transport properties of concrete measurement and applications pdf

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transport properties of concrete measurement and applications pdf

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www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Transport Properties of Concrete www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Related titles: Understanding the tensile properties of concrete (ISBN 978-0-85709-045-4) Handbook of recycled concrete and demolition waste (ISBN 978-0-85709-682-1) Understanding the rheology of concrete (ISBN 978-0-85709-028-7) www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering: Number 53 Transport Properties of Concrete Measurement and Applications Peter A Claisse amsterdam • boston • cambridge • heidelberg • london new york • oxford • paris • san diego san francisco • singapore • sydney • tokyo Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge, CB22 3HJ, UK 225 Wyman Street, Walthan, MA 02451, USA Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, UK Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively, you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier website at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2014933287 ISBN 978-1-78242-306-5 (print) ISBN 978-1-78242-319-5 (online) For information on all Woodhead Publishing publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ Typeset by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed and bound in the United Kingdom www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Contents Author contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering Introduction Acknowledgements 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 The transport properties of concrete and the equations that describe them xv xvii xxi xxv Introduction 1.1.1 Molecular and ionic transport 1.1.2 Variability in the properties of the materials The transport processes 1.2.1 Permeability (advection) 1.2.2 Diffusion 1.2.3 Electromigration 1.2.4 Combining diffusion and electromigration 1.2.5 Thermal gradient Processes which increase or reduce the transport 1.3.1 Adsorption 1.3.2 Diffusion with adsorption 1.3.3 Capillary suction 1.3.4 Osmosis 1.3.5 Electro-osmosis Conclusions References 1 2 10 10 11 11 12 13 14 16 16 16 Computer models to predict the transport processes in concrete 17 Introduction Expressing the basic equations as computer code 2.2.1 Input data 2.2.2 Code example 1: calculation of Darcy velocity 2.2.3 Code example 2: updating input to cell 2.2.4 Code example 3: advection and diffusion calculation 17 18 18 19 19 20 v www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com vi Contents 2.2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 Code example 4: calculating change in contents of cell 2.2.6 Code example 5: updating concentration in cell Other elements of the code 2.3.1 Checking the code 2.3.2 Time step Example: calculations for a waste containment barrier Conclusions Reference 21 21 21 21 22 22 25 25 Surface tests to determine transport properties of concrete – I: the tests 26 Introduction The initial surface absorption test (ISAT) The Figg air permeation index Other tests 3.4.1 The cover concrete absorption test (CAT) 3.4.2 The air permeability of near surface (APNS) test Vacuum preconditioning: a development of the ISAT test 3.5.1 Use of indicating silica gel desiccant 3.5.2 Development work 3.5.3 Preparation of test samples 3.5.4 Time for silica gel to indicate drying 3.5.5 Progressive change of ISAT values 3.5.6 Comparison with BS 1881 methods 3.5.7 Discussion 3.5.8 Proposed test procedure Vacuum preconditioning for other tests 3.6.1 Further development of the test apparatus 3.6.2 Experimental procedure 3.6.3 Results and discussion Conclusions References 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 31 31 32 32 33 33 36 37 37 39 39 39 42 42 Surface tests to determine transport properties of concrete – II: analytical models to calculate permeability 43 Introduction Additional tests 4.2.1 The sorptivity test 4.2.2 The high pressure permeability apparatus 43 43 43 44 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Contents 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 vii Modelling of the absorption tests 4.3.1 The general model for water flow 4.3.2 Modelling the ISAT and absorption 4.3.3 Modelling the CAT test Experimental testing for absorption 4.4.1 Preparation of test samples 4.4.2 Test procedures 4.4.3 Experimental results 4.4.4 Results for the model Tests using a vacuum to measure air flow 4.5.1 Approximations 4.5.2 General model for the vacuum tests 4.5.3 The APNS test 4.5.4 Modelling the Figg test The choice of test for practical applications Conclusions References 47 47 48 49 51 51 51 52 52 55 55 55 56 56 57 59 59 Surface tests to determine transport properties of concrete – III: measuring gas permeability 60 Introduction Theoretical analysis Investigation of methods for sealing the drilled holes 5.3.1 The different methods 5.3.2 Mortar mixes 5.3.3 Experimental procedure 5.3.4 Selection of experimental method Determination of pressure decay profile 5.4.1 Experimental procedure 5.4.2 Concrete mixes 5.4.3 Results 5.4.4 Discussion Comparison of in situ test methods 5.5.1 Test methods 5.5.2 Theoretical relationship between water permeability and gas permeability 5.5.3 Experimental programme 5.5.4 Results 5.5.5 Discussion Conclusions References www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com 60 60 63 63 63 64 64 67 67 67 67 71 72 72 72 73 73 77 80 81 viii Contents Measurements of gas migration in concrete 6.1 6.2 Introduction Experimental method 6.2.1 Production of samples 6.2.2 Specimen preparation 6.2.3 Specimens containing interfaces 6.2.4 Experimental apparatus Analysis of experimental data 6.3.1 Analytical solution 6.3.2 Numerical solution 6.3.3 Pressure at the completion of a test Results for gas permeability of concrete 6.4.1 Gas migration at constant average pressure 6.4.2 Variation in gas permeability with pressure Comparison with gas permeability of grouts 6.5.1 Gas migration at constant average pressure 6.5.2 Variation in gas permeability with average pressure The effect of interfaces on gas permeability 6.6.1 Influence of reinforcement on gas migration 6.6.2 Influence of construction joints on gas migration 6.6.3 Variability in the measurements Discussion 6.7.1 Bulk gas flow in dry material 6.7.2 Bulk gas flow in water-saturated material 6.7.3 Gas migration in grouts 6.7.4 Comparison with water intrinsic permeability values 6.7.5 Interaction between gas and water in cementitious materials Conclusions Reference 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.2 82 82 82 82 84 85 86 89 89 90 91 91 91 93 96 96 97 99 99 99 100 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 Water vapour and liquid permeability measurements in concrete 107 Introduction Experimental methods 7.2.1 Sample preparation 7.2.2 The drying test 7.2.3 Oven drying 7.2.4 Water permeability 7.2.5 The ISAT test 7.2.6 Water absorption (sorptivity) test 7.2.7 Test programme 107 107 107 108 108 108 109 109 109 www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Contents 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Methods of analysis of results 7.3.1 Transport processes 7.3.2 The drying test 7.3.3 Calculation of porosity from weight loss during oven drying 7.3.4 The absorption and ISAT 7.3.5 The high pressure test Results and discussion 7.4.1 Comparison of permeabilities from mass loss with those from drying depth 7.4.2 Relationship between liquid and vapour permeabilities Conclusions References Measurement of porosity as a predictor of the transport properties of concrete Introduction Sample preparation and testing programme 8.2.1 Sample preparation 8.2.2 Sample testing programme Tests for porosity 8.3.1 Helium intrusion 8.3.2 Mercury intrusion 8.3.3 Weight loss Tests for properties controlled by transport 8.4.1 Carbonation 8.4.2 Resistivity 8.4.3 Chloride transport Oxygen transport 8.5.1 Apparatus 8.5.2 Preparation of the samples 8.5.3 Testing procedure 8.5.4 Calculation of the coefficient of permeability 8.5.5 Relationship between readings at different pressures Vapour transport 8.6.1 Preparation of the samples 8.6.2 Blank tests 8.6.3 Analysis of the data Results and discussion 8.7.1 The mechanisms of oxygen and vapour transport 8.7.2 The effect of test age www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com ix 109 109 109 112 113 113 113 113 117 118 118 119 119 120 120 121 121 121 123 123 125 125 125 125 126 126 127 127 127 128 128 128 129 130 134 135 137 .. .Transport Properties of Concrete www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Related titles: Understanding the tensile properties of concrete (ISBN 978-0-85709-045-4) Handbook of recycled concrete and demolition... present in the pore water of the www.EngineeringBooksPDF.com Transport Properties of Concrete Concrete Water Salt 1.1 Schematic diagram of diffusion concrete will diffuse out and also assume an equal... 2.1 2.2 The transport properties of concrete and the equations that describe them xv xvii xxi xxv Introduction 1.1.1 Molecular and ionic transport 1.1.2 Variability in the properties of the materials

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Mục lục

  • Cover

  • Transport Properties of Concrete : Measurement and Applications

  • Copyright

  • Contents

  • Author contact details

  • Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering

  • Introduction

    • The fundamental equations

    • Computer codes

    • Structure of this book

    • Experimental data

    • Summary of contents

    • References

  • Acknowledgements

  • 1: The transport properties of concrete and the equations that describe them

    • 1.1 Introduction

    • 1.2 The transport processes

    • 1.3 Processes which increase or reduce the transport

    • 1.4 Conclusions

    • 1.5 References

  • 2: Computer models to predict the transport processes in concrete

    • 2.1 Introduction

    • 2.2 Expressing the basic equations as computer code

    • 2.3 Other elements of the code

    • 2.4 Example: calculations for a waste containment barrier

    • 2.5 Conclusions

    • 2.6 Reference

  • 3: Surface tests to determine transport properties of concrete – I: the tests

    • 3.1 Introduction

    • 3.2 The initial surface absorption test (ISAT)

    • 3.3 The Figg air permeation index

    • 3.4 Other tests

    • 3.5 Vacuum preconditioning: a development of the ISAT test

    • 3.6 Vacuum preconditioning for other tests

    • 3.7 Conclusions

    • 3.8 References

  • 4: Surface tests to determine transport properties of concrete – II: analytical models to calculate permeability

    • 4.1 Introduction

    • 4.2 Additional tests

    • 4.3 Modelling of the absorption tests

    • 4.4 Experimental testing for absorption

    • 4.5 Tests using a vacuum to measure air flow

    • 4.6 The choice of test for practical applications

    • 4.7 Conclusions

    • 4.8 References

  • 5: Surface tests to determine transport properties of concrete – III: measuring gas permeability

    • 5.1 Introduction

    • 5.2 Theoretical analysis

    • 5.3 Investigation of methods for sealing the drilled holes

    • 5.4 Determination of pressure decay profile

    • 5.5 Comparison of in situ test methods

    • 5.6 Conclusions

    • 5.7 References

  • 6: Measurements of gas migration in concrete

    • 6.1 Introduction

    • 6.2 Experimental method

    • 6.3 Analysis of experimental data

    • 6.4 Results for gas permeability of concrete

    • 6.5 Comparison with gas permeability of grouts

    • 6.6 The effect of interfaces on gas permeability

    • 6.7 Discussion

    • 6.8 Conclusions

    • 6.9 Reference

  • 7: Water vapour and liquid permeability measurements in concrete

    • 7.1 Introduction

    • 7.2 Experimental methods

    • 7.3 Methods of analysis of results

    • 7.4 Results and discussion

    • 7.5 Conclusions

    • 7.6 References

  • 8: Measurement of porosity as a predictor of the transport properties of concrete

    • 8.1 Introduction

    • 8.2 Sample preparation and testing programme

    • 8.3 Tests for porosity

    • 8.4 Tests for properties controlled by transport

    • 8.5 Oxygen transport

    • 8.6 Vapour transport

    • 8.7 Results and discussion

    • 8.8 Conclusions

    • 8.9 References

  • 9: Factors affecting the measurement of the permeability of concrete

    • 9.1 Introduction

    • 9.2 Experimental programme

    • 9.3 Results

    • 9.4 Discussion

    • 9.5 Conclusions

    • 9.6 References

  • 10: Electrical tests to analyse the transport properties of concrete – I: modelling diffusion and electromigration

    • 10.1 Introduction

    • 10.2 The ASTM C1202 test and the salt bridge

    • 10.3 The physical processes

    • 10.4 Analytical solutions

    • 10.5 The computer model

    • 10.6 Initial experimental validation

    • 10.7 Full model validation

    • 10.8 Conclusions

    • 10.9 References

  • 11: Electrical tests to analyse the transport properties of concrete – II: using a neural network model to derive diffusion coeffi c

    • 11.1 Introduction

    • 11.2 Experimental method

    • 11.3 Neural network optimisation model

    • 11.4 Results and discussion

    • 11.5 Conclusions

    • 11.6 References

  • 12: Electrical tests to analyse the fundamental transport properties of concrete – III: modelling tests without applied voltages

    • 12.1 Introduction

    • 12.2 Test methods

    • 12.3 The analytical solution

    • 12.4 Computer modelling – theoretical background

    • 12.5 Experimental programme

    • 12.6 Results and discussion

    • 12.7 Conclusions

    • 12.8 References

  • 13: Applications using measured values of the transport properties of concrete I: predicting the durability of reinforced concrete

    • 13.1 Introduction

    • 13.2 Controlling parameters for concrete durability

    • 13.3 Measuring corrosion of reinforcement

    • 13.4 Correlating transport measurements with corrosion

    • 13.5 Predictive models for corrosion

    • 13.6 Conclusions

    • 13.7 References

  • 14: Applications using measured values of the transport properties of concrete II: modelling the effect of gas pressure

    • 14.1 Introduction

    • 14.2 Background: mechanisms of gas migration

    • 14.3 The effects of stress generation in cementitious materials

    • 14.4 Sensitivity to material properties and conditions

    • 14.5 Behaviour in a repository

    • 14.6 Conclusions

    • 14.7 References

  • 15: Applications using measured values of the transport properties of concrete – III: predicting the transport of liquids through co

    • 15.1 Introduction

    • 15.2 The computer model

    • 15.3 Laboratory testing

    • 15.4 Site trials

    • 15.5 Reducing transport in cracked concrete

    • 15.6 Conclusions

    • 15.7 References

  • Conclusions, recommendations and guidance for measuring transport properties of concrete

    • The state of the art

    • Recommendations and guidance

  • Appendix 1: List of papers for the experimental data and derivations

  • Appendix 2: Notation and abbreviations

    • Notation

    • Abbreviations

  • Index

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