Study of wireless communication technology for internet of things applications

Hanoi University of Science and Technology MASTER THESIS STUDY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS SARA NHACUONGUE LAICE Major: Telecommunication Engineering Supervisor: Dr Phung Thi Kieu Ha Institute: School of Electronics and Telecommunications, Hanoi University of Science and Technology HANOI, December 2020 CERTIFICATION OF THESIS CORRECTION Full name of author of thesis: Sara Da Purificaỗóo Nhacuongue Laice Thesis topics: STUDY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS Major: Telecommunication Engineering Student ID number: CA190273 The author, the scientific instructor and the chairman of the jury certify that the author made corrections and additions to the thesis according to the comments and requests of the Jury dated …………with the following contents: …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………… ………………………………………………………… Hanoi, Jan 12, 2021 Supervisor Thesis author Chairman of Jury ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To God, who always lit up my walk To my Supervisor Dr Phung Kieu Ha, for the encouragement and guidance given during the training To all the professors of School of Electronics and Telecommunications for their knowledge sharing, availability, and attention throughout the training process To all my family and friends for their support and collaboration SUMMARY The concept of IoT was first proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999, he referred to IoT as connected objects uniquely identifiable with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology IoT is generally defined as a “dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on communication standards and protocols” Physical and virtual things in an IoT have their own identities and attributes which can use intelligent interfaces and be integrated as an information network In a simplified way, IoT can be treated as a set of connected devices that are uniquely identifiable The IoT system requires that "things" on the network are connected to each other, because things can move and need to interact with others in real-time It is also possible to develop several applications based on it, of which only a few applications are currently deployed Examples of the Internet of Things range from smartly connected homes to wearables and health services IoT is gradually becoming a part of every aspect of our lives Soon, there will be smarter apps for smarter homes and offices, smarter transportation systems, smarter hospitals, smarter businesses, and factories Internet of Things applications not only increase our comfort but also give us more control to simplify work routines and personal tasks Therefore, for this to happen, it is necessary to establish communication between IoT devices and the Internet, and this is done using IoT communication technologies and protocols depending on the application, factors such as reach, data requirements, security and energy demands, and duration of the battery which will dictate the choice of technologies/protocols or some form of a combination of technologies The objective of this dissertation is to study the IoT, its essential components, and the technologies and protocols to realize several IoT systems/applications Later, the work focuses on the study of Smart Home, a perspective specific to IoT-based systems, and the design and production of a prototype of a controlled lighting device connected to the Internet, a proof of concept of a Smart lighting control system The smart home is a term that refers to modern homes that have appliances, lighting, and/or electronic devices that can be controlled remotely by the owner, usually through a mobile app Smart home-enabled devices can also operate in conjunction with other devices in the house and communicate information to other smart devices At Smart Home, all devices are controlled by a home automation master controller, called a smart home hub It combines all the different apps into a single smart home app that can be controlled remotely by owners Some smart home systems can be created from scratch, for example, using a Raspberry Pi or other prototyping board To demonstrate an understanding of the topics covered in the dissertation we will develop and design a proof-of-concept prototype for remote monitoring and control of home appliances We also discussed the performance of the system by doing some tests on our implemented circuit This text will consist of the following contents: Chapter I discusses the introduction of IoT and Chapter II describes the technologies, protocols, architecture, and challenges of IoT Chapter III presents the description of Smart Homes in detail and mentions the future of Smart Homes In chapter IV, we will show the design and construction of a prototype to demonstrate the monitoring and remote control of home appliances We also discussed the performance of the system by carrying out some tests on our implemented circuit and, finally, the last section presents the conclusions of our work Table of Contents CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction of IoT (Internet of Things) 1.2 Concept and History of IoT 1.2.1 Concept 1.2.2 History 1.3 Applications of IoT 1.4 Overview of thesis work 1.5 Conclusion CHAPTER IoT TECHNOLOGIES AND PROTOCOLS 2.1 Basic Components of IoT System 2.2 IoT Architecture 12 2.2.1 The Layer Architecture 12 2.2.2 The Layer Architecture 13 2.2.3 Service-Oriented Architecture for IoT 14 2.3 Communication technologies of IoT 17 2.4 Application Protocols in IoT 25 2.4.1 Application Layer Protocols 26 2.4.2 Service Discovery Protocols 27 2.4.3 Network Infrastructure Protocols 28 2.5 Challenges of IoT 29 CHAPTER IoT IN SMART HOME 34 3.1 Smart Home 34 3.2 Benefits and Challenges of Smart Home 35 3.2.1 Benefits 35 3.2.2 Challenges 36 3.3 Smart Home Technologies 36 3.3.1 Comparison between Smart Home Transmission Technologies 40 3.4 Examples of smart home applications 44 3.5 How smart homes work/smart home implementation 45 3.6 Smart buildings 46 3.7 Analyses of Smart Home products in Energy saving 47 3.8 Future of Smart Home 51 3.9 Conclusion 53 CHAPTER 4.1 SMART HOME DEMONSTRATION 54 Project Overview 54 4.1.1 System Diagram 54 4.1.2 Hardware diagram 54 4.1.3 Firmware Design 61 4.1.4 Pseudocode of firmware 61 4.1.5 Arduino IDE 62 4.1.6 Blynk 63 4.1.7 Application design 64 4.2 Testing 68 4.3 Conclusion 69 CONCLUSION 70 REFERENCES 71 Table of Figures Figure Internet of Things [14] Figure Applications of IoT [3] Figure How IoT Works - Internal Working of the Internet of Things [4] Figure The Layer Architecture [7] 12 Figure The Layer Architecture [7] 13 Figure Architectural Layers of IoT [2] 14 Figure LoRa-WAN [16] 22 Figure Example of Smart Home [11] 35 Figure Smart Building Architecture [11] 46 Figure 10 Classification of smart home products [22] 48 Figure 11 Future of Smart Home [22] 53 Figure 12 Project Requirements block diagram 54 Figure 13 Arduino description [17] 56 Figure 14 Relay Module [9] 57 Figure 15 PIR Motion Sensor [17] 58 Figure 16 Wi-Fi module [10] 60 Figure 17 Arduino IDE (software) with system code 63 Figure 18 Components of Blynk platform [23] 64 Figure 19 Smart home application’s GUI [23] 65 Figure 20 Blynk Software [23] 66 Figure 21 Blynk Software [23] 67 Figure 22 Test result of our implemented Node 69 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction of IoT (Internet of Things) The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects-devices, instruments, vehicles, buildings, and other items embedded with electronics, circuits, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data The Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency and accuracy The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first internetconnected appliance [1], able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold Kevin Ashton (born 1968) is a British technology pioneer who is known for inventing the term "the Internet of Things" to describe a system where the Internet is connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors Figure Internet of Things [14] IoT can interact without human intervention Some preliminary IoT applications have been already developed in the healthcare, transportation, and automotive industries IoT technologies are at their infant stages; however, many new developments have occurred in the integration of objects with sensors on the Internet The development of IoT involves many issues such as infrastructure, communications, interfaces, protocols, and standards 1.2 Concept and History of IoT 1.2.1 Concept Kevin Ashton firstly proposed the concept of IoT in 1999, and he referred to the IoT as uniquely identifiable connected objects with radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology However, the exact definition of IoT is still in the forming process that is subject to the perspectives taken IoT was generally defined as a “dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standards and communication protocols” Physical and virtual things in an IoT have their own identities and attributes and are capable of using intelligent interfaces and being integrated as an information network In easy terms, IoT can be treated as a set of connected devices that are uniquely identifiable The words “Internet” and “Things” mean an inter-connected world-wide network based on sensors, communication, networking, and information processing technologies, which might be the new version of information and communications technology (ICT) To date, a number of technologies are involved in IoT, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), barcodes, intelligent sensing, RFID, NFCs, low energy wireless communications, cloud computing, and so on The IoT describes the next generation of the Internet, where the physical things could be accessed and identified through the Internet Depending on various technologies for the implementation, the definition of the IoT varies However, the fundamental of IoT implies that objects in an IoT can be identified uniquely in the virtual representations Within an IoT, all things can exchange data and if needed, process data according to predefined schemes Figure 16 Wi-Fi module [10] Technical specifications • CPU: ESP8266EX • Wifi: 2.4GHz, 802.11 b / g / n • Supports WPA / WPA2 security • Integrated TCP / IP protocol • Serial transfer rate (Baurate): 115200 (Max) • Input voltage: 3.3V • Output voltage I / O: 3.6V max • Flash memory: 1MB (8Mbit) • Mode of operation: AP, STA and (AP + STA) • Dimensions: 24.75mm x 14.5mm (0.974 "x 0.571") 60 4.1.3 Firmware Design The objective is to build a motion-based switch for light bulbs that can be able to only turn ON when the room is dark and when a person's movement is detected When the pre-defined requirement happens, the light system will send a notification to the user’s mobile application Use Cases: The main features of the project are: The lamp turns ON when movement is detected; When movement is detected, the lamp stays ON 10 seconds; When the person leaves, the lamp switch OFF; When the lamp is ON and detects movement, it starts counting 10 seconds again; When there’s light the lamp is turned OFF, even when motion is detected When the pre-defined requirement happens, send Report to the user’s mobile application 4.1.4 Pseudocode of firmware #T_light – the duration that LIGHT_ON 1: LIGHT = OFF 2: while (1){ 3: if (detect motion = TRUE) { 4: make LIGHT = ON 5: send REPORT (“people in room”) 6: setup T_light = default_value 7: } 8: if (T_light expire? = TRUE) 9: if (detect motion = FALSE) 61 10: LIGHT = OFF 11: send REPORT (people left) 12: } 13:} Table Pseudo-code of the system program 4.1.5 Arduino IDE Arduino IDE is open-source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the code into the Arduino Module It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro, and many more Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is programmed and accepts the information in the form of code The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where the former is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code into the given Arduino Module The Arduino IDE supports both C and C++ languages Units Programming For programming the microcontrollers of this Units, we used the Arduino IDE with Arduino language(c/c ++) language Figure 18 below, shows the interface of the IDE with the programs of our units 62 Figure 17 Arduino IDE (software) with system code 4.1.6 Blynk Blynk is a Powerful Platform for designing IoT applications It is not only compatible with both iOS and Android operation system but also control hardware remotely, display sensor data, store data, visualize it, and many other cool things Blynk provides a simple and efficient solution to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and the likes over the Internet The data can be visualized in a digital dashboard where you can build a graphic interface for your project by simply dragging and dropping widgets This reduces the time for programming the application and allows hardware programmers to focus on developing the underlying layer associated with the hardware Blynk is not tied to some specific board or shield Instead, it’s supporting hardware of your choice Whether your Arduino or Raspberry Pi is linked to the Internet over Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or this new ESP8266 chip, Blynk will get you online and ready for the Internet of Your Things There are three major components in the platform: • Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various widgets we provide 63 • Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and hardware You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server locally Its open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices, and can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi • Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with the server and process all the incoming and out-coming commands Figure 18 Components of Blynk platform [23] Each time you press a Button within the Blynk app, the message transmits to space the Blynk Cloud, where it mystically finds its way to your equipment It works the same within the opposite direction and everything happens in a Blynk of an eye 4.1.7 Application design The main goal of the application is to observe the status of the lights and can be controlled manually via the push button It is necessary in cases where the sensor system occurs problems, the automatic ON/OFF function is no longer precise To meet the above requirements, the graphic user interface is designed with components: an LED icon to display the current state of the light, BUTTON is to change the state of the light 64 Figure 19 Smart home application’s GUI [23] Step 1: Install IDE and Library Include ESP8266 Core to Arduino IDE 1) Go to 'Preferences' and enter the following URL to Additional Board Manager URLs http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json 2) Open the Boards Manager (Tools > Board Menu) 3) Search for "esp8266" and install the latest version 4) Select your board under Tools > Board and define Baud Rate etc Install Blynk libraries 1) Install the latest release of the Blynk libraries on GitHub 2) Unpack it 3) Move the libraries to C:/User//Documents/Arduino/libraries Install the Blynk App 1) Download the App for iOS or Android Step 2: Create a Project 65 Figure 20 Blynk Software [23] 66 Figure 21 Blynk Software [23] Before creating your project you have to create an account or sign in Click 'Create New Project' Choose your device and connection type (NodeMCU, WiFi) Receive and note down your 'Auth Token' Open the 'Widget Box' ('+') Add a button Name it and select switch mode Define the output pin the LED is connected to (anode Dx, cathode GND) Step 3: Code in Harward Open the Arduino IDE Goto Examples > Blynk > Boards_WiFi and select your dev board 67 Enter your 'Auth Token' (char auth[]) Enter your WiFi credentials (char ssid[], char pass[]) Compile and Upload Open the Serial Monitor and check whether connecting was successful 4.2 Testing The hardware design of the circuit was assembled and simulated for testing on the Arduino IDE (as shown in figure 22a) b) and c below) The module was also tested in the lab The implemented Node will be able to turn ON/OFF an attached light bulb to be adaptive with the presence of people in monitored room and send notification to the user smart phone Figures a) and b) shows the result of motion detection Where a) represent the result of “motion detected” and b) the result of no “motion” Figure c) shows the result that the system has internet connection, where when motion is detected the user receive on his phone “motion detected” and “no motion” when there is no motion a) 68 b) c) Figure 22 Test result of our implemented Node 4.3 Conclusion In this chapter we explained the built of implemented Node, assembled the circuit, and programmed each unit (Arduino, ESP8266 module) separately Then we tested the performance of the system parts and the test results are acceptable and satisfactory 69 CONCLUSION The IoT project applied to home automation developed in this work served to support the knowledge of this area to the students who developed it Even with some difficulties encountered during its elaboration, for example, the adjustments in the programming of the hardware and software that had several changes until reaching their final versions served to further solidify the knowledge acquired, since the errors guided the research to improve the final project Besides, the documentary surveys and theoretical references adopted in this work, played an essential role in the studies, thus complementing contents that were not appreciated during the course And the proposal to solve some problems identified in the mentioned works that are related to this was successful For the signals did not suffer interference in their sending and receiving Besides, the server was configured on the Arduino board itself, so it was not necessary to use an external server, which generated hardware savings in both the cost and the final size of the physical parts 70 REFERENCES [1] Jun, Zhang, et al "The internet of things." IEEE Commun Mag 49.11 (2011): 30-31 [2] Gokhale, Pradyumna, Omkar Bhat, and Sagar Bhat "Introduction to IOT." International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology 5.1 (2018): 41-44 [3] Razzaque, Mohammad Abdur, et al "Middleware for internet of things: a survey." IEEE Internet of things journal 3.1 (2015): 70-95 [4] https://data-flair.training/blogs/how-iot-works/ [Accessed on 16/12/2020] [5] Kumar, Nallapaneni Manoj, and Pradeep Kumar Mallick "Blockchain technology for security issues and challenges in IoT." Procedia Computer Science 132 (2018): 1815-1823 [6] Hughes, John M Arduino: a technical reference: a handbook for technicians, engineers, and makers “O’Reilly Media, Inc.", 2016 [7] Sethi, Pallavi, and Smruti R Sarangi "Internet of things: architectures, protocols, and applications." 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Building and environment 123 (2017): 543-554 [21] Rif’an, Muhammad "Internet of things (IoT): Blynk framework for smart home." KnE Social Sciences (2019): 579-586 [22] Austin, P "What Will Smart Homes Look Like 10 Years From Now?" Time, July 2019 (2019) [Available on https://time.com/5634791/smart-homes-future/] [23] https://docs.blynk.cc/ [Accessed on 9/28/20] 72 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THESIS Topic: STUDY OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS Thesis author: Sara Da P Nhacuongue Laice; Master Program: Telecommunications Engineering Supervisor: Dr Phung Thi Kieu Ha Keyword: IoT, Smart Home Summary: The concept of IoT was first proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999, he referred to IoT as connected objects uniquely identifiable with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology IoT is generally defined as a “dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on communication standards and protocols” Physical and virtual things in an IoT have their own identities and attributes which can use intelligent interfaces and be integrated as an information network In a simplified way, IoT can be treated as a set of connected devices that are uniquely identifiable The IoT system requires that "things" on the network are connected since things can move and need to interact with others in real-time It is also possible to develop several applications based on it, of which only a few applications are currently deployed Examples of the Internet of Things range from smartly connected homes to wearables and health services IoT is gradually becoming a part of every aspect of our lives Soon, there will be smarter apps for smarter homes and offices, smarter transportation systems, smarter hospitals, smarter businesses, and factories Internet of Things applications not only increase our comfort but also give us more control to simplify work routines and personal tasks Therefore, for this to happen, it is necessary to establish communication between IoT devices and the Internet, and this is done using IoT communication technologies and protocols depending on the application, factors such as reach, data requirements, security 73 and energy demands, and duration of the battery which will dictate the choice of technologies/protocols or some form of a combination of technologies The objective of this dissertation is to study the IoT, its essential components, and the technologies and protocols to realize several IoT systems/applications Later, the work focuses on the study of Smart Home, a perspective specific to IoT-based systems, and the design and production of a prototype of a controlled lighting device connected to the Internet, a proof of concept of a Smart lighting control system The smart home is a term that refers to modern homes that have appliances, lighting, and/or electronic devices that can be controlled remotely by the owner, usually through a mobile app Smart home-enabled devices can also operate in conjunction with other devices in the house and communicate information to other smart devices At Smart Home, all devices are controlled by a home automation master controller, called a smart home hub It combines all the different apps into a single smart home app that can be controlled remotely by owners Some smart home systems can be created from scratch, for example, using a Raspberry Pi or other prototyping board To demonstrate an understanding of the topics covered in the dissertation we will develop and design a proof-of-concept prototype for remote monitoring and control of home appliances We also discussed the performance of the system by doing some tests on our implemented circuit This text will consist of the following contents: Chapter I discusses the introduction of IoT and Chapter II describes the technologies, protocols, architecture, and challenges of IoT Chapter III presents the description of Smart Homes in detail and mentions the future of Smart Homes In chapter IV, we will show the design and construction of a prototype to demonstrate the monitoring and remote control of home appliances We also discussed the performance of the system by carrying out some tests on our implemented circuit and, finally, the last section presents the conclusions of our work 74 ...CERTIFICATION OF THESIS CORRECTION Full name of author of thesis: Sara Da Purificaỗóo Nhacuongue Laice Thesis topics: STUDY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY FOR INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS. .. 71 Table of Figures Figure Internet of Things [14] Figure Applications of IoT [3] Figure How IoT Works - Internal Working of the Internet of Things [4] ... spectrum (CSS) technology LoRa devices and wireless radio frequency technology is a long-range, low power wireless platform that has become the technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) networks