www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com Traffic and Highway Engineering FOURTH EDITION Nicholas J Garber Lester A Hoel University of Virginia Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com Traffic and Highway Engineering, Fourth Edition Nicholas J Garber and Lester A Hoel Director, Global Engineering Program: Chris Carson Senior Developmental Editor: Hilda Gowans Permissions: Natalie Barrington Production Service: RPK Editorial Services, Inc Copy Editor: Shelly Gerger-Knechtl Proofreader: Martha McMaster © 2009 Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Indexer: Shelly Gerger-Knechtl For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Creative Director: Angela Cluer Text Designer: RPK Editorial Services For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Cover Designer: Andrew Adams Cover Image: (to come) Compositor: G&S/Newgen Printer: Thomson West Library of Congress Control Number: 2008926026 ISBN-13: 978-0-495-08250-7 ISBN-10: 0-495-08250-3 Cengage Learning 1120 Birchmount Road Toronto ON M1K 5G4 Canada Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at: international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education Ltd For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in the United States of America 11 10 09 08 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com This book is dedicated to our wives, Ada and Unni and to our daughters, Allison, Elaine, and Valerie and Julie, Lisa, and Sonja With appreciation for the support, help, and encouragement that we received during the years that were devoted to writing this textbook www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com This page intentionally left blank www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com Contents P A R T INTRODUCTION The Profession of Transportation Importance of Transportation Transportation History Transportation Employment Summary 23 Problems 24 References 25 3 16 Transportation Systems and Organizations Developing a Transportation System Modes of Transportation 34 Transportation Organizations 47 Summary 51 Problems 52 References 54 27 P A R T TRAFFIC OPERATIONS 27 55 Characteristics of the Driver, the Pedestrian, the Vehicle, and the Road 57 Driver Characteristics 58 Perception-Reaction Process 60 Older Drivers’ Characteristics 61 Pedestrian Characteristics 62 Bicyclists and Bicycles Characteristics Vehicle Characteristics 63 Road Characteristics 88 62 v www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com vi Contents Summary Problems References 93 95 98 Traffic Engineering Studies Spot Speed Studies 100 Volume Studies 115 Travel Time and Delay Studies Parking Studies 139 Summary 146 Problems 147 References 150 Highway Safety 99 133 151 Issues Involved in Transportation Safety Strategic Highway Safety Plans 154 Effectiveness of Safety Design Features Summary 208 Problems 208 References 212 152 190 Fundamental Principles of Traffic Flow 213 Traffic Flow Elements 213 Flow-Density Relationships 218 Shock Waves in Traffic Streams 230 Gap and Gap Acceptance 243 Introduction to Queuing Theory 249 Summary 258 Problems 258 Intersection Design 265 Types of At-Grade Intersections 266 Design Principles for At-Grade Intersections Design of Railroad Grade Crossings 314 Summary 320 Problems 322 References 325 Intersection Control 276 327 General Concepts of Traffic Control 327 Conflict Points at Intersections 331 Types of Intersection Control 332 Signal Timing for Different Color Indications Freeway Ramps 373 Summary 378 Problems 378 References 380 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com 342 Contents Capacity and Level of Service for Highway Segments Two-Lane Highways Freeways 406 Multilane Highways Summary 430 Problems 431 References 434 Appendix: Tables 10 382 424 434 Capacity and Level of Service at Signalized Intersections Definitions of Some Common Terms 457 Level of Service at Signalized Intersections Summary 528 Problems 528 References 533 Appendix: Tables 534 460 PART TRANSPORTATION PLANNING 11 381 The Transportation Planning Process 549 551 Basic Elements of Transportation Planning Transportation Planning Institutions 562 Urban Transportation Planning 566 Forecasting Travel 574 Summary 586 Problems 587 References 588 12 Forecasting Travel Demand 552 591 Demand Forecasting Approaches 591 Trip Generation 593 Trip Distribution 603 Mode Choice 613 Traffic Assignment 625 Other Methods for Forecasting Demand Estimating Freight Demand 637 Traffic Impact Studies 638 Summary 644 Problems 645 References 652 13 Evaluating Transportation Alternatives Basic Issues in Evaluation 653 Evaluation Based on Economic Criteria Evaluation Based on Multiple Criteria Summary 684 Problems 684 References 689 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com 633 653 657 669 457 vii viii Contents P A R T LOCATION, GEOMETRICS, AND DRAINAGE 14 Highway Surveys and Location 691 693 Principles of Highway Location 693 Highway Survey Methods 701 Highway Earthwork and Final Plans 723 Summary 731 Problems 733 References 734 15 Geometric Design of Highway Facilities 737 Factors Influencing Highway Design 738 Design of the Alignment 754 Special Facilities for Heavy Vehicles on Steep Grades Bicycle Facilities 791 Parking Facilities 796 Computer Use in Geometric Design 801 Summary 802 Problems 802 References 805 16 Highway Drainage 790 807 Surface Drainage 807 Highway Drainage Structures 809 Sediment and Erosion Control 811 Hydrologic Considerations 813 Unit Hydrographs 826 Hydraulic Design of Highway Drainage Structures Subsurface Drainage 870 Economic Analysis 889 Summary 889 Problems 889 References 891 Additional Readings 892 P A R T MATERIALS AND PAVEMENTS 17 Soil Engineering for Highway Design Soil Characteristics 895 Basic Engineering Properties of Soils Classification of Soils for Highway Use Soil Surveys for Highway Construction Soil Compaction 922 Special Soil Tests for Pavement Design Frost Action in Soils 936 Summary 937 Problems 937 References 914 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com 827 893 895 899 907 917 932 Contents 18 Bituminous Materials 943 Sources of Asphalt 943 Description and Uses of Bituminous Binders Properties of Asphalt Materials 949 Tests for Asphalt Materials 953 Asphalt Mixtures 969 Superpave Systems 992 Summary 1019 Problems 1019 References 1022 19 Design of Flexible Pavements 1025 Structural Components of a Flexible Pavement Soil Stabilization 1027 General Principles of Flexible Pavement Design Summary 1070 Problems 1070 References 1073 20 Design of Rigid Pavements 946 1025 1032 1075 Materials Used in Rigid Pavements 1076 Joints in Concrete Pavements 1081 Types of Rigid Highway Pavements 1083 Pumping of Rigid Pavements 1084 Stresses in Rigid Pavements 1085 Thickness Design of Rigid Pavements 1093 Summary 1129 Problems 1129 References 1131 21 Pavement Management 1133 Problems of Highway Rehabilitation 1133 Methods for Determining Roadway Condition Pavement Condition Prediction 1151 Pavement Rehabilitation 1160 Pavement Rehabilitation Programming 1162 GIS and Pavement Management 1172 Summary 1174 Problems 1174 References 1176 Appendixes Index 1177 1207 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com 1136 ix