BUILDING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com BUILDING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS THEORETICAL & PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVES NANDINI MUKHERJEE SARMISTHA NEOGY SARBANI ROY Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20150409 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-3008-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume 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MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20150409 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-3006-2 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Mukherjee, Nandini Building wireless sensor networks : theoretical and practical perspectives / authors, Nandini Mukherjee, Sarmistha Neogy, and Sarbani Roy pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978‑1‑4822‑3006‑2 (alk paper) Wireless sensor networks I Neogy, Sarmistha II Roy, Sarbani III Title TK7872.D48.M84 2016 681’.2‑‑dc23 2015009941 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com To my parents Binata Mukherjee and Prabhat Mukherjee - Nandini Mukherjee To my daughter Roshni and my husband Prasun Neogy - Sarmistha Neogy To my daughter Bhoomika, my husband Sujit Roy and my parents Irani Ghosh and Milan Ghosh - Sarbani Roy © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Contents List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Authors xxiii Introduction 1.1 Sensors 1.2 Sensor Node Architecture 1.3 Sensor Network Architecture 1.4 Mote Technology 1.5 Comparison of MANET and WSN 1.6 Requirements of a WSN 1.7 Challenges for a WSN 1.8 WSN Applications 1.9 Chapter Notes Bibliography 1 11 11 12 13 14 14 Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Network Protocol Stack 2.3 Communication Standards 2.3.1 IEEE 802.11 2.3.1.1 General Description 2.3.1.2 MAC Layer 2.3.1.3 Physical Layer 2.3.1.4 Standards 2.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 2.3.2.1 General Description 2.3.2.2 Physical Layer 2.3.2.3 MAC Layer 2.3.3 ZigBee 2.3.3.1 Network Layer 15 15 15 17 18 18 18 19 20 24 24 25 26 31 31 vii © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com viii Contents 2.3.3.2 Application Layer 6LoWPAN 2.3.4.1 General Description 2.3.4.2 Frame Format 2.4 Summary Bibliography 33 35 36 38 42 42 Information Gathering 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Routing 3.2.1 Flat-based Routing Algorithms 3.2.1.1 Sensor Protocols for Information Negotiation (SPIN) 3.2.1.2 Directed Diffusion 3.2.1.3 Rumor Routing 3.2.2 Hierarchical Routing Algorithms 3.2.2.1 LEACH Routing Protocol 3.2.2.2 TEEN and APTEEN 3.3 Information Gathering Based on Geographic Locations 3.3.1 Localization 3.3.1.1 Localization Basics 3.3.1.2 Centralized Algorithms 3.3.1.3 Beacon-based Distributed Algorithms 3.3.1.4 Beacon-free Distributed Algorithms 3.3.2 Geographical Routing 3.3.2.1 Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing 3.3.2.2 Geographical Energy Aware Routing 3.3.2.3 Face Routing Protocols 3.3.2.4 Modified SPIN 3.3.3 Landmark-based Routing 3.3.3.1 Gradient Landmark-based Distributed Routing for Sensor Networks 3.4 Data Aggregation 3.5 Content-based Naming 3.6 Summary Bibliography 45 45 46 47 Energy Management in WSN 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Duty Cycling 4.2.1 Independent Strategies 4.2.1.1 Geographical Adaptive Fidelity 4.2.1.2 Geographic Random Forwarding 4.2.1.3 Adaptive Self-configuring sEnsor Topologies 89 89 91 91 91 92 2.3.4 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Network 47 51 52 54 54 57 60 60 61 64 66 69 71 72 74 75 76 78 79 80 82 84 84 93 ... LLC www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Building Wireless Sensor Networks Active and Passive Sensors Broadly, a sensor is classified as a passive sensor or an active sensor Active sensors require an external... includes electric and magnetic field sensors, seismic sensors, sensor arrays, location and navigation sensors, and infrared sensors, among others Thus, wireless sensor networks have made their presence... advancements in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), both in theoretical and practical perspectives and also enable them to write small applications in a WSN environment Thus, with an overview of sensor and