex: Tell me the time when (= at which) we can depart (Hãy cho biết thời gian khởi hành.) • WHERE (= at/ in/ from/ on which): thay cho danh từ nơi chốn Ex: Do you know the village where (in which) your father was born? (Bạn có biết ngơi làng mà cha bạn sinh khơng?) • WHY (= for which): dùng để lý do, thay cho the reason Ex: That is the reason why (= for which) John refused to come (Đó lý John không chịu đến.) II Phân loại mệnh đề quan hệ Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn (Restrictive relative clause): cung cấp thông tin quan trọng cần thiết đề xác định danh từ cụm danh từ đứng truớc Ex: My father is the man who understands me the most (Bố người hiểu nhất.) Do you still remember the day when we first met at university? (Bạn nhớ ngày gặp lần đầu trường đại học không?) Đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ who(m), which, that trạng từ quan hệ when, why đuợc bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn Ex: He promised to lend me the book (which/ that) he bought yesterday (Anh hứa cho mượn quyền sách mà anh mua hôm qua.) Peter keeps talking about the girl (who/ that) he met last week Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn (Non-restrictive relative clause): cung cấp thêm thông tin nguời, vật việc đuợc xác định Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn cách mệnh đề dấu phẩy (,) dấu gạch ngang (-) Ex: Peter, who is my new friend, is an architect (Peter, người bạn quen tôi, kiến trúc sư.) They like walking along the Thames, which flows through London (Họ thích dọc sơng Thames, sơng chảy qua Luân Đôn.) - Không bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ trạng từ quan hệ mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn Ex: She met my brother, whom she later married (Cô gặp anh trai tơi, người mà sau kết hôn.) [NOT She met my brother, she later married.] - Không dùng that mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn Ex: Ms Pike, who is my form teacher, is very nice to her students (Cô Pike, giáo viên chủ nhiệm tôi, tử tế với học sinh.) [NOT Ms Pike, that is my form teacher,…] - Trong mệnh đề quan hệ khơng giới hạn, which dùng để bổ nghĩa cho câu Ex: Peter failed again, which does not make US surprised (Peter lại thất bại, điều chẳng làm ngạc nhiên.) III Giới từ mệnh đề quan hệ Trong mệnh đề quan hệ, giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ giới từ (whom, which, whose) sau động từ (ngoại trừ without) Giới từ không đặt trước who that Ex: The people with whom I was sitting were very noisy [NOT The people with who/ that-I was sitting ] Or: The people (whom/ that) I was sitting with were very noisy (Những người ngồi với ồn ào.) Khi giới từ thành phần cụm động từ khơng thể đem giới từ trước whom, which, whose Ex: This is the book which I am looking for (Đây sách mà tơi tìm.) [NOT This is the book for which I am looking.] IV Dạng rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn cách dùng: Ngữ phân từ (participle phrase) • Ngữ phân từ (present participle phrase) dùng động từ mệnh đề quan hệ thể chủ động (active), diễn đạt hành động diễn có tính thường xuyên, lâu dài Ex: My sister is the girl who is wearing a blue dress → My sister is the girl wearing a blue dress (Chị cô gái mặc áo đầm xanh.) • Ngữ khứ phân từ (past participle phrase) dùng động từ mệnh đề quan hệ thể bị động (passive) Ex: The novel which was written by Peter’s father is very interesting → The novel written by Peter’s father is very interesting (Quyển tiểu thuyết mà bố Peter viết hay.) Cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive phrase) To-infinitive dùng đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ đứng sau first, second, , last, next, only, dạng so sánh để mục đích, cho phép Ex: Tom is the last agent who left the office yesterday evening → Tom is the last agent to leave the office yesterday evening (Chiều tối hôm qua Tom người sau rời văn phòng) Please take us to a cafeteria where we can have a delicious meal → Please take us to a cafeteria to have a delicious meal (Làm ơn đưa đến quán để ăn bữa thật ngon.) Ngữ danh từ (noun phrase) Ex: Ms Young, who is the school librarian, often lends me reference books → Ms Young, the school librarian, often lends me reference books (Cô Young, thủ thư trường, thường cho mượn sách tham khảo.) MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose a, b, c, or d that best completes the sentence To calm his angry girlfriend, John offered an apology _ Jane did not accept A which B who C whom D when Michelle screamed when she saw the spider _ dangled from the one clean bathroom towel A whom B where C that D whose 3 Brian said goodnight to his roommate _ continued to play video games until his eyes were blurry with fatigue A Justin, whom B Justin who C Justin, who D Justin, that The children _ skateboard in the street are especially noisy in the early evening A who B whom C which D whose We have many blessings for those _ we are deeply grateful to A whose B whom C that D which Women _ work are happier than those _ don’t work A that / whom B who / who C whom / that D whose / which It took me a while to get used to people _ eat pop-corn during the movie A who B whom C whose D which He is the man _ I wanted to speak to and _ name I’d forgotten A whose / whom B that / which C who / that D whom / whose This is the house _ I lived when I first came to the US A in that B in where C where D which in 10 It was in that house _ we spent our childhood A where B that C when D in which 11 The family _ burnt in the fire was immediately given a suite in a hotel A which house B the house of whom C that house D whose house 12 My friend eventually decided to get divorced, _ upset me a lot A who B why C that D which 13 I saw a lot of new people at the party, _ seemed familiar A which B that C some of that D some of whom 14 The reason _ I have continued to work for that company is the job security A at which B which C why D for that C which D that 15 The house _ I grew up has just renovated A where B in that 16 The old man and his two dogs _ were seriously burnt in the fire last week have gradually recovered A who B that C which D whom 17 The woman _ hair is long and curly is the new secretary, Mrs Chan A who B whose C that D which 18 _ used to be the tallest building in the world, is still a popular tourist attraction A The Empire State Building B It is The Empire State Building, which C The Empire State Building, that D The Empire State Building, which 19 _ was the first president of the United States, is a symbol of honesty, bravery, and patriotism A George Washington B George Washington, that C George Washington, who D That was George Washington 20 It was Peter and Mary _ often came to help me whenever I was in need A whose B which C that D whom 21 _ failed will have to retake the exam next week A Those B Those who C Who D Those which 22 My favorite month is always February _ we celebrate Valentine’s Day and Presidents’ Day A which B where C why D when 23 Travelling on holiday, _ I love to do, can be very expensive A which B that C when D where 24 New York is a place _ people of many different cultures live and work together A where B that C which D in that 25 I could not remember the person about _ you told me, so I could not talk to him A that B who C whom D which 26 The book _ author is now being shown in the news has become a bestseller A that B which C whose D whom 27 Recommend me a nice restaurant _ we can have an Italian dinner A which B in that C in where D where 28 _ is located at 68th and Park, is part of the City University of New York A Hunter College, which B Hunter College which C Hunter College, that D Hunter College, where 29 If she cannot find _ reliable to take care of her children, she may not join us A someone is B someone which is C who is D someone who is 30 At last they were able to tow up the man and his car _ crashed down the hill A whose B which C who D that 31 Experts all agree that dreams _ great anxiety and stress are called nightmare A when cause B whom cause C cause D which cause 32 What’s the name of the person _ first landed on the moon? A which B who C whose D whom 33 Frank Smith, _ son works for us, can provide an estimate A whose B that C which D whom 34 _ small two-winged insects, can spread fatal diseases like malaria and dengue fever A Mosquitoes are B Mosquitoes, which are C Mosquitoes, that are D They are mosquitoes 35 That horrible incident occurred in 1967, _ I was still a baby A when B why C where D which 36 They are the most beautiful roses _ A I have ever seen B whom I have ever seen C that I have ever seen them D where I have ever seen 37 The actor, _ wife was also famous, was cast as the villain A whose B which C that D whom C whose I met D where I met 38 He is the man _ last week A I met B which I met 39 My boss gave Peter, _, the promotion A he had always preferred B whom he had always preferred C he had always preferred whom D that he had always preferred 40 I did not like the book _ A whom John gave me B when John gave me C John gave me D that John gave me it 41 The library did not have the book _ A for that I wanted B whom I want C I want D whose I want 42 The basement is the room _ most of my studying A where I B I in C in that I D I 43 Frank Zappa, _ one of the most creative artists in rock ‘n roll, came from California A was B who was C whom was D that was 44 I have found you the tutor _ A whom you were looking B for whom you were looking C for who you were looking D that you were looking 45 He was always coming up with new ideas, most of _ were absolutely impracticable A which B that C whom D whose 46 _ is a quality all human beings have A Creativity may take many forms B Creativity, may take many forms, C Creativity which may take many forms, D Creativity, which may take many forms, 47 _ in New York lead very busy lives A Those who live B Who live C Those live D Those which live 48 _ millions of immigrants live, is sometimes called a Melting Pot A New York City, which B New York City that C New York City, where D New York City 49 The 1960’s was the time _ many Americans began to question the actions of their government A which B when C that D where 50 It was in the 1970’s _ many new rights and freedoms had been gained A when B that C which D in which ... looking.] IV Dạng rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn cách dùng: Ngữ phân từ (participle phrase) • Ngữ phân từ (present participle phrase) dùng động từ mệnh đề quan hệ thể chủ động (active),... he met last week Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn (Non-restrictive relative clause): cung cấp thêm thông tin nguời, vật việc đuợc xác định Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn cách mệnh đề dấu phẩy (,)... (Đó lý John khơng chịu đến.) II Phân loại mệnh đề quan hệ Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn (Restrictive relative clause): cung cấp thông tin quan trọng cần thiết đề xác định danh từ cụm danh từ đứng truớc