fundamental research in electrical engineering the selected papers of the first international conference on fundamental research in electrical engineering pdf

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 480 Shahram Montaser Kouhsari Editor Fundamental Research in Electrical Engineering The Selected Papers of The First International Conference on Fundamental Research in Electrical Engineering Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering Volume 480 Board of Series editors Leopoldo Angrisani, Napoli, Italy Marco Arteaga, Coyoacán, México Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, New Delhi, India Samarjit Chakraborty, München, Germany Jiming Chen, Hangzhou, P.R China Shanben Chen, Shanghai, China Tan Kay Chen, Singapore, Singapore Rüdiger Dillmann, Karlsruhe, Germany Haibin Duan, Beijing, China Gianluigi Ferrari, Parma, Italy Manuel Ferre, Madrid, Spain Sandra Hirche, München, Germany Faryar Jabbari, Irvine, USA Limin Jia, Beijing, China Janusz Kacprzyk, Warsaw, Poland Alaa Khamis, New Cairo City, Egypt Torsten Kroeger, Stanford, USA Qilian Liang, Arlington, USA Tan Cher Ming, Singapore, Singapore Wolfgang Minker, Ulm, Germany Pradeep Misra, Dayton, USA Sebastian Möller, Berlin, Germany Subhas Mukhopadhyay, Palmerston North, New Zealand Cun-Zheng Ning, Tempe, USA Toyoaki Nishida, Kyoto, Japan Federica Pascucci, Roma, Italy Yong Qin, Beijing, China Gan Woon Seng, Singapore, Singapore Germano Veiga, Porto, Portugal Haitao Wu, Beijing, China Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, USA www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com ** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Proceedings, EI-Compendex, SCOPUS, MetaPress, Springerlink ** Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE) is a book series which reports the latest research and developments in Electrical Engineering, namely: • • • • • • Communication, Networks, and Information Theory Computer Engineering Signal, Image, Speech and Information Processing Circuits and Systems Bioengineering Engineering The audience for the books in LNEE consists of advanced level students, researchers, and industry professionals working at the forefront of their fields Much like Springer’s other Lecture Notes series, LNEE will be 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Robotics, Medical Robotics, Bioengineering; Computational Methods & Models in Science, Medicine and Technology; Soft Computing; Philosophy of Modern Science and Technologies; Mechanical Engineering; Ocean and Naval Engineering; Water Management & Technology) (christoph.baumann@springer.com) (Heat and Mass Transfer, Signal Processing and Telecommunications, and Solid and Fluid Mechanics, and Engineering Materials) North America: Michael Luby, Editor (michael.luby@springer.com) (Mechanics; Materials) More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7818 www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Shahram Montaser Kouhsari Editor Fundamental Research in Electrical Engineering The Selected Papers of The First International Conference on Fundamental Research in Electrical Engineering 123 www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Editor Shahram Montaser Kouhsari Department of Electrical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering ISBN 978-981-10-8671-7 ISBN 978-981-10-8672-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8672-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018941969 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Preface The present volume collects the selected papers of the First International Conference on Electrical Engineering (Tehran, Iran, 2017) The proceedings are aimed at addressing problems and topics of concern in all the subbranches of Electrical Engineering by bringing the recent advancements in the field to the attention of the experts; such a general conference in the field can also make the possibility of developing multidisciplinary collaborations and approaches It is a suitable platform to share the recent findings without making any restriction on the topics Hope that this proceeding can benefit graduate students, and also researchers in the field The first part of the present proceedings volume collects the selected papers on Biomedical Engineering Topics like contrast enhancement of ultrasound images, mammography, wireless sensor networks, speech recognition, and disease diagnosis have been covered in the first part The second part is on Control Engineering that presents topics like vibration control, circuit design for controlling automatic gain, nonlinear predictive control, and manipulators controlling in robots The third part of this volume has been devoted to Electronics Engineering—this section covers optofluidic materials, time series prediction, robot speech control, ionization vacuum gauges with COMSOL, acetone sensing, LUT design, etc The fourth part is about Power Engineering, and includes the papers that cover topics like photovoltaic solar cells, pumped-storage power stations, optimal capacitors in distribution networks, wind turbines, phase balancing in distribution networks, microelectromechanical switches in smart grids, axial-flux permanent-magnet machines, voltage stability enhancement, etc Then the present volume ends with the selected papers on Telecommunication that covers topics like cloud environment, node clustering in wireless systems, electrostatics MEMS switches, microstrip antenna, distribution network reconfiguration, machine learning algorithms, security of Internet of Things, data reduction, q-learning, networks’ deadlock detection methods, etc Tehran, Iran Shahram Montaser Kouhsari v www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Contents Part I Biomedical Engineering Bioelectrical Signals: A Novel Approach Towards Human Authentication Hamed Aghili Recognition of Speech Isolated Words Based on Pyramid Phonetic Bag of Words Model Display and Kernel-Based Support Vector Machine Classifier Model Sodabeh Salehi Rekavandi, Hamidreza Ghaffary and Maryam Davodpour 15 A Novel Improved Method of RMSHE-Based Technique for Mammography Images Enhancement Younes Mousania and Salman Karimi 31 Contrast Improvement of Ultrasound Images of Focal Liver Lesions Using a New Histogram Equalization Younes Mousania and Salman Karimi 43 An Unequal Clustering-Based Topology Control Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Learning Automata Elahe Nouri 55 Using an Active Learning Semi-supervision Algorithm for Classifying of ECG Signals and Diagnosing Heart Diseases Javad Kebriaee, Hadi Chahkandi Nejad and Sadegh Seynali 69 Automatic Clustering Using Metaheuristic Algorithms for Content Based Image Retrieval Javad Azarakhsh and Zobeir Raisi 83 A Robust Blind Audio Watermarking Scheme Based on DCT-DWT-SVD Azadeh Rezaei and Mehdi Khalili 101 vii www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com viii Contents A New Method to Copy-Move Forgery Detection in Digital Images Using Gabor Filter Mostafa Mokhtari Ardakan, Masoud Yerokh and Mostafa Akhavan Saffar Temporal and Spatial Features for Visual Speech Recognition Ali Jafari Sheshpoli and Ali Nadian-Ghomsheh The Application of Wavelet Transform in Diagnosing and Grading of Varicocele in Thermal Images Hossein Ghayoumi Zadeh, Hamidreza Jamshidi, Farshad Namdari and Bijan Rezakhaniha 115 135 147 A Review of Feature Selection Methods with the Applications in Pattern Recognition in the Last Decade Najme Ghanbari 163 A Review of Research Studies on the Recognition of Farsi Alphabetic and Numeric Characters in the Last Decade Najme Ghanbari 173 A New Model for Iris Recognition by Using Artificial Neural Networks Mina Mamdouhi, Manouchehr Kazemi and Alireza Amoabedini 185 Designing a Fuzzy Expert Decision Support System Based on Decreased Rules to Specify Depression Hamed Movaghari, Rouhollah Maghsoudi and Abolfazl Mohammadi 197 Part II Control Engineering Self-tuning PD2-PID Controller Design by Using Fuzzy Logic for Ball and Beam System Milad Ahmadi and Hamed Khodadadi 217 Design of Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Circuit for Using in a Laboratory Military Submarine Sonar Systems Based on Native Knowledge Davood Jowkar, Mohammad Reza Bahmani, Mohammad Bagher Jowkar, Ali Shourvarzi and Ameneh Jowkar 227 Control of Robot Manipulators with a Model for Backlash Nonlinearity in Gears Soheil Ahangarian Abhari, Farzad Hashemzadeh, Mehdi Baradaran-nia and Hamed Kharrati Designing an Automatic and Self-adjusting Leg Prosthesis Vahid Noei and Mehrdad Javadi www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com 239 257 Contents Part III ix Electronic Engineering Implement Deep SARSA in Grid World with Changing Obstacles and Testing Against New Environment Mohammad Hasan Olyaei, Hasan Jalali, Ali Olyaei and Amin Noori 267 A New GS/s Sampling Rate and 400 lV Resolution with Reliable Power Consumption Dynamic Latched Type Comparator Sina Mahdavi, Maryam Poreh, Shadi Ataei, Mahsa Jafarzadeh and Faeze Noruzpur 281 Improved Ring-Based Photonic Crystal Raman Amplifier Using Optofluidic Materials Amire Seyedfaraji 291 Considering Factors Affecting the Prediction of Time Series by Improving Sine-Cosine Algorithm for Selecting the Best Samples in Neural Network Multiple Training Model Hamid Rahimi 307 Advantages of Using Cloud Computing in Software Architecture Alireza Mohseni and Mehrpooya Ahmadalinejad 321 Designing and Implementation a Simple Algorithm Considering the Maximum Audio Frequency of Persian Vocabulary in Order to Robot Speech Control Based on Arduino Ata Jahangir Moshayedi, Abolfazl Moradian Agda and Morteza Arabzadeh 331 Simulation of Bayard Alpert Ionization Vacuum Gauge with COMSOL Sadegh Mohammadzadeh Bazarchi and Ebrahim Abaspour Sani 347 Room Temperature Acetone Sensing Based on ZnO Nanowire/Graphene Nanocomposite Maryam Tabibi, Zahra Rafiee and Mohammad Hossein Sheikhi 359 Application of Learning Methods for QoS Provisioning of Multimedia Traffic in IEEE802.11e Hajar Ghazanfar, Razieh Taheri and Samad Nejatian 369 LUT Design with Automated Built-in Self-test Functionality Hanieh Karam and Hadi Jahanirad A Framework for Effective Exception Handling in Software Requirements Phase Hamid Maleki, Ayob Jamshidi and Maryam Mohammadi www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com 385 397 x Contents HMFA: A Hybrid Mutation-Base Firefly Algorithm for Travelling Salesman Problem Mohammad Saraei and Parvaneh Mansouri IGBT Devices, Thermal Modeling Using FEM Sonia Hosseinpour and Mahmoud Samiei Moghaddam Part IV 413 429 Power Engineering An Overview on the Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA), the Loss of External Power Source Connected to the Nuclear Power Plant Mohsen Ahmadnia and Farshid Kiomarsi Optimization of the Fuel Consumption for the Vehicle by Increasing the Efficiency of the Electrical Transmission System Mohsen Ahmadnia 453 465 Improve the Reliability and Increased Lifetime of Comb Drive Structure in RF MEMS Switch Faraz Delijani and Azim Fard 473 Comparing the Efficiency of Proposed Protocol with Leach Protocol, in Terms of Network Lifetime Javad NikAfshar 483 Voltage Stability Enhancement Along with Line Congestion Reduction Using UPFC and Wind Farm Allocation and Sizing by Two Different Evolutionary Algorithms S Ehsan Razavi, Mohsen Ghodsi and Hamed Khodadadi Analysis of a Multilevel Inverter Topology Shahrouz Ebrahimpanah, Qihong Chen and Liyan Zhang 497 509 Control Scheme of Micro Grid for Intentional Islanding Operation Ronak Jahanshahi Bavandpour and Mohammad Masoudi 519 Quasi-3D Analytical Prediction for Open Circuit Magnetic Field of Axial Flux Permanent-Magnet Machine Amir Hossein Sharifi, Seyed Mehdi Seyedi and Amin Saeidi Mobarakeh 533 The Improvement of Voltage Reference Below V with Low Temperature Dependence and Resistant to Variations of Power Supply in CMOS Technology Amirreza Piri www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com 549 984 I Najafi Fig 14 Density of characteristic F1 (Bayesian classification algorithm) Table Results of different algorithms Name of algorithm Precision (%) Recall (%) Support vector machine (SVM) Decision tree (C4.5) Nave Bayesian K-NN Distance metric learning (DML) 84.97 72.64 75.21 72.19 81.67 83.9 69.79 54.21 60.73 79.94 Table lists the values of Precision and Recall for support vector machine, decision tree, Bayesian classifier, K-nearest neighbor and distance metric Figure 15 displays the values graphically As can be seen in the figure, the SVM outperformed the other machine learning algorithms It can be used as the main algorithm for developing the customer decision model about trust in e-business Therefore, the support vector machine algorithm can be employed to train the customer feedback in the decision model as illustrated in Fig 16 Evidently, the trained model rather concentrates on the corporate and infrastructure variables In other words, variables F1, F2, F6, F7, F8, F9 play a decisive role in identification of the customer decision model Assessment and Modeling of Decision-Making Process … Precision 985 Recall 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Support Vector Decision Tree Nave Bayesian Machine (C4.5) (SVM) K-NN Distance Metric Learning (DML) Fig 15 The results of different machine learning algorithms EC E-Trust decision making variables • Infrastructure • Corporate E-trust in etransactions on e commerce Decision or intention to etransactions, e-commerce Fulfillment Etransaction Behavior after e transaction Fig 16 Conceptual model of decision-making about e-business trust using machine learning algorithms (SVM) Conclusions According to the results obtained in this study, the trust of public customers in e-business can be enhanced and promoted throughout the society by monitoring agencies who provide the mutual security and trust in a transaction under an accurate scientific framework As is clear in results, security certificates, e-trust symbols and website security play utmost roles in realizing the customer trust in e-transactions In addition to the symbols and certificates, efforts should be made to design a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation mechanism where every factor such as banking transaction security, web security, site ranking, etc are covered, so that customers make online banking transactions more confidently 986 I Najafi References Ravi V, Carr M, Sagar NV (2007) Profiling of internet banking users in India using intelligent techniques J Serv Res 7(1):61 Pitroda SG, Desai M (2015) Facilitating establishing trust for a conducting direct secure electronic transactions between a user and a financial service providers Google Patents Liu X, Tredan G, Datta A (2014) A generic trust framework for large-scale open systems using machine learning Comput Intell 30(4):700–721 Liébana-Cabanillas F et al (2013) Analysing user trust in electronic banking using data mining methods Expert Syst Appl 40(14):5439–5447 Cormack GV, Grossman MR (2014) Evaluation of machine-learning protocols for technology-assisted review in electronic discovery In: Proceedings of the 37th international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval, ACM Zhang H et al (2015) ReputationPro: The efficient approaches to contextual transaction trust computation in E-commerce environments ACM Trans Web (TWEB) 9(1):2 Teacy WL et al (2012) An efficient and versatile approach to trust and reputation using hierarchical Bayesian modelling Artif Intell 193:149–185 Cortes C, Vapnik V (1995) Support vector machine Mach Learn 20(3):273–297 Meyer D, Wien FT (2015) Support vector machines The interface to LIBSVM in package e1071 10 Quinlan JR (1996) Bagging, boosting, and C4.5 In: AAAI/IAAI, vol 11 Rokach L, Maimon O (2014) Data mining with decision trees: theory and applications World Scientific 12 Cheng J, Greiner R (1999) Comparing Bayesian network classifiers In Proceedings of the fifteenth conference on uncertainty in artificial intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc 13 Friedman N, Geiger D, Goldszmidt M (1997) Bayesian network classifiers Mach Learn 29(2– 3):131–163 14 Peterson LE (2009) K-nearest neighbor Scholarpedia 4(2):1883 15 Xing EP et al (2003) Distance metric learning with application to clustering with side-information Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 15:505–512 16 Khodadad HSH, Shirkhodayee M, Keronaich A (2009) The factors affecting customer trust in ecommerce (B2C model) Q Teach Humanit 13(2) 17 Moreno-Torres JG, Sáez JA, Herrera F (2012) Study on the impact of partition-induced dataset shift on-fold cross-validation IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 23(8):1304–1312 18 Hofmann M, Klinkenberg R (2013) RapidMiner: data mining use cases and business analytics applications CRC Press Three-Band, Flexible, Wearable Antenna with Circular Polarization Milad Najjariani and Pejman Rezaei Abstract In this chapter, we show a circular polarization (CP), wearable antenna, with a flexible substrate for GPS, DCS, and PCS applications The CP was created using different methods, for example, we truncated two opposite edges of a square patch, as well as using other methods We used a coplanar waveguide for feeding and the substrate material antenna is Rogers RO4003 The dimensions of the proposed antenna is 76 Â 76 mm, with a thickness of 0.8 mm, a relative permittivity of 3.55, and dielectric loss tangent of 0.0027 The chapter goes on to show that the CP, wearable antenna has a 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 520 MHz (26%), a return loss (RL) of 10 dB, and impedance bandwidth of 2.9 GHz (97%) The antenna was simulated by HFSS (High Frequency Electromagnetic Field) software Á Á Keywords Coplanar waveguide (CPW) Wearable antenna Circular polarization (CP) Axial ratio (AR) Á Introduction A microstrip antenna consist of patch, Ground and substrate, that patch putting on the substrate and Ground is under that [1] usually used different method for feeding microstrip antenna, microstrip feedline, coaxial feed and coplanar waveguide (CPW) are important of them but in this paper used cpw for antenna feeding The radiation characteristic is one of the most important features of an antenna In recent years, the wearable antenna has become an interesting topic for M Najjariani (&) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Adiban Institute of Higher Education, Garmsar, Iran e-mail: milad.najjariani@gmail.com P Rezaei Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran e-mail: prezaei@semnan.ac.ir © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 S Montaser Kouhsari (ed.), Fundamental Research in Electrical Engineering, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 480, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8672-4_75 987 988 M Najjariani and P Rezaei researchers One of the best ideas associated with this is the integration of cloth and the antenna to make smart clothes [2–4] The wearable antenna has applications for the military, navigation, global positioning systems, firefighting, emergency response, medical treatments, and intelligent systems, along with other applications However, use of this antenna has specifically gained increased interest in terms of its potential military applications [5, 6] Textiles and flexible antennas are good materials for making of intelligent cloth, because they are light, cheap, have a low profile, and are able to have within them microwave circuits [7–9] Recently, there has been a lot of research and development in wearable antennas installed on the body [10, 11] In this chapter, an L-shaped wearable antenna is presented, with CPW feed and wide bandwidth, for wearable applications Circular polarization (CP) is preferred to linear polarization because it has multiple benefits we should making difference in radiation patch till have circular polarozation we should making difference in radiation patch until the microstip patch has a circular polarization In fact should be 90° Phase difference in current distributions for have cp in patch antenna [12–14] The proposed antenna is designed to cover standard GPS, PCS, and DCS bands while its frequency range for each is 1.575, 1.710–1.880, and 1.850–1.990 GHz, respectively The structure of a wearable antenna with CP is planar and uses a flexible substrate and conductor for patch and GND plate The material used for the designed antenna was provided by the Rogers Corporation, a material which has multiple features [15, 16] The antenna has a thickness of 0.8, a relative permittivity of 3.55, and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.0027, representing a thin substrate Introduction to the Structure of the Designed Antenna The geometry of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig The antenna is made from a Rogers RT4003 substrate with dimensions of 67 Â 67 mm, a thickness of 0.5 mm, and a relative permeability constant of 3.55 The structure of this antenna Fig Dimensions of the proposed antenna Three-Band, Flexible, Wearable Antenna … Table Dimensions of the proposed antenna shown graphically in Fig (all measurements are given in millimeters) 989 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 36 L2 76 W8 38 L6 16 2.6 W6 7.5 L3 12 W9 L7 4.6 16 W7 76 L4 35 W10 L8 44 L1 25 L5 25 W11 4.5 L9 4.5 is a surface-waveguide-type with planar feeding which matching of that is 50 ohms The structure of the antenna is composed of a ground plan having square rings and a radiation patch which is L shaped while it has two truncate triangle in opposite of them and cross slot In the middle of patch which causes CP, improvements in the impedance and polarization bandwidth and passing standard GPS, DCS, and PCS bands the current distribution Rotated in the patch antenna and 90° phase deference in the phase and eventually Circular polarization is caused in Table Table presents the dimensions and sizes of the slots for the designed antenna Results of Antenna Simulation In the analysis of the antenna, the simulation results of the return loss diagrams, axial ratios, radiation patterns, right and left gain patterns, vector current distributions, and 3-D patterns are investigated The return loss, the return wave caused by discontinuity in the microstrip antenna port, has an optimal value of less than −10 dB The axial ratio diagram indicates the presence of CP which has an optimal value of less than −3 dB In Fig 2a the geometry of the proposed antenna is shown The proposed antenna structure is a CPW so that the ground plane and radiation patch appear on one plate As seen in the base design, this antenna consists of a ground plane, which has a rectangular slot in the middle of it, and a radiation patch that includes a rectangle with a thin rectangular coplanar waveguide feed line In the first step, as shown in Fig 2b the radiation patch structure of the designed antenna is L shaped In the second step (Fig 2c), a cross-shaped slot has been created in the middle of the radiation patch Finally, in the third step (Fig 2d), two opposite corners of the radiation patch have triangles cut from them Test results for the antenna are given in the next section 990 M Najjariani and P Rezaei Fig Step-by-step design of the proposed antenna 3.1 Return Loss In microstrip antenna one can reduce their size and cost by using special techniques using CP with only one feed line In actual fact, there is no need to use two feeds with 90° positional differences This can be achieved, with a little change in the microstrip antenna patch The following figures are suitable for creating CP with a feed because it causes a rotation of current in the patch surface Figure is a return loss diagram As can be seen in the return loss diagram for the base design, within the range 2.65–3 GHz, and higher than GHz, the diagram drops below −10 dB (pass band) In the proposed antenna, because the range greater than GHz was not important to us it has not shown in the figure The impedance bandwidth of the basic design for this range is around 350 MHz However, in the first step, by changing the shape of the radiation patch from rectangular to L shaped, the return loss bandwidth drops under −10 dB between 1.33–1.66 GHz and 1.94–2.15 GHz Its bandwidth is around 535 MHz In the second step, by creating a cross slot in the Three-Band, Flexible, Wearable Antenna … 991 Fig Step-by-step return loss for the proposed antenna middle of the radiation patch, that diagram drops under −10 dB in range 1.6– 2.46 GHz and also 2.7 GHz Which has bandwidth around 1.16 GHz which band width achieve to 1.6 GHz In the third step, by creating two opposite slits in the corners of the radiation patch, the range of drops under −10 dB from 1.1–3 GHz Only at 2.2 GHz does it reach the edge of the −10 dB range which it is negligible which band width achieve to 2.9 GHz In this case, the standard GPS, DCS, and PCS bands are covered And also significant that analysis range is than 1–3 GHz 3.2 Axial Ratio Figure shows the axial ratio diagram for the designed antenna As seen in the axial ratio diagram for the base design, within the frequency range 1.84–1.95 GHz the axial ratio drops below −3 dB, which has a bandwidth around 110 MHz which Fig Step-by-step diagram of the axial ratio for the proposed antenna 992 M Najjariani and P Rezaei covers the PCS band However, in the GPS range the diagram is about dB and it only covers a part of the DCS band On the other hand, to have an acceptable CP, the diagram should go under −3 dB in the Within range According to this fact, in the base design the antenna is not desirable for CP However, in the first step, by changing the shape of the radiation patch from rectangular to L shaped, the axial ratio drops under −3 dB within the range 2.46–2.53 GHz, which has a bandwidth of around 50 MHz and covers the Bluetooth band Additionally, the diagram shows that for the desired bands is higher than −10 dB In this step, changing the L-shaped patch causes a 90-degree phase difference in the current distribution phase Due to its geometry the current distribution in the patch has a circular rotation, which suggests CP In the second step, a cross shape in the radiation patch has been created The range of this goes to −3 dB in the range 2.49–3 GHz With a bandwidth of around 510 MHz, the effect of changes made at this step provides evidence for the creation of a polarization bandwidth But the diagram in the limit of the bands are below −10 dB and the frequency shift to lower frequencies is required Finally, in the third step, the opposite two corners of the radiation patch are truncating, in the form of triangles The range of this diagram is between 1.42 and 1.94 GHz when it drops below −3 dB, having a bandwidth of around 520 MHz As seen in the final result, by creating a slit at the corner of the patch the optimal status of the diagram has not changed, but it has shifted to a lower frequency The result is coverage of GPS bands, DCS bands, and the lower, and the majority of the upper, PCS bands Finally, it should be said that the creation of a triangular slit in the corner of the patch, as described earlier, has a significant effect on the final result Also, it should be mentioned that the axial ratio diagram is more sensitive to variation of the radiation patch The analytical range is from to GHz 3.3 Current Distribution on the Antenna Surface Figure shows the current distribution in the designed antenna in vector form As shown earlier, the rotation of the current distribution is due to CP This is displayed in the figure [17] The current distribution is shown for 0, 90, 180, and 270 phases at a frequency of 1.6 GHz It can be seen that in the 0-degree phase, the direction of the current (direction of the vectors) is to the right; in the 90-degree phase it is upward; in the 180-degree phase it is to the left; and finally in the 270-degree phase it is downward—representing right-handed CP Three-Band, Flexible, Wearable Antenna … 993 Fig Vector current distribution for the designed antenna 3.4 Right-Handed and Left-Handed Radiation Patterns Figure shows the right-handed and left-handed radiation patterns from the designed antenna at 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, at a frequency of 1.6 GHz As seen in the figure, in the 0-degree phase, the greatest gain follows a right-handed pattern with a value of 2.5 dB; in the 90-degree phase, the greatest gain follows a right-handed pattern with a value of 7.5 dB; in the 180-degree phase, the greatest gain follows a right-handed pattern with a value of 2.5 dB; and finally, in the 270-degree phase, a left-handed pattern has the highest gain of 5.7 dB 994 M Najjariani and P Rezaei Fig The right-handed and left-handed radiation patterns of the designed antenna Notes RHCP, right-handed circular polarization; LHCP, left-handed circular polarization 3.5 3-D Radiation Pattern Figure shows the 3-D radiation pattern of the designed antenna Fig 3-D radiation pattern Three-Band, Flexible, Wearable Antenna … 995 Conclusion This chapter presents a CP wearable antenna of size 67 Â 67 mm It is designed on Rogers Corporation RT4003 substrate with a CPW structure This antenna is designed for use in the GPS, DCS, and PCS bands The proposed antenna consists of an L-shaped radiation patch In the middle of it there is a cross-shaped slot, and it has two opposite truncate triangular slots at the edge of the patch The ground also has a slot and has CP in GPS, DCS, and PCS The designed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of around 2.9 GHz and a polarization bandwidth of about 520 MHz References Locher I et al (2006) Design and characterization of purely textile patch antenna Adv Packaging, IEEE Trans on 777–788 Jais MI, Jamlos MF, Malek MF, Jusoh M (2012) Conductive E-textile analysis of 1.575 GHz rectangular antenna with H-slot for GPS application In: Antenna and propagation conference, Loughborough, UK Lui KW, Murphy OH, Toumazou C (2013) A wearable wideband circularly polarized textile antenna for effective power transmission on a wirelessly-powered sensor platform IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 61(7):3873–3876 Salam A, Khan AA, Hussain MS (2014) Dual band microstrip antenna for wearable applications Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56(4):916–918 Hertleer C, Rogier H, Vallozzi L, Langenhove LV (2009) A textile antenna for off-body communication integrated into protective clothing for fire-fighters IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 57(4):919–925 Kaivanto EK, Berg M, Salonen E, Maagt PD (2011) Wearable circularly polarized antenna for personal satellite communication and navigation IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 59(12):4490– 4496 Massey PE (2001) GSM fabric antenna for mobile phones integrated within clothings IEEE, vol 3, pp 8–13 Sankarlingam S, Gupta B (2010) Development of textile antennas for body wearable application investigations on their performance under bent conditions Progr Electromagnetic ResB 22:53–71 Klenm M, Troester G (2006) Textiles transaction on antennas and propagation 54(11):414– 422 10 Zhang L, Wang Z, Volakis JL (2013) Textile antennas and sensors for body-worn applications IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 11:1690–1693 11 Wang H, Zhang Z, Li Y, Feng Z (2013) A dual-resonant shorted patch antenna for wearable application in 430 MHz band IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 61(12):6195–6200 12 Vallozzi L, Van Torre P, Hertleer C, Rogier H (2009) A textile antenna for off-body communication integrated into protective clothing for firefighters IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 57(4):919–925 13 Kaivanto E, Lilja J, Berg M, Salonen E, Salonen P (2010) Circularly polarized textile antenna for personal satellite communication In: European conference on antennas and propagation, pp 1–4 996 M Najjariani and P Rezaei 14 Klemm M, Locher I, Troster G (2004) A novel circularly polarized textile antenna for wearable applications In: Proceeding 7th European Conference Wireless Technologies pp 285–288 15 Locher I, et al (2006) Design and characterization of purely textile patch antenna Adv Packaging, IEEE Trans 777–788 16 Rais NHM, Son PJ, Malek F, Ahmad S, Hashim NBM, Hall PS (2009) A Review of wearable antenna In: Antennas and propagation conference, pp 225–228 17 Najjariani M, Rezae P (2016) The slot wearable microstrip antenna with circular polarization for Use in GPS, bluetooth bands In: International conference in electrical and mechanic engineering A Multi-objective Distribution Network Reconfiguration and Optimal Use of Distributed Generation Unites by Harmony Search Algorithm Mojtaba Mohammadpoor, Reza Ranjkeshan and Abbas Mehdizadeh Abstract In this paper, the method of network reconfiguration and simultaneous use of distributed generation resources (DG) in optimal location and capacity is analyzed in order to minimize losses and reach the optimum level of voltage stability and voltage profile A new method for this purpose is proposed by use of the Harmonic Search Algorithm (HSA) To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the capabilities of the MATLAB software and the DPL language linked to the DIGSILENT application is used The 33-node distribution network of IEEE standard was selected for investigation The simulation results shows that by using the proposed method, network losses were minimized and the voltage level and voltage profiles were improved correctly Á Á Á Keywords Network reconfiguration Distributed generation Harmonic Search Algorithm (HSA) Network losses Voltage profile Voltage stability Á Á Introduction Volatility, high voltage degradation and high losses are as the most important problems in distribution networks Network restructuring, which is a process of changing the topological structure of feeders by changing the open/closed state of the partitions and switches, can have a beneficial effect on solving these problems On the one hand, network reconstruction and installation of distributed generation resources have several advantages such as: improving power quality, reducing losses, improving the voltage profile, and improving reliability of the network In order to achieve the required level of load demand, improve voltage stability, high M Mohammadpoor Á R Ranjkeshan (&) Electrical and Computer Department, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran e-mail: ranjkeshanreza@gmail.com A Mehdizadeh Department of Computing, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nilai University, Putra Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2019 S Montaser Kouhsari (ed.), Fundamental Research in Electrical Engineering, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 480, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8672-4_76 997 998 M Mohammadpoor et al reliability, as well as gain economic benefits such as minimizing losses, energy efficiency, DG units are connecting to the distribution networks Grid rebuilding is a complicated technique due to the fact that the limitation of optimization problem is not recognizable as well Several algorithms have been presented in this way the past where some of them are being reviewed Merlin and Beck [1] has analyzed network restructuring and used the branch-and-bound-type optimization technique The disadvantage of this technique is that the solution is time-consuming because the possible structures of the system are as 2n, where n is the number of lines with the key Based on Merlin-Beck method, an exploratory or mental algorithm was proposed by Shirmohammadi and Hong in [2] The disadvantage of this algorithm is that simultaneous keying is not considered in the feeder restructure Civanlar et al in [3] have proposed a method of exploration algorithm in which a simple formula was developed to determine changes in power losses caused by the transformation (or changing) of the branch The disadvantage of this method is that the operation of a key pair is considered at any one time, and the network restructure depends on the key state Das in [4] has presented a subjective-based algorithm and a fuzzy multi-objective approach to optimize network structure The disadvantage of this method is that there is no criterion for choosing membership functions for targets Nara et al in [5] have proposed a method for solving this problem using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find out the least structure losses in the distribution system In [6], an improved genetic algorithm (RGA) was proposed to reduce the losses in the distribution system Rao et al in [7] have proposed Harmony Search algorithm (HSA) to solve the network redistribution problem, which resulted in optimized simultaneous key switching in the network to minimize the real power losses of the distribution network The reorganization of the electricity market in many countries has created a new perspective on the distributed generation of electrical energy using renewable low capacity energy sources DG units with a capacity of 5–10 KW are placed close to the consumer in order to provide electrical power Since choosing the best position and size of DG units is still a complex optimization problem, many methods have been presented for solving it in recent years Rosehart and Nowicki in [8] presented a Lagrangian approach to determining the optimal position of DG placement in distribution systems, taking into account the economic and sustainability constraints Celli et al in [9] have presented a multi-objective algorithm using GA to locate and determine DG’s size in the distribution system Wang and Nehrir in [10] have developed an analytical method for determining the optimum position of DG in the distribution system in order to minimize power losses Agalgaonkar et al in [11] has discussed the positioning approach and effect of DG inputs within the SMD framework In [12] HAS algorithm is presented to solve the problem of network redistribution in the presence of distributed generation in order to reduce losses In this paper, a method to reconstructing and simultaneously installing DG distributed resources to minimize losses, and improve the voltage stability level and ... http://www.springer.com/series/7818 www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Shahram Montaser Kouhsari Editor Fundamental Research in Electrical Engineering The Selected Papers of The First International Conference on Fundamental. .. extraction of the display containing temporal information of voice, the SVM can be given the capability of considering the time relationships of speech frames One of the main advantages of Support... 2017) The proceedings are aimed at addressing problems and topics of concern in all the subbranches of Electrical Engineering by bringing the recent advancements in the field to the attention of the