CFA institute 2022 CFA program curriculum level i vol 2

ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS CFAđ Program Curriculum 2022 ã LEVEL I • VOLUME CONTENTS How to Use the CFA Program Curriculum   Background on the CBOK   Organization of the Curriculum   Features of the Curriculum   Designing Your Personal Study Program   CFA Institute Learning Ecosystem (LES)   Prep Providers   Feedback   ix ix x x xi xii xiii xiv Economics Study Session Economics (1)   Reading Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis   Introduction   Demand Concepts   Demand Concepts   Price Elasticity of Demand   Extremes of Price Elasticity   Predicting Demand Elasticity, Price Elasticity and Total Expenditure   Elasticity and Total Expenditure   Income Elasticity of Demand, Cross-­Price Elasticity of Demand   Cross-­Price Elasticity of Demand   Substitution and Income Effects; Normal Goods, Inferior Goods and Special Cases   Normal and Inferior Goods   Supply Analysis: Cost, Marginal Return, and Productivity   Marginal Returns and Productivity   Economc Profit Versus Accounting Profit   Economic Cost vs Accounting Cost   Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost and Profit Maximization; Short-­Run Cost Curves: Total, Variable, Fixed, and Marginal Costs   Understanding the Interaction between Total, Variable, Fixed, and Marginal Cost and Output   Perfect and Imperfect Competition, Profit Maximization   Profit-­Maximization, Breakeven, and Shutdown Points of Production   Breakeven Analysis and Shutdown Decision   The Shutdown Decision   Economies and Diseconomies of Scale with Short-­Run and Long-­Run Cost Analysis   Short- and Long-­Run Cost Curves   Defining Economies of Scale and Diseconomies of Scale   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   indicates an optional segment 5 6 11 12 13 14 15 18 19 23 23 28 28 29 31 35 36 38 39 43 43 44 48 51 58 ii Reading Reading 10 Contents The Firm and Market Structures   Introduction & Analysis of Market Structures   Analysis of Market Structures   Perfect Competition & Demand Analysis in Perfectly Competitive Markets   Demand Analysis in Perfectly Competitive Markets   Elasticity of Demand   Other Factors Affecting Demand   Consumer Surplus: Value Minus Expenditure   Supply Analysis & Optimal Price and Optimal Output In Perfectly Competitive Markets   Optimal Price and Output in Perfectly Competitive Markets   Factors Affecting Long-­Run Equilibrium in Perfectly Competitive Markets   Supply, Demand, Optimal Pricing, and Optimal Ouput under Monopolistic Competition   Demand Analysis in Monopolistically Competitive Markets   Supply Analysis in Monopolistically Competitive Markets   Optimal Price and Output in Monopolistically Competitive Markets   Long-­Run Equilibrium for Monopolistically Competitive Firm   Oligopoly & Demand Analysis and Pricing Strategies in Oligopoly Markets: Pricing Independence Portion   Demand Analysis and Pricing Strategies in Oligopoly Markets   Oligopoly & Demand Analysis and Pricing Strategies in Oligopoly Markets: The Cournot Assumption Part   Oligopoly & Demand Analysis and Pricing Strategies in Oligopoly Markets: The Nash Equilibrium part   Supply Analysis & Optimal Price and Output & Long-­Run Equilibrium in Oligopoly Markets   Optimal Price and Output in Oligopoly Markets   Factors Affecting Long-­Run Equilibrium in Oligopoly Markets   Monopoly & Demand & Supply & Optimal Price and Output in Monopoly Markets   Demand Analysis in Monopoly Markets   Supply Analysis in Monopoly Markets   Optimal Price and Output in Monopoly Markets   Price Discrimination and Consumer Surplus   Factors Affecting Long-­Run Equilibrium in Monopoly Markets   Identification of Market Structure   Econometric Approaches   Simpler Measures   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   99 100 101 103 104 106 107 108 109 110 113 117 Aggregate Output, Prices, and Economic Growth   Introduction   Aggregate Output and Income   Gross Domestic Product   The Components of GDP   119 120 121 122 129 indicates an optional segment 63 63 64 69 69 71 73 75 77 78 82 85 86 86 87 87 88 89 91 93 96 97 98 Contents iii GDP, National Income, Personal Income, and Personal Disposable Income   Relationship among Saving, Investment, the Fiscal Balance and the Trade Balance   Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply   Aggregate Demand   Aggregate Supply   Shifts in the Aggregate Demand Curve   Equilibrium GDP and Prices   Economic Growth and Sustainability   The Production Function and Potential GDP   Sources of Economic Growth   Measures of Sustainable Growth   Measuring Sustainable Growth   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   Reading 11 Understanding Business Cycles   Introduction   Overview of the Business Cycle   Phases of the Business Cycle   Leads and Lags in Business and Consumer Decision Making   Market Conditions and Investor Behavior   Credit Cycles and Their Relationship to Business Cycles   Applications of Credit Cycles   Consequences for Policy   Business Cycle Fluctuations from a Firm’s Perspective   The Workforce and Company Costs   Fluctuations in Capital Spending   Fluctuations in Inventory Levels   Consumer Behavior   Consumer Confidence   Measures of Consumption   Income Growth   Saving Rates   Housing Sector Behavior   Available Statistics   Sensitivity to Interest Rates and Relationship to Credit Cycle   The Role of Demographics   Impact on the Economic Cycle   External Trade Sector Behavior   Cyclical Fluctuations of Imports and Exports   The Role of the Exchange Rate   Overall Effect on Exports and Imports   Theoretical Considerations   Historical Context   Neoclassical Economics   The Austrian School   indicates an optional segment 132 138 142 142 146 147 160 171 173 175 180 183 186 190 195 199 199 200 201 205 205 207 207 208 209 209 210 212 214 214 214 215 216 216 217 217 217 217 218 218 219 219 220 221 222 223 iv Contents Monetarism   Keynesianism   Modern Approach to Business Cycles   Economic Indicators   Types of Indicators   Composite Indicators   Leading Indicators   Using Economic Indicators   Other Composite Leading Indicators   Surveys   The Use of Big Data in Economic Indicators   Nowcasting   GDPNow   Unemployment   Unemployment   Inflation   Deflation, Hyperinflation, and Disinflation   Measuring Inflation: The Construction of Price Indexes   Price Indexes and Their Usage   Explaining Inflation   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   223 223 226 227 227 228 228 229 230 232 232 232 233 236 236 240 240 242 243 248 253 257 263 Study Session Economics (2)   267 Reading 12 Monetary and Fiscal Policy   Introduction to Monetary and Fiscal Policy   Monetary Policy   Money: Functions, Creation, and Definition   The Functions of Money   Paper Money and the Money Creation Process   Definitions of Money   Money: Quantity Theory, Supply and Demand, Fisher Effect   The Demand for Money   The Supply and Demand for Money   The Fisher Effect   Roles of Central Banks & Objectives of Monetary Policy   The Objectives of Monetary Policy   The Costs of Inflation   Monetary Policy Tools   Open Market Operations   The Central Bank’s Policy Rate   Reserve Requirements   The Transmission Mechanism   Inflation Targeting   Central Bank Independence    Credibility   Transparency   269 270 272 272 273 274 277 278 279 280 282 285 288 289 291 292 292 293 293 295 296 297 297 indicates an optional segment Contents Reading 13 v Exchange Rate Targeting   Monetary Policies: Contractionary, Expansionary, Limitations   What’s the Source of the Shock to the Inflation Rate?   Limitations of Monetary Policy   Roles and Objectives of Fiscal Policy   Roles and Objectives of Fiscal Policy   Deficits and the National Debt   Fiscal Policy Tools   The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the Different Tools of Fiscal Policy   Modeling the Impact of Taxes and Government Spending: The Fiscal Multiplier   The Balanced Budget Multiplier   Fiscal Policy Implementation   Deficits and the Fiscal Stance   Difficulties in Executing Fiscal Policy   The Relationship between Monetary and Fiscal Policy   Factors Influencing the Mix of Fiscal and Monetary Policy   Quantitative Easing and Policy Interaction   The Importance of Credibility and Commitment   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   302 305 306 306 311 312 316 320 International Trade and Capital Flows   Introduction & International Trade-­Basic Terminology   International Trade   Patterns and Trends in International Trade and Capital Flows   Benefits and Costs of International Trade   Comparative Advantage and the Gains from Trade: Absolute and Comparative Advantage   Gains from Trade: Absolute and Comparative Advantage   Ricardian and Heckscher–Ohlin Models of Comparative Advantage   Trade and Capital Flows: Restrictions & Agreements- Tariffs, Quotas and Export Subsidies   Tariffs   Quotas   Export Subsidies   Trading Blocs, Common Markets, and Economic Unions   Capital Restrictions   Balance of Payments- Accounts and Components   Balance of Payments Accounts   Balance of Payment Components   Paired Transactions in the BOP Bookkeeping System   Commercial Exports: Transactions (ia) and (ib)   Commercial Imports: Transaction (ii)   Loans to Borrowers Abroad: Transaction (iii)   Purchases of Home-­Country Currency by Foreign Central Banks: Transaction (iv)   343 343 344 348 351 indicates an optional segment 323 324 325 326 326 327 330 331 332 332 334 336 341 354 354 360 362 363 365 366 368 373 376 376 378 380 380 381 381 382 vi Reading 14 Contents Receipts of Income from Foreign Investments: Transaction (v)   Purchase of Non-­financial Assets: Transaction (vi)   National Economic Accounts and the Balance of Payments   Trade Organizations   International Monetary Fund   World Bank Group   World Trade Organization   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   382 383 383 388 389 391 392 395 398 402 Currency Exchange Rates   Introduction & The Foreign Exchange Market   The Foreign Exchange Market   Market Functions   Market Participants, Size and Composition   Market Size and Composition   Exchange Rate Quotations   Exchange Rate Quotations   Cross-­ Rate Calculations   Forward Calculations   Exchange Rate Regimes- Ideals and Historical Perspective   The Ideal Currency Regime   Historical Perspective on Currency Regimes   A Taxonomy of Currency Regimes   Arrangements with No Separate Legal Tender   Currency Board System   Fixed Parity   Target Zone   Active and Passive Crawling Pegs   Fixed Parity with Crawling Bands   Managed Float   Independently Floating Rates   Exchange Rates and the Trade Balance: Introduction   Exchange Rates and the Trade Balance: The Elasticities Approach   Exchange Rates and the Trade Balance: The Absorption Approach   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   405 406 407 413 418 421 424 424 428 431 439 439 440 442 444 445 446 446 446 447 447 447 451 452 457 461 464 467 Financial Statement Analysis Study Session Financial Statement Analysis (1)   473 Reading 15 Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis   Introduction   Scope of Financial Statement Analysis   Major Financial Statements - Balance Sheet   Financial Statements and Supplementary Information   475 476 476 483 483 indicates an optional segment Contents vii Statement of Comprehensive Income   488 Income Statement   488 Other Comprehensive Income   491 Statement of Changes in Equity and Cash Flow Statement   492 Cash Flow Statement   493 Financial Notes, Supplementary Schedules, and Management Commentary   495 Management Commentary or Management’s Discussion and Analysis   498 Auditor's Reports   499 Other Sources of Information   502 Financial Statement Analysis Framework   503 Articulate the Purpose and Context of Analysis   504 Collect Data   505 Process Data   506 Analyze/Interpret the Processed Data   506 Develop and Communicate Conclusions/Recommendations   506 Follow-­ Up   507 Summary   507 Practice Problems   510 Solutions   513 Reading 16 Financial Reporting Standards   Introduction   The Objective of Financial Reporting   Accounting Standards Boards   Accounting Standards Boards   Regulatory Authorities   International Organization of Securities Commissions   The Securities and Exchange Commission (US)   Capital Markets Regulation in Europe   The International Financial Reporting Standards Framework   Qualitative Characteristics of Financial Reports   Constraints on Financial Reports   The Elements of Financial Statements   Underlying Assumptions in Financial Statements   Recognition of Financial Statement Elements   Measurement of Financial Statement Elements   General Requirements for Financial Statements   Required Financial Statements   General Features of Financial Statements   Structure and Content Requirements   Comparison of IFRS with Alternative Reporting Systems   Monitoring Developments in Financial Reporting Standards   New Products or Types of Transactions   Evolving Standards and the Role of CFA Institute   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   515 516 516 517 518 519 520 520 523 524 525 526 527 528 528 528 529 530 530 531 532 533 534 534 535 537 539 Glossary G-1 indicates an optional segment ix How to Use the CFA Program Curriculum Congratulations on your decision to enter the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA®) Program This exciting and rewarding program of study reflects your desire to become a serious investment professional You are embarking on a program noted for its high ethical standards and the breadth of knowledge, skills, and abilities (competencies) it develops Your commitment should be educationally and professionally rewarding The credential you seek is respected around the world as a mark of accomplishment and dedication Each level of the program represents a distinct achievement in professional development Successful completion of the program is rewarded with membership in a prestigious global community of investment professionals CFA charterholders are dedicated to life-­long learning and maintaining currency with the ever-­changing dynamics of a challenging profession CFA Program enrollment represents the first step toward a career-­long commitment to professional education The CFA exam measures your mastery of the core knowledge, skills, and abilities required to succeed as an investment professional These core competencies are the basis for the Candidate Body of Knowledge (CBOK™) The CBOK consists of four components: ■■ A broad outline that lists the major CFA Program topic areas (www.cfainstitute org/programs/cfa/curriculum/cbok); ■■ Topic area weights that indicate the relative exam weightings of the top-­level topic areas (www.cfainstitute.org/programs/cfa/curriculum); ■■ Learning outcome statements (LOS) that advise candidates about the specific knowledge, skills, and abilities they should acquire from readings covering a topic area (LOS are provided in candidate study sessions and at the beginning of each reading); and ■■ CFA Program curriculum that candidates receive upon exam registration Therefore, the key to your success on the CFA exams is studying and understanding the CBOK The following sections provide background on the CBOK, the organization of the curriculum, features of the curriculum, and tips for designing an effective personal study program BACKGROUND ON THE CBOK CFA Program is grounded in the practice of the investment profession CFA Institute performs a continuous practice analysis with investment professionals around the world to determine the competencies that are relevant to the profession, beginning with the Global Body of Investment Knowledge (GBIK®) Regional expert panels and targeted surveys are conducted annually to verify and reinforce the continuous feedback about the GBIK The practice analysis process ultimately defines the CBOK The CBOK reflects the competencies that are generally accepted and applied by investment professionals These competencies are used in practice in a generalist context and are expected to be demonstrated by a recently qualified CFA charterholder © 2021 CFA Institute All rights reserved ... Their Usage   Explaining Inflation   Summary   Practice Problems   Solutions   22 3 22 3 22 6 22 7 22 7 22 8 22 8 22 9 23 0 23 2 23 2 23 2 23 3 23 6 23 6 24 0 24 0 24 2 24 3 24 8 25 3 25 7 26 3 Study Session Economics... 199 20 0 20 1 20 5 20 5 20 7 20 7 20 8 20 9 20 9 21 0 21 2 21 4 21 4 21 4 21 5 21 6 21 6 21 7 21 7 21 7 21 7 21 8 21 8 21 9 21 9 22 0 22 1 22 2 22 3 iv Contents Monetarism   Keynesianism   Modern Approach to Business Cycles  ... Transmission Mechanism   Inflation Targeting   Central Bank Independence    Credibility   Transparency   26 9 27 0 27 2 27 2 27 3 27 4 27 7 27 8 27 9 28 0 28 2 28 5 28 8 28 9 29 1 29 2 29 2 29 3 29 3 29 5 29 6 29 7 29 7