alternative energy and shale gas encyclopedia pdf

www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND SHALE GAS ENCYCLOPEDIA Edited by JAY H LEHR Editor-in-Chief JACK KEELEY Senior Editor THOMAS B KINGERY Information Technology WILEY SERIES ON ENERGY www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Alternative energy and shale gas encyclopedia / edited by Jay H Lehr, editor-in-chief ; Jack Keeley, senior editor ; Thomas B Kingery, Information Technology pages cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-89441-5 (cloth) Renewable energy sources–Encyclopedias Shale gas–Encyclopedias I Lehr, Jay H., 1936- editor II Keeley, J W (Jack W.), editor III Kingery, Thomas B., editor TJ807.4.E53 2015 621.04203–dc23 2014049361 Printed in the United States of America 10 www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: ENERGY DRIVES EVERYTHING Howard C Hayden LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS PART I xi xxv WIND Acceptance of Wind Power: An Introduction to Drivers and Solutions Jacob Ladenburg Wind Power Forecasting Techniques 10 Michael Negnevitsky Maximizing the Loading in Wind Turbine Plants: (A) The Betz Limit, (B) Ducting the Turbine 20 D P Georgiou and N G Theodoropoulos Modeling Wind Turbine Wakes for Wind Farms 28 Angus C W Creech and Wolf-Gerrit Frăuh Fatigue Failure in Wind Turbine Blades 52 Juan C Marin, Alberto Barroso, Federico Paris, and Jose Canas Floating Wind Turbines: The New Wave in Offshore Wind Power 69 Antoine Peiffer and Dominique Roddier Wind Power—Aeole Turns Marine 80 Roger H Charlier and Alexandre C Thys Impacts of Wind Farms on Weather and Climate at Local and Global Scales 88 Justin J Traiteur and Somnath Baidya Roy v www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com vi CONTENTS Power Curves and Turbulent Flow Characteristics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 104 Kevin Pope and Greg F Naterer 10 Windmill Brake State Models Used in Predicting Wind Turbine Performance 116 Panu Pratumnopharat and Pak Sing Leung 11 Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines and Associated Phenomena 120 Petar Sarajcev 12 Wind Turbine Wake Modeling—Possibilities with Actuator Line/Disc Approaches 141 Stefan Ivanell and Robert Mikkelsen 13 Random Cascade Model for Surface Wind Speed 153 R Baile and J F Muzy 14 Wind Power Budget 163 Hugo Abi Karam 15 Identification of Wind Turbines in Closed-Loop Operation in the Presence of Three-Dimensional Turbulence Wind Speed: Torque Demand to Measured Generator Speed Loop 169 Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dor´e Landau 16 Identification in Closed-Loop Operation of Models for Collective Pitch Robust Controller Design 180 Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dor´e Landau 17 Wind Basics—Energy from Moving Air 194 Public Domain 18 Wind—Chronological Development 201 Public Domain PART II SOLAR 19 Solar Air Conditioning 205 Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano 20 Energy Performance of Hybrid Cogeneration Versus Side-by-Side Solar Water Heating and Photovoltaic for Subtropical Building Application 212 Tin-Tin Chow, Ka-Kui Tse, and Norman Tse 21 Polycrystalline Silicon for Thin Film Solar Cells 226 Nicol´as Budini, Roberto D Arce, Rom´an H Buitrago, and Javier A Schmidt 22 Solar Basics – Energy from the Sun 233 Public Domain 23 NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Solar-Power Research Public Domain www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 241 CONTENTS 24 Solar Thermal – Chronological Development 247 Public Domain 25 Photovoltaic – Chronological Development 249 Public Domain PART III GEOTHERMAL 26 Geothermal: History, Classification, and Utilization for Power Generation 253 Mathew C Aneke and Mathew C Menkiti 27 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 265 Rosemarie Mohais, Choashui Xu, Peter A Dowd, and Martin Hand 28 Thermodynamic Analysis of Geothermal Power Plants 290 Mehmet Kanoglu and Ali Bolatturk 29 Sustainability Assessment of Geothermal Power Generation 301 Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov, and Tim J Evans 30 Geothermal Energy and Organic Rankine Cycle Machines 310 Bertrand F Tchanche 31 Low Temperature Geothermal Energy: Geospatial and Economic Indicators 318 Alberto Gemelli, Adriano Mancini, and Sauro Longhi 32 Dry Cooling Towers for Geothermal Power Plants 333 Zhiqiang Guan, Kamel Hooman, and Hal Gurgenci 33 Thermal Storage 350 Marc A Rosen 34 Shallow Geothermal Systems: Computational Challenges and Possibilities 368 Rafid Al-Khoury 35 Geothermal Basics—What is Geothermal Energy? 390 Public Domain 36 Geothermal—Chronologic Development 394 Public Domain PART IV HYDROPOWER 37 Sustainability of Hydropower 399 Joerg Hartmann 38 Environmental Issues Related to Conventional Hydropower Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Alison H Colotelo, Richard S Brown, and Thomas J Carlson www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 404 vii viii CONTENTS 39 Social Issues Related to Hydropower 410 Joerg Hartmann 40 Safety in Hydropower Development and Operation 413 Urban Kjell´en 41 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage 423 John P Deane and Brian O’Gallachoir 42 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Dams in Tropical Forests 426 Philip M Fearnside 43 Physical and Multidimensional Numeric Hydraulic Modeling of Hydropower Systems and Rivers 437 Timothy C Sassaman and Daniel Gessler 44 Experimental and Numerical Modeling Tools for Conventional Hydropower Systems 448 Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Thomas J Carlson, Gene R Ploskey, Richard S Brown, Gary E Johnson, and Alison H A Colotelo 45 The State of Art on Large Cavern Design for Underground Powerhouses and Some Long-Term Issues 465 ă Omer Aydan 46 Hydroelectric Power for the Nation 488 Public Domain 47 Hydropower Basics—Energy from Moving Water 492 Public Domain 48 Hydropower—Chronologic Development 497 Public Domain PART V BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS 49 Fuel Cell Control 501 Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano 50 Recent Trends in the Development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems 509 Amornchai Arpornwichanop and Suthida Authayanun 51 Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Electrical Power Generation—A Review 526 Suttichai Assabumrungrat, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Vorachatra Sukwattanajaroon, and Dang Saebea 52 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Secondary Batteries Fiona M Gray and Michael J Smith www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 547 CONTENTS 53 Recycling and Disposal of Battery Materials 566 Michael J Smith and Fiona M Gray 54 AC OR DC 578 M Aram Azadpour PART VI 55 RENEWABLE ENERGY CONCEPTS Will Renewables Cut Carbon Dioxide Emissions Substantially? 581 Herbert Inhaber 56 The Concept of Base-Load Power 585 Mark Diesendorf 57 Tidal Power Harnessing 590 Roger H Charlier 58 The Loading of Water Current Turbines: The Betz Limit and Ducted Turbines 601 D P Georgiou and N G Theodoropoulos 59 Bottled Gas as Household Energy 606 Masami Kojima 60 Exergy Analysis: Theory and Applications 628 Marc A Rosen 61 Global Transport Energy Consumption 651 Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery 62 Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals 657 Public Domain 63 Planting and Managing Switchgrass as a Biomass Energy Crop 663 Public Domain 64 Municipal Solid Waste—Chronological Development 675 Public Domain 65 Ethanol—Chronological Development 677 Public Domain 66 Thermal Properties of Methane Hydrate by Experiment and Modeling and Impacts Upon Technology 680 Robert P Warzinski, Isaac K Gamwo, Eilis J Rosenbaum, Evgeniy M Myshakin, Hao Jiang, Kenneth D Jordan, Niall J English, and David W Shaw (Public Domain) PART VII SHALE GAS 67 Shale Gas Will Rock the World Amy Myers Jaffe www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 689 ix x CONTENTS 68 What is Shale Gas? 692 Energy Information Administration (Public Domain) 69 Directional and Horizontal Drilling in Oil and Gas Wells 695 Public Domain 70 Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled in Shale 697 Public Domain 71 Hydraulic Fracturing: A Game-Changer for Energy and Economies 700 Isaac Orr 72 Zero Discharge Water Management for Horizontal Shale Gas Well Development 720 West Virginia Water Research Institute (Public Domain) 73 About Oil Shale—What is Oil Shale? 723 Public Domain 74 Natural Gas Basics—How Was Natural Gas Formed? 725 Public Domain 75 Natural Gas—Chronological Development 732 Public Domain 76 Energy Mineral Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Shale Gas and Liquids Committee Annual Report, FY 2014 734 Neil S Fishman, Chair INDEX 857 www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com INTRODUCTION: ENERGY DRIVES EVERYTHING Howard C Hayden INTRODUCTION Everything we make, bend, heat, cool, cut, fasten, grow, harvest, move, or shape requires energy That is, when we anything to anything, we use energy If we it by hand, the energy source is the sun which produces the food we eat The human labor part of the energy picture, however, is minuscule Let me elaborate The best coupling between man and machine is to put a person on a bicycle seat to use the strong leg muscles to push the pedals (which in turn might turn an electric generator) Whereas a good athlete might produce a few hundred watts—perhaps as much as a thousand watts—over a short period, it is a real chore to produce 100 W on a continuous basis for hours at a time If we produce 100 W for a 10-hour period, the amount of electrical energy produced is 100 W × 10 hours, which is 1000 Wh, or kilowatt-hour (kWh), for which the average price in the United States is about a dime Not many people would be willing to work that hard, that long, for a mere 10 cents For another comparison, a 2000-Calorie1 daily diet is equivalent to about 100 W To expand that perspective just a bit, let us look at the amount of energy—over 100 exajoules2 —used in the United States every year Averaged over the 31.6 million seconds in the year, and over the roughly 315 million US citizens, our rate of energy consumption is about 11,000 W per capita, about 110 times as much power as the average human produces in the form of heat, or our athlete produces while on the bicycle seat Alternatively, one may think of our energy consumption as being equivalent to having 110 servants tending One We food Calorie (capitalized) is one kilocalorie will say more about this unit further on to our needs night and day This is why we can accurately say that human labor is a minuscule part of the energy picture Over 90% of our energy comes from petroleum, natural gas, coal, and uranium Of the 9% contribution from renewable energy sources, the venerable ones—hydro and biomass—provide over 80% The electricity that powers our appliances is not primary energy, but rather a carrier of energy In a coal-fired power plant, for example, the fire boils water into highpressure, high-temperature steam that turns a turbine that turns an electricity-producing generator The generator energizes electrons, and our lights and machines in turn become energized by those electrons The important detail is simply that the electrical power does not come from the socket, but rather from some primary source like coal or natural gas Scientists began to understand things pertaining to electricity at about the time of the American Revolution It was not until 1882 that the first hydropower station produced commercial electrical power So useful is electricity that, by now, a full 40% of our primary energy in the United States goes into the production of electricity SOME FUNDAMENTALS Energy is somewhat hard to define There is no instrument that directly measures energy By and large, you cannot see it or touch it Work, on the other hand, is fairly easy to define Work is the equivalent of lifting a weight to some height above the starting point; indeed, it is the product of the weight and the vertical distance the weight moves Now we come to the definition: Energy is the capacity to work (That does not mean the ability to work.) In other words, energy is numerically the same as the work it could at an impossible 100% efficiency In broadest terms, there xi www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 864 INDEX Fuel cell control (Continued) structures coupled nonlinear behavior, 503–504 feedback gain matrix, 506 fuzzy logic control, 505 model predictive control (MPC), 504–505 neural networks, 505 passivity, 504 robust PID controller, 504 satisfactory performance, 504 sliding mode control, 504 Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model, 505 transient behavior, 501 Fuel cell systems contaminants effects, 515–516 conventional fuel processing, 511–513, 512f, 513f hydrogen production, fuel sources for, 510 innovative fuel processing conventional and, 515t conventional fuel processor, 514 membrane reactor, 514 Pd-based membrane reactor, 514, 514f silver, 514 WGS membrane reactor, 514, 515f nonrenewable fuels, 510–511 operating conditions, 516–517, 517f proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), 509–510 fuel processing for, 511 reformate gas operation, 515 renewable resources, 511 system complexity, 517 Fuel processor combined with SOFC–GT hybrid system, 540–541, 540f Fuel shortages, 622–623 Fuel-stacking, 607 Fuzzy logic control, fuel cell control, 505 Fuzzy systems, 14 Gain scheduling, 181, 183 Galerkin method, 35 Gallium arsenide cells, 226 Gangi model, 283, 285 Gas bubble disease (GBD), 405 Gaseous fuels, types, 607 GBD See Gas bubble disease GCMs See General circulation models Gdansk Depression, 819 Gel electrolytes, 550 Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), 549–550 forms, 555 gel-based polymer electrolytes, 555 plasticizers, 555 polymer electrolytes containing room temperature ionic liquids, 556–557, 556f porous, 555 PVdF, 556 General circulation models (GCMs), 94 Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), 319 Geographic information system (GIS), 319 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) GCM, 94 GeoPure, 721 Georgiou–Theodoropoulos improvement, 22–24, 23f, 24f Geospatial information, 319 Geothermal, 253–263 brine, 294–295 cycles, 291–292 and earth structure, 254, 255f energy, 253, 290–291, 310 classification of, 257 for power generation, 257–261, 259f fluid, 253, 255–256 gradient, 253 history of, 256–25, 257f power plants, 290–299 power production for sustainable environment, 261–263 reservoirs, 255 resources, 254, 310–311 exploitation, technologies for, 310 HDR, 265–266 potential, 311 typology of, 310 Geothermal energy, 310 chronological development, 394–395 classification of, 257 definition, 390 direct use of, 391–392 earth’s interior, 391f environment and, 393 generation, 390 Geysers dry steam reservoir, 391 heat pumps, 393 plate boundaries, 390–391 for power generation, 25–261, 259f power plants, 393 reservoirs, 390 resources, 368 ring of fire, 390, 391f in United States, 392 US Geothermal Resource Map, 392f Geothermal power, 301 present status of, 302 sustainability indicators of, 302–305 availability, 304 efficiency, 303, 303t greenhouse gas emissions, 303–304, 304t land use, 305 limitation, 304–305 price, 303, 303t social impacts, 305 water use, 304 vs conventional power generation technologies availability, 306 efficiency, 306, 306t greenhouse gas emissions, 306, 306f land use, 307, 307t limitations, 306–307 price, 305, 305f www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com INDEX social impacts, 307, 307t water use, 306, 306t Geothermal power plants air-cooled heat exchangers, 336–340, 337f–339f binary power plant, 332, 33f “blow-down,” 332–334 classification, 332 dry cooling technologies developments, 342–344 inlet air pre-cooling natural draft dry cooling tower, 346–348, 346f, 348f natural draft dry cooling towers, 344–345, 345f solar enhanced natural draft dry cooling tower, 345–346, 346f steel cooling tower, 346, 347f dry cooling towers, 335–336, 335f, 336f enhanced geothermal systems, 335 hybrid cooling systems, 336, 337f mechanical draft dry cooling tower, 340–342, 341f natural draft dry cooling tower, 342, 343f thermodynamic analysis of, 290–299 application, 293f, 294–297, 295t, 296f, 296t, 297f first law of thermodynamics, 292–293 geothermal cycles, 291–292 introduction, 290–291 schematic layout of, 291f second law of thermodynamics, 293–294 thermal efficiency of, 292 types, 393 wet cooling towers, 332–334, 334f, 335f Geothermal reservoirs, 390 Geothermal resources, 254 exploitation, technologies for, 310 HDR, 265–266 potential, 311 typology of, 310 GeoXp, 320 Gini, 320 coefficient, 326–327 GIS See Geographic information system Glauert’s airscrew theory, 117 Glauert’s empirical formula, 118, 118f Global reporting initiative (GRI), 403, 412 Global transport energy energy use, reducing consumption, 654–655 forecasts, 652–653, 652t statistics, 651 fuels used in transport, 652 historical growth and demand, 651–652 modal shares, 652 Global warming impact, 427, 428 Global warming potential (GWP), 426 Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (Glycine max), 664 Goldisthal pumped hydro storage plant, 423 Gossamer Albatross II, 242, 242f Gossamer Penguin, 242, 242f Governing equations, for fluid flow, 108 GPE See Gel polymer electrolyte Grand Coulee Dam, 423 Green energy, 426, 432, 433 Greenhouse gas emissions carbon credit for hydropower, 432 carbon dioxide, 426–428 dams comparisons with fossil fuels green energy, 432 hydropower, 431–432 infrared radiation, 431 Kyoto Protocol, 431, 432 net emissions, accounting, 432 reservoirs effect, 432 methane, 429–431 nitrous oxide, 428–429 Green River Formation, United States, 723 GRI See Global reporting initiative Grid spacings, NWP, 11, 11f Gripen Oil & Gas, 818 Ground-based storages, 351 Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) BHEs, 370, 370f, 371f closed system, 369 coefficient of performance (COP), 370 ground heat collectors, 369 heat pump, 370 open system, 369 types, 369 vertical system, 369–370 GWP See Global warming potential GWR See Geographically Weighted Regression HALSOL See High-altitude solar energy HAWTs See Horizontal axis wind turbines Haynesville Shale (Jurassic), Texas, Louisiana, USA, 692, 744–745, 744t, 744f, 745f, 746f Health, safety and environment (HSE) management, 412 Heat exchanger network (HEN), 527, 528 Heat exchangers, 293, 294 between brine and isobutane, 295, 295f Heat integration concept, 527 Heat pumps, TES air conditioning loads, 361 CANMET Energy Technology Centre (CETC), 360–361 combined heating and cooling operations, 361–362 efficient operation, 361 ground-based storage, 361 latent TES and, 361 reduced, 361 solar collectors, 361 Heckman-type model, 614 Helios, 244–245, 245f HEN See Heat exchanger network Herschel, John, 233 HEYCO Energy, 830 Hickenlooper, John, 73–704 High-altitude solar energy (HALSOL), 241 High-temperature approach chemical vapor deposition, 228 liquid phase epitaxy, 228 zone melting recrystallization, 228, 229f www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 865 866 INDEX High-temperature PEMFC (HT-PEMFC) CO tolerance, 517t designs, 518f hydrogen feed, 518 operating temperature, 519 polybenzimidazole (PBI), 517 PROX unit, 518 High-voltage systems, work on, 421 Hijiori HDR system, 283–285 Hodgson, John L., 265 Horizontal-axis wind machines, 197, 198f Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs), 105–106 towered turbines, 81, 82f Horizontal drilling, fracking, 705–706, 706f Horizontal drilling for Shale gas, 692–693 Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, Texas, 197 Hot dry rock (HDR) systems, 263 geothermal resources for, 265–266 Hot water fields, 255, 256t Hot wet rock (HWR), 266 HSAC See Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Council HSAF See Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Forum HSAP See Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol H-step forward prediction, 159160 HT-PEMFC See High-temperature PEMFC Hăutter, Ulrich, 81 Hutton Energy, 832 HWR See Hot wet rock Hybrid cooling systems, 336, 337f Hybrid gel electrolytes, 550 Hybrid inorganic–organic electrolytes, 550 Hybrid model, LTGE, 320 Hybrid solar collectors, 212 Hybrid solar systems, 212 case study formulation cases description, 221 case vs case 2, 222–223, 223f case vs case 4, 223–224 electrical and water heating system, 221 environmental parameters, 221 experimental system description, 213–214 mathematical modeling, 214–217 numerical model development and verification, 217–221 vs side-by-side systems, 212–213, 213f Hydraulic fracturing, 697 for energy, 700–719 environmental impact, 699 earthquakes, 714 environmental concerns, 711–716 greenhouse gas emissions, 715–716, 716f groundwater contamination, 711–713 injection wells and earthquakes, 714–715 wastewater, 713–714 water consumption, 711, 712f, 713f extraction process conventional oil and gas extraction, 702–703, 702f economic impacts, 707–711, 708f, 709f, 710f, 711f fracking, 703–707 (See also Fracking) fluids, 698 oil and gas regulation, 716–718 in other Shale plays, 698, 698f production benefits, 699 proppants in, 698 for Shale gas, 693–694, 694f United States in, 701 use, 697–699 Hydraulic Fracturing Regulatory Act, 717 Hydraulic modeling Colebrook–White equation, 438 computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 437–442, 444–446 Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, 438 hydropower plant impact on navigation, 441–444, 443f low head intake and approach channel, 441–441, 440f, 441f particle image velocimetry (PIV), 438 physical, 437 computational fluid dynamics modeling, 438 computational sediment transport modeling, 438–440 construction and instrumentation, 438–439 model similitude, 438 Smithland lock and dam, 440, 440f spillways modeling, 444–446, 444f–446f water surface profiles and flow patterns, 438 Hydroelectric and pumped-water energy storage schemes, 467f Hydroelectric dams carbon dioxide emissions, 426 in tropical forests (See Greenhouse gas emissions) Hydroelectric power advantages, 488 disadvantages, 489 electricity sources, 489 and environment generation, 490f, 491f hydroelectric power plant, 489–490 impact, 489 reservoir construction, 489, 489f for nation, 488 power plants, disadvantages, 489 world distribution, 488 Hydrofoils, 603 Hydrofracking See Hydraulic fracturing Hydrofracturing, 736 Hydrogen production system integration biomass, 536–537 CO tolerance material, 532 fuel processor, 532 gaseous fossil fuels, 536 internal reforming property, 532 liquid fossil fuel, 536 process flow diagram, 532–533, 532f reformer, structural design of, 535–536 SOFC, 535–537, 533f–535f solid fossil fuels, 536 processes chemical-looping reforming (CLR) technology, 531–533, 531f endothermic reduction, 532 fossil fuels, 532 www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com INDEX fuel selection, 530–531 hydrocarbon and alcohol fuels, 531 infrastructures, 530 metal oxide, 532 partial oxidation, 531 steam reforming, 531 Hydropeaking, 406–407 Hydropower See also Accident risks in hydropower development chronological development, 497–498 electricity generation, 492 and environment, 494 environmental-friendly hydropower systems, 408–400 environmental issues fish passage, 404–405 habitat impacts, 406–407 methods and efforts for, 407–408 water quality, 405–406 history, 492 hydroelectric dam, 493f mechanical energy, 492 ocean thermal, 496, 496f regulatory criteria dissolved oxygen levels, 407 fish passage, 407 water flow, 407 water temperature, 407 safety in (See Accident risks in hydropower development) social groups displacement and resettlement, people affected by, 411 employees, 411 indigenous groups, 411 social issues projects, impact, 410 rights, risks and responsibilities, 410 society, impact, 410–411 social management benefit sharing, 412 community consultation and grievance mechanisms, 411–412 corporate social responsibility, 412 downstream flows, 412 health, safety and environment (HSE) management, 412 multiple-purpose management of dams, 412 states producing, 493f tidal power tidal barrages, 494 tidal fences, 494 tidal turbines, 495, 495f water cycle and, 492, 493f wave power CETO underwater wave energy device, 495f channel, 495–496 energy in wave, 495, 495f Hydropower plant impact on navigation acoustic Doppler current profiler, 443 Appalachian coal, 441 Froude scale model, 442–443, 442f Ohio River, 441–442 project facilities, 443 Smithland lock and dam, 444 867 “stop action” digital photography, 443 tailrace geometry, 444 “tracer materials, 444 USACE, 444, 443 Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Council (HSAC), 401 Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Forum (HSAF), 399 Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol (HSAP), 399 Hydrothermal, 391 Hydrothermal systems, 255 IAD technique See Ion-assisted deposition technique IAES See Institute for Advanced Energy Studies ICP See In situ conversion process ICS See Infinite cylindrical source model Identified models algorithm performance, 188, 188f analysis of, 189, 189f Bode plots of, 191, 191f validation tests with CLOE, 189–190, 190f vs linearized models, 190–191, 191f IEA See International Energy Agency IEC 61400-24, 126 lightning exposure, 127–129, 128f lightning protection levels, 135 IEC 62305, 126 IEC 62305-2, 126, 128 IFC See International Finance Corporation IGas Energy, 826, 827 IHA See International Hydropower Association ILS See Infinite line source model I-Moran, 320 INA, 829 Indirect thermosyphon solar water heating system, 214, 214f, 215t Infinite cylindrical source model (ICS), 375–376 Infinite line source model (ILS), 374–375 Inhabitat housing surface, 321 Injection wells, 713–714 and earthquakes, 714–715 Inlet air pre-cooling natural draft dry cooling tower, 346–348, 347f, 348f In situ conversion process (ICP), 724 In-situ fracture network, 274, 276 In situ retorting, 723, 724 Institute for Advanced Energy Studies (IAES), 680 Intake and approach channel American Municipal Power (AMP), 440 cost-saving modifications, 441 FLUENT code, 440 Froude scale physical model, 440 Smithland lock and dam, 440, 440f upstream velocity profiles, 440 US Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE), 440 velocity magnitude profiles, 441, 441f Voith Hydro guidelines, 440, 441 vortex formation, 441 Intermediate-load demand, 585 International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), 401 International Energy Agency (IEA), 401, 651, 836 International Finance Corporation (IFC), 402 www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 868 INDEX International guidelines, sustainability, 401 International Hydropower Association (IHA), 401 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 401, 412 International wind power, 195 Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, 707 Investment siting, 329–330, 330f Ion-assisted deposition (IAD) technique, 230–231, 231f Ion-conducting polymer, 550 Ionic conductivity, dry polymer electrolytes (SPE), 551 Ionic rubber (polymer-in-salt) materials, 550 Isentropic efficiency of pump, 293 ISO See International Standards Organization Isobutane, 294, 295 Jensen’s Park model, 31–32 Juul, Johannes, 81 k–e model, 108 Kerogen, 723 Kimmeridge Clay, 830 Kyoto Protocol, 431, 432 Landfill gas, 557 biogas, 659 Larderello 1, 259–259, 259f Large eddy simulation (LES), 37–38, 46–47, 47f, 142 single turbines, 42–44, 43f, 44f, 45f, 46f wind farms, 44, 47f Laser-induced crystallization (LIC), 230 Latent thermal storage, 352–353 LCA See Lifecycle assessment Lead–acid battery, 569 3Legs Resources, 829 LES See Large eddy simulation Liassic shales, 827–828 LIC See Laser-induced crystallization License acquisitions, Shale liquids and Gas in Europe, 833–834 Licensing and relicensing, 401 Lifecycle assessment (LCA), 302 Lightning currents, 121 incidence of, 121 statistical parameters of amplitudes incident to wind turbines, 125–126, 126f correlation, 124–125 downward (negative) lightning, 122–123, 123t log-normal statistical distribution, 122 upward lightning, 123–124, 124t Lightning protection levels (LPLs), 135 Lightning protection of wind turbines, 126–136 on attachment points, 135–136 on collection area, 133–134, 134f dangerous events, 129–132, 130f, 131f on effective height, 132–133, 133f exposure assessment according to IEC 61400- 24, 127–129, 128f general considerations, 127 levels, 135 on lightning incidence of buried cables, 134–135, 135f Lightning protection zones (LPZs), 135 Li-ion cell, 548–549, 549f Linear models from experimental data, 170 Li-poly cell, 569 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 690–691, 725 Liquid biofuels, 661–662 Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), 228 Liquid-solvent-free (“dry”) macromolecular systems, 550 Lithium-ion mobility, 553–554, 553f, 554f Lithium metal–polymer (LMP) batteries, 560–561, 561t Lithium polymer batteries, electrodes for, 557–558, 558f Lithium polymer cells, 559–560, 560t Lithium salts, 551–552 Lithuania, 823 LNG See Liquefied natural gas Loading factor, 602 wind turbines, 20 Local thermal nonequilibrium, 372 Lockout/tag-out (LO/TO), 420, 421f Lorenz curve, 326–327, 328f Lower Jurassic Nordegg (Gordondale), West Central Alberta, 800 Lower Jurassic shale gas, 827–828 Lower Mississippian Fredrick Brook Shale, Moncton Basin, 807–809, 808f Lower Paleozoic play, 817 Low Impact Hydropower Institute (LIHI), 402 Low-temperature approach, 228–231 ion-assisted deposition technique, 230–231, 231f laser-induced crystallization, 230 metal-induced crystallization, 229 aluminum-induced crystallization, 229–230, 229f nickel induced crystallization, 230, 230f solid phase crystallization, 229 Low temperature geothermal energy (LTGE) aggregated economic indicators, 318 definition, 318 economic potential controlling variables, 319–320 energy potential controlling variables, 319 ESDA, 318 geographic segmentation and indexing of resource definition, 318 energy planning, 319 ESDA, 319 exchanger subsystem, 319 Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), 319 geographic information system (GIS), 319 geospatial information, 319 realizable potential, 319 technical potential, 319 hybrid model, 320 renewable resources, regional modeling of, 320–331 spatial exploratory analysis advanced decisional modeling, 326–330, 328f, 328t, 329f, 330f descriptive statistical models and exploratory statistics, 320–326, 321f–325f, 326t uses, 318 LPE See Liquid phase epitaxy www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com INDEX LPG for household energy in developing countries, 615 cylinder management, 619–621 distributional impact of universal price subsidies, 617–619, 618f fuel shortages, 622–623 pricing policy and retail prices, 615–617 reducing costs, 623 regulatory and institutional framework, 621–622 economics, 609–610, 609f, 610f facilitating household use, 625t–626t factors affecting household choice of LPG, 610 affordability, 612–614, 612t quantitative analysis, 614 in survey countries, 610–612 LPG supply, 608–609 commercial participants, 608 patterns of, 606–608 universal access to modern energy, 623–626 use, statistics, 611t LPLs See Lightning protection levels LPZs See Lightning protection zones LTGE See Low temperature geothermal energy Magma, 390 Man-made caverns, 466f Mantle, 254 Maquoketa Shale, Illinois Basin, 746 Marathon, 822 Marcellus Shale (Devonian), Appalachian Basin, USA, 692, 747–750, 748f Marine current turbines (MCT), 604 Marine energy2, 87 Marked point process modeling (MPP), 275–276 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation, 279 Maryland Department of Environment (MDE), 749 Mass exchange network (MEN) synthesis, 529 Mass-integrated high-temperature fuel cell plant, 530f Mass separating agent (MSA), 529 Mathematical modeling electrical subsystem model BOS components, 215–217, 216f PV array, 214–215 MAUP See Modifiable areal unit problem Mazegawa pumped-water energy storage scheme, 468f MCT See marine current turbines MDE See Maryland Department of Environment Mean wind profiles in SBL, 164–167 Mechanical draft dry cooling tower, 340–342, 341f MER See Minimum energy requirement Mesoscale models, 11 Metal-induced crystallization (MIC), 229 aluminum-induced crystallization, 229–230, 229f nickel induced crystallization, 230, 230f Metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC), 230 Metal-oxide surge arresters, 137 Methane emission in Amazonia, 429, 430 biomass loss, 430 869 bubbling and diffusion emissions, 429 ´ adjustments, 430–431 ELETROBRAS Environmental Impact Study (EIA), 430 Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 431 GWP, 431 inappropriate sampling methodology, 431 Kemenes bottle, 431 natural lakes and wetlands, 429 oxycline, 429 pre-dam emission, exaggeration, 430 recovery of, 431 Ruttner bottle, 431 thermocline, 429 turbines and spillways, omission, 430 water flowing downstream, 429 Methane gas, 657 Methane hydrate experimental measurements specific heat capacity, 682, 683f thermal conductivity, 680–682, 681f thermal diffusivity, 682, 682f molecular dynamic simulations, 682–683, 683t reservoir simulation, 683–684, 684f MEXICO experiment, 141–142 MGR See Minimum gap runner MIC See Metal-induced crystallization Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education, 735 Michigan Office of Geological Survey, 735 Michigan Public Service Commission, 735 Micro radio transmitter, 459f Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale, 805 MILC See Metal-induced lateral crystallization Miner’s rule, for fatigue life calculation, 57 Minijos Nafta, 831 Minimum energy requirement (MER), 527 Minimum gap runner (MGR), 400 Mitchel Energy, 697, 698 Mitchell, George, 700 Mitsui, 822 Mixed sub-grid-scale model, 142 Mobile Aquatic Barotrauma Laboratory (MABL), 456, 456f Model identification closed-loop identification system, 169–177, 170f closed-loop validation tests for, 175, 175f, 176f linear models, 175–176, 176f open-loop identification techniques, 169–174 results of, 175–176 Model predictive control (MPC), 504–505 Model similitude, physical hydraulic modeling, 438 Model validation techniques, 188 Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), 320 Modified advanced brake state model, 119 MOL, 828, 829 Molecular dynamic simulations, methane hydrate, 682–683 Momentum theory, 117 Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, 164–167 Mono-phase polymer electrolytes, 550 Monopiles, 72 MPC See Model predictive control www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 870 INDEX MPP See Marked point process modeling M-Rice distribution, 157–158 M-Rice time series model of wind speed, 153 building model random cascade model for wind speeds, 155–156 seasonal autoregressive part, construction of, 154–155 empirical observations basic statistical properties, 153–154 magnitude long-range correlation, 154, 155f non-Gaussian fluctuations correlation, 154 MSA See Mass separating agent MSW See Municipal solid waste Multi-cell lithium polymer (LiPo) battery configurations, 548f Multidirectional drilling, fracking, 706, 706f Multifractal processes, 156 Multi-phase polymer electrolytes, 550 Multiple reference frame formulation, 109 Municipal solid waste (MSW), 658659 Naăve predictor, 12f Nanocomposite electrolytes, 550 NASA’s Dryden Flight Research Center, 241 National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GCM, 94 National Energy Education Project, 658f, 660f National energy system, 633–634 energy flows, 634f energy system model, 634–637 input data and results, 637–638 National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), 680 National Hydropower Association, 408 National regulations environmental and social impact assessments, 400–401 licensing and relicensing, 401 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 587 Natural draft dry cooling towers (NDDCTs), 342, 343f, 344, 344f Natural gas, 691, 694 See also Shale gas formation, 726f imports and exports, 728 industry, 726f ingredient, 725 liquefied, 727 schematic geology of, 728 uses of, 734–735 Navier–Stokes equations, 38, 45, 46, 142, 150, 281 NDDCTs See Natural draft dry cooling towers Near wake, 141 Netherlands Cuadrilla Resources, 824 NETL See National Energy Technology Laboratory Neural networks systems, 13–14 advantages, 14t disadvantages, 14t fuel cell control, 507 Neuro-fuzzy system, 14 New Albany Shale, Illinois Basin, 746–747 Newman’s analysis, 604 Nexen, 822 NiCd secondary battery, 569 Nickel induced crystallization (NIC), 230, 230f NIMBY See Not-In-My-Back-Yard label attached Niobrara Formation (Cretaceous), Rocky Mountain Region, USA, 752–759, 752f exploration methods, 758–759 hydrocarbon production, 756–758, 756f, 757f regional setting, 752f, 753, 753f reservoir rocks, 755–756 source rocks, 755 stratigraphy and depositional setting, 753–755, 754f Nitrous oxide emissions, 428–429 See also Greenhouse gas emissions NLCs See Nonlinear controllers Nomenclature des unit´es territoriales statistiques (NUTS), 320 Nonlinear controllers (NLCs), 181 North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources, 736 Not-In-My-Back-Yard label attached (NIMBY), 6, 70 NREL experiment, 142 Numerical discretization, 40 Numerical model actuator disc method, 143–144 actuator line method, 143, 143f aerofoil data, 142–143 atmospheric boundary layer, 144 grid, inflow, and boundary conditions actuator disc, 14, 145f actuator line, 144, 144f solver and, 142 Numerical model development and verification PV subsystem battery and LED system, 219, 219f PV array, 217–219, 218f, 218t, 219f PV/T system model development, 220–221, 220f solar thermal subsystem, 220, 220f Numerical predictions of small wind turbines, 108 boundary conditions, 109 governing equations, 108 rotor motion, 109 Numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, 10–12, 90 advantages, 12t disadvantages, 12t grid spacings, 11, 11f limiting factors of, 11–12 mesoscale, 11 planetary scale for weather forecasting, 11 synoptic scale for weather forecasting, 11 Nunavut, 813 NUTS See Nomenclature des unit´es territoriales statistiques NWP model See Numerical weather prediction (NWP) model OAEs See Oceanic anoxic events O2 /air bleeding, 519–520 Oceanic anoxic events (OAEs), 817 Ocean thermal and hydropower, 496, 496f Octopus drilling, fracking, 706, 706f Offshore wind farms, 5–6 fairness perceptions, Not-In-My-Back-Yard label attached (NIMBY), trust, www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com INDEX Offshore wind power, 70, 195 Offshore wind turbine, 81 Oil and gas regulation, hydraulic fracturing, 716–718 Oil shale, 723 industry, 723–724 mining, 724 processing, 724 resources, 723 in situ retorting, 724 surface retorting, 724 Opcon powerbox, 315, 315f Open-loop identification techniques, 169–174 Ordovician Green Point Shale, Western Newfoundland, 809–810 Ordovician Lorraine and Utica Shale, 806 Organically modified ceramics (ORMOCERS), 550 Organic Rankine cycle cycles, 311–313, 311f, 312f flash organic cycle, 312–313, 313f for geothermal application, 314–315, 314f, 315f trilateral flash cycle, 312, 312f working fluids for, 313–314, 314t Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 652 ă Ostergă otland Lower Paleozoic Basin, 818 Overvoltage protection of wind farms, 136–137 PAA See Parameter adaptation algorithm Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), 400 Packed bed TES, 352 PacWind, 106 Panicum virgatum L See Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Pan-territorial pricing, 615 Parabolic trough power plant, 237, 238f Paradox Basin, 763–768 Parameter adaptation algorithm (PAA), 185 Particle image velocimetry (PIV), 438 Passive integrated transponders (PIT), 407, 457 Passive tags, 457 Pathfinder-Plus, 242f, 244 PDF See Probability density function PDI See Power dissipation index PDPA See Phase Doppler Particle Analyzers Peak-load demand, 585 Percolated fracture model, 276 Permit-to-work system, 419–420 Persistence models, 12–13 advantage of, 12 wind data, variation in, 13t Petroleum Geologists, Shale gas and Liquids Committee Annual Report, 2014, EMD, 734–843 Petrov–Galerkin formulation, 386–387 PFT See Plant functional type Phase Doppler Particle Analyzers (PDPA), 347 PHES See Pumped hydroelectric storage Photo documentation, spillways modeling, 446 Photosynthesis, 658f Photovoltaics (PV) cells chronological development, 249–250 devices, 226, 233 first generation, 226 flow of electricity, 234 history of, 235–236 photons carry solar energy, 234 second generation, 22 sunlight into electricity, conversion of, 234 thin film solar cell technology, 22 third generation, 22–227 weather affects, 234–235 Photovoltaic subsystem, 213–214 balance of system (BOS) components, 214t circuit diagram of, 213f PV array, 213, 213f PV panel, parameters of, 214t Photovoltaic systems, 234 advantages of, 235 commercial applications of, 235 operation, 234 Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system, 212 building studying approach, 212–213, 213f PID See Proportional integral derivative Pinch point/temperature, 528 PIT See Passive integrated transponders PKN Orlen, 822 Planetary scale, weather forecasting, 11 Plant functional type (PFT), 99 Plasticized polymer electrolytes, 550 PNNL See Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Poisson model, fractures, 275 Polarity, 121 Polish Geological Institute (PGI), 815 Polskie G´ornictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo (PGNiG), 821 Polymer electrolytes, 562–562, 561f battery technology lithium metal–polymer (LMP) batteries, 560–561, 561t lithium polymer batteries, electrodes for, 557–558, 558f lithium polymer cells, 559–560, 560t characteristics, 550 dry polymer electrolytes (SPE) composite polymer electrolytes, 552–553, 552f, 553f electrochemical stability, 554 gel polymer electrolytes, 555–557, 556f ionic conductivity, 551 lithium-ion mobility, 553–554, 553f, 554f lithium salts, 551–552 ion-conducting polymer, 550 for lithium secondary batteries battery technologies, comparison, 548f gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), 549–550 Li-ion cell, 548–549, 549f multi-cell lithium polymer (LiPo) battery configurations, 548f operational parameters, 547 rechargeable, 548 solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), 549–550 Porto Energy Corp., 832 Positive net benefit, 400 Power dissipation index (PDI), 163 www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 871 872 INDEX Power factor, 601 wind turbines, 20 Power generation and cogeneration, 640, 642–648 Prandtl layer, momentum similarity in, 166 PRBS See Pseudorandom binary signals Preheating, 640 Pressure testing, conventional hydropower systems acclimation, 456–457 acoustic/radio transmitters, 457 autonomous sensor fish, 457 exposure pressures, 457 hydro system passage, 456 hypo/hyperbaric chambers, 456 juvenile Chinook salmon, 457 Mobile Aquatic Barotrauma Laboratory (MABL), 456, 456f neutral buoyancy, 456 Probability density function (PDF), 122, 275 Probable maximum flood (PMF) calculations, 439–440 ProChemTech, 721 Proportional integral derivative (PID), 182 Proppants, in hydraulic fracturing, 698 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), 509–510 based cogeneration system, 520f CO-tolerant catalysts, 519 fuel processing for, 511 high-temperature PEMFC (HT-PEMFC), 517–519 integrated, stationary and automotive applications, 520 O2 /air bleeding, 519–520 reformate gas operation, 515 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, 528 Proximity of water under pressure, work in, 421–422 Pseudorandom binary signals (PRBS), 172 Public safety related to dams and waterways, 422 Public utility districts (PUD), 400, 408 PUD See Public utility districts (PUD) Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHES) chronological development, 424 energy storage development, 424–425 management tasks, 424 pump-back facility, 423, 424f technology, 423–424, 424f PureCycle® 280 by United Technologies Corporation (UTC), 314f, 315 PV See Photovoltaics Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence (QGECE), 344, 346, 347, 348f Radio transmitters, biotelemetry, 457–458 RAMS See Regional atmospheric modeling system Random cascade model for wind speeds, 155–156 Rankine cycle, 291, 292, 295f, 298 organic, 311–315 schematic of, 311f RANS See Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) RANS CFD package, 36f Rapid thermal annealing (RTA), 229 Rathlin Energy (UK), 827 Rayleigh distribution, 157 Reactive mass exchange networks (REAMENs), 530 Realizable potential, 319 Realm Energy, 828, 831 REAMENs See Reactive mass exchange networks Rechargeable polymer electrolytes, 548 Reference environment, exergy, 629 Reformate gas operation, PEMFC, 515 Refrigerants, 206–207 Regional atmospheric modeling system (RAMS), 90–91 Relinquishments, Shale liquids and Gas in Europe, 835 Renewable electricity sources, flexible and inflexible, 587, 589 Renewable energy sources (RES), See also Biomass base-load power, 586–587 Representative elementary volume (REV), 372 RES See Renewable energy sources Reservoir simulation, methane hydrate, 683–684, 684f Reservoir water, carbon dioxide emissions, 428 Residential and small business wind (RSBW) power, 104–105 Residential-commercial sector, 635, 638 energy, 635t Retort, 723, 724 Return On Investment (ROI), 330, 331f REV See Representative elementary volume Reverse osmosis (RO) technology, 720–721 Reversible work, 293 Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS), 32, 37, 37f, 42, 42f, 46–47 Reynolds number, 282, 283, 601 Reynolds stress, 37, 42 Rhie/Chow interpolation, 142 R modules, hybrid model, 320 RO See Reverse osmosis Robust PID controller, 504 Rockbolts and shotcrete, 465 Rock cavern, 351 Rocking-chair, Li-ion, 448 Rock piles, 352 ROI See Return On Investment (ROI) Rolling sphere method (RSM), 135, 136 Romania Chevron, 823 Romgaz, 830 Rotor efficiency, 602 Rotor modeling techniques, 38 actuator discs blade element momentum (BEM) theory, 39–40 numerical discretization, 40 uniform thrust, 38 actuator lines and surfaces, 40–41, 40f direct representation, 41, 41f Rotor motion, 109 Row planting, 667 RSM See Rolling sphere method RTA See Rapid thermal annealing Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 714, 718 San Leon, 821, 822, 825, 828, 830 Saponis wells, baltic depression, 820t Savonius wind turbine, 105–106 SBL See Surface boundary layer www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com INDEX Schuepbach, 830 Schwarz inequality, 42 Scrubbers, 661 SDWA See Safe Drinking Water Act Second law of thermodynamics, 293–294 Sedimentary rocks, 692 Seedbed firmness, 665 Seeding rates and planting, 667 Sensible thermal storage See Thermal energy storage (TES) Sensor Fish, 408 Sensor fish data pressure and acceleration time history, 460, 460f pressure–time history, 459, 459f spillways, 460, –461, 461f design and operation, 458–459 drawing of, 458f micro radio transmitter, 458f in pre-deployment condition, 458f Shale gas, 689–691, 692 in China, 691, 849–854, 849f–850f, 851t, 852f–855f costs, 689 environmental risks, 689–690, 694 in Europe, 689, 814–843, 816t, 843f, 845f–847f Austria, 815 Bulgaria, 828 companies with potential interest in, 848t Croatia, 828 Denmark, 815, 817–818 England, 825–827 France, 828, 829 Germany, 815, 819, 824 Hungary, 815 Ireland, 824 Italy, 829 Netherlands, 815, 830 Poland, 815–818, 819, 824–825 resources, 815 Romania, 830 Scotland, 827–828 Spain, 823–824, 830 Sweden, 817 United Kingdom, 817, 830 Wales, 827 forecast, 694f formations, 692 horizontal drilling for, 692–693 hydraulic fracturing for, 689, 692, 693–694 importance, 692 in North America, 689 plays, 692, 693f resources, 690, 692 in United States, 690–691, 692 vs conventional gas, 694 Shale liquids in China, 849–854, 849f–850f, 851t, 852f–855f in Europe, 830–843, 836–843 Austria, 838 Bulgaria, 838 Czech Republic, 838 France, 830, 838–839 Germany, 831, 839–840 Hungary, 831 Ireland, 840 Lithuania, 831 Netherlands, 831, 840–841 Poland, 831–832, 841 Portugal, 832 Romania, 841 shale gas production, climate impact of, 837 Spain, 841–842 Sweden, 842 Switzerland, 842 unconventional gas, 837 United Kingdom, 832–833, 842–843 Shale Revolution, US, 701 Shallow geothermal systems analytical borehole heat exchanger models, 376–377 analytical soil models, 374–376, 376f ground-source heat pump (GSHP), 369–370, 370f, 371f heat equations in borehole heat exchangers, 373–374 soil mass, heat and fluid flow equations of, 371–372 numerical modeling of, 381 finite element modeling, 382–387 finite volume modeling, 387–389, 387f semi analytical models BHE heat equations, 381 eigenfunction expansions, 377 Fourier series, 377 spatial derivative of temperature, 377 spectral borehole heat exchanger model, 380–381 spectral soil model, 377–380, 378f time derivative of temperature, 377 underground thermal energy storage aquifer thermal storage (ATES), 371 duct thermal storage (DTES), 371 Shell, 818, 828, 829 Shen’s correction, 119 Sherman, David, 101 SHESA, 830 Short-term wind power forecasting, 12–13 application to, 159 forecasting performances, 160–161 H-step forward prediction, 159–160 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation (SWPC), 537 Silicon-based solar cells, 226, 227, 227f classification, 227 Siljan Ring depression, 818–819 SIMPLE method (semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations), 33–34 Simulations design, for closed-loop identification input excitation signal, 186, 186f, 187f operational conditions, 186 Single-ion-conducting polyelectrolytes, 550 Single turbine wake recovery, 30, 31f Sliding mesh formulation, 109 Slip boundary condition, 283 www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 873 874 INDEX Smagorinsky model, 43 Small business wind power, 104–105 Small wind turbines designs, 105–106, 106f fluid flow formulation for numerical predictions of, 108 boundary conditions, 109 governing equations, 108 rotor motion, 109 Smart grids, 588 Smithland lock and dam, 440, 440f Smut fungus (Tilletia maclaganii), 666 S–N curves, fatigue life calculation, 57, 57f SODAR measurement, 31 Soil mass, heat and fluid flow equations of, 371–372 Soil test, 664 Solar absorption air conditioning available technology, 208 overview, 207–208 pilot plant, 208–210, 209f, 210t energetic balance of, 210 Solar air conditioning systems advantages, 210 air refrigeration process, 206–207 diagram, 206f drawbacks, 210–211 introduction, 205–206 working principle of absorption systems, 207 adsorption systems, 207 desiccant system, 207 Solar combi-systems, 360 Solar dish/engine system, 237, 238f Solar dryers with TES, 360 Solar energy, 205, 233 benefits of, 233 chronological development, 247–248 community, 362–363, 362f, 363t and environment, 239–240 for heating and cooling of buildings, 205 limitations of, 233 power plants, 233 production of cold by, 205 resources, 237f sunshine, 233–234, 234f use, 233 Solar pond, 351 Solar-power research, 241–245 ERAST project, 245 solar challenger, 243–245 Solar power tower, 238–239, 238f Solar thermal collectors, 233, 234 concentrating collectors, 239 heating with Sun’s energy, 239 nonconcentrating collectors, 239 Solar thermal power plants types of parabolic troughs, 237 solar dish, 237 solar power tower, 24f, 238–239 uses solar energy for combustion, 236–237 Solar thermal (ST) systems, 212–213 Solar thermal subsystem, 214, 214f model, 217 physical parameters of, 215t Solid biomass, 607 Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) generation, 541–542, 541f components, 526–527 electrolyte, 526–527 fuel processor combined with SOFC–GT hybrid system, 540–541, 540f with gas turbine, 537 hydrogen production system integration, 532–537, 532f–535f processes, 530–532, 531f process integration concept analysis tool, 530 anode exhaust gas, 529 entropy production, equipartition of, 530 equipartition of forces, 530 exergy calculation, 530 heat engine, 528–529, 529f heat exchanger network (HEN), 527, 529 heat integration concept, 527 mass exchange network (MEN) synthesis, 529 mass-integrated high-temperature fuel cell plant, 530f mass pinch analysis, 529 mass separating agent (MSA), 529 minimum energy requirement (MER), 527 post-combusting unit, 530 proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, 528 reactive mass exchange networks (REAMENs), 530 temperature–enthalpy diagram, 527f thermal energy, 527 water vaporizer, 530 SOFC–GT hybrid systems, 537–540, 538f, 539f Solid phase crystallization (SPC), 229 Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), 549–550 Solid-state energy conversion alliance (SECA) program, 537 Southwestern Energy, 741 SPC See Solid phase crystallization Specific heat capacity, methane hydrate, 682, 683f Specific Heat Extraction (sHE), 319 Spectral gap, 154 Spectral soil model, 377–380, 378f Speed of wind, 195 Spillways modeling, 447f CFD tool, 445 computational grid, 446 features, 444, 444f free falling water, 445 grid refinement, 445 grid resolution, 446 initial point of contact, 446 www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com INDEX model validation, 445 photo documentation, 446 rating curve, 445–446, 445f site-specific model validation, 445 State of charge (SOC) of battery, 215, 216, 217 Statistical models, wind power prediction, 13–14 advantages, 14t disadvantages, 14t Steam ejectors, 291 Steam generation, 640 Steam-iron process, 532 Steel cooling tower, 346, 347f Steel jackets, 72 Stiftelsen Det Norske Veritas, 75 Stochastic continuum (SC) model, 280 Stochastic fracture models, 274, 276, 277f Strategic environmental assessments (SEAs), 401 Subsequent lightning stroke current, 123 Sulfate-promoted superacid zirconia, 553 Surface boundary layer (SBL), 163 matrix formalism of Vaschy–Buckingham, application of, 165–166 mean wind profiles in, 164–167 Monin–Obukhov similarity theory in, 164–167 Prandtl layer, momentum similarity in, 166 theory of similarity of Monin–Obukhov, 166–167 Vaschy–Buckingham formalism, 164–165 wind power budget in, 163–164 Surface retorting, 724 Surge, 73 Suspension load, 478 Sustainability of hydropower bank safeguards, 401 commercial banks, 402 development banks, 402 corporate responsibility instruments benchmarking, 402 certification, 402 measurement, 402 public commitments, 402–403 reporting, 402–403 stakeholder engagement, 402–403 dimensions of definition, 399 economic sustainability, 400 environmental sustainability, 400 technical sustainability, 400 international guidelines, 401 national regulations environmental and social impact assessments, 400–401 licensing and relicensing, 401 Svartsengi geothermal power plant, 265, 266f Sway, 73 Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), 664 area of occurrence, 664f cultivar origin, 666t establishing, 663 cultivar selection, 665–666 field preparation, 664 field selection, 663–664 pests, insects, and diseases, 666 planting equipment, 667–668 seedbed preparation and seeding, 665 seed quality and planting rate/date, 666–667 stand evaluation, 668 weed control, 668–669 fertilization needs lime, phosphorus, and potassium, 670 nitrogen—establishment year, 669–670 nitrogen—production years, 670 harvest management, 671–672 slow germination, 668 soil conditions at harvest, 670 stand longevity, 673 wildlife considerations, 672–673 SWPC See Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation Synoptic scale, weather forecasting, 11 Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model, 505 Talisman Energy Polska, 821 Tank-based TES, 351 TDG See Total dissolved gas Technical potential, 319 Technical sustainability, 400 Telemetry, 448 Tension leg platform (TLP), 77 TES See Thermal energy storage Texas Railroad Commission, 739 TFC See Total final consumption Theory of similarity of Monin–Obukhov, 166–167 Thermal conductivity of methane hydrate, 680–682, 681f diffusivity of methane hydrate, 682, 682f efficiency of binary cycle plants, 291 of steam plants, 291 Thermal energy storage (TES), 631 applications, 350, 632 direct, 360, 360f heat pumps, use with, 360–362 market penetration, 362 solar energy community, 362–363, 362f, 363t university energy system, 363–364, 363f, 364f, 364t benefits, 359–360, 359f design and selection, 355–356, 356t economics of, 358, 358f factors affecting, 358, 358f latent, 352–353 operation, 356–357 process, 633f quality and exergy, 357–358 selection, 350 sensible advantage, 352 aquifer, 351 characteristics, 351, 352t www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 875 876 INDEX Thermal energy storage (TES) (Continued) containers and tanks, 351 ground, 351 packed bed, 352 rock cavern, 351 rock piles, 352 solar pond, 351 tank-based, 351 types, 351f testing, 358–359 thermochemical, 353–354, 353t, 354t types, 350, 354–355, 354t, 355t Thermochemical thermal storage chemical reaction, 353 exergy analysis, 354 flat plate solar collectors, 354 MgSO4 /zeolite, 354 processes in, 354, 354t in sorption systems, 353 storage materials for, 353, 353t Thin film solar cell technology, 226 Tidal power harnessing barrage, 599 environmental impact, 594–595 European Commission, 599 government funding, 591 industrial mills, 590–591, 591f Lake Shiwha TPP site, Korea, 591f modifications at Rance, 595–596 Rance River plant aerial view, 591, 592f Rance River TPP, 592, 593f, 594f sites for TPPs, 598f tidal power-generating concept, 598 tidal power plant, 591–593, 591f–594f tide current, 596–597, 599 turbines, 596 World Energy Council, 593 tidal fences, 494 tidal turbines, 495, 495f Time domain validation in closed loop, 174 Time series, wind, 12, 12f TIP4P-FQ model, 683, 683t Tip speed ratio (TSR), 105, 107, 107f TKE See Turbulent kinetic energy TLP See Tension leg platform Torque loop control loop configuration, 171–172, 171f, 172f excitation signal design, 172, 172f identification algorithms, 173–174 output data, 172–173, 173f Total dissolved gas (TDG), 405 Total final consumption (TFC), 651 Total primary energy supply (TPES), 651 TPS See Transient-plane-source Transient-plane-source (TPS), 681, 681f Triassic Montney Shale, Western Alberta, 800 Trilateral flash cycle, 312, 312f Tripod, 72 Tropical forests, hydroelectric dams in See Greenhouse gas emissions True Oil, 830 TSR See Tip speed ratio Turbine blades, fatigue failure in, 52–67 causes of damage, detection of abrupt change of thickness, 55, 55f debonding manufacturing defects, 55–56 evaluation of problem, 56 lack of resin, 55–56 stress concentrator, local geometry of, 55 concentrator geometry, modifications in, 66, 67f damage inspection in, 52–56, 53f, 54f, 55f, 55t evaluation of fatigue life, 56, 59–61, 60f, 61f average stress of laminate, 59, 59f laminate strength evaluation, 58–59, 58t by means of simplified spectrum, 56–58, 56f, 57f, 57t finite element model of blade, 61 analysis of modifications, 62–64, 63f, 63t, 64f evaluation of results, 64, 65f original geometry, 61–62, 62f modified configurations, fatigue life estimation for, 65–66, 66t parametric study, 66, 66t Turbine Survival Program (TSP), 400–408 Turbulence intensity, 108 Turbulence viscosity ratio, 108 Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), 90 Tuscaloosa Marine Shale (Cretaceous), Gulf Coast Basin, USA, 740–741 Uinta Basin, 760–763 U.K Methane, 827 Uncorrelation test, 174 Underground powerhouses Atatăurk hydroelectric scheme and location, 467f caverns (See Caverns, underground powerhouses) cyclic water head and temperature variations, 483–484 earthquakes effect, 484–485, 484f, 485f global and local failure modes, 468f global instability, 465 hydroelectric and pumped-water energy storage schemes, 467f local instability, 465 man-made caverns, 466f Mazegawa pumped-water energy storage scheme, 468f rockbolts and shotcrete, 465 in situ stress variations, 482, 482f support members, degradation and creep properties, 483, 483f surrounding rock mass, degradation and creep properties, 482–483 Underground work, accident risk, 420–421, 421f Underwater acoustic telemetry elements of, 448–449 pressure sensor, 449 terrestrial animals, 448 transmitters, 449 verbal communication, 4449 water as communication channel, 449 www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com INDEX Underwater archeological sites, 71 UNFCCC See United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Uniform thrust, 38 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 432 United Oilfield Services (UOS), 821 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 714 United States Geological Survey (USGS), 735 University energy system, 363–364, 363f, 364f, 364t Unpercolated fracture model, 276, 278f UPMWAKE model, 32 Upper Cretaceous Colorado Group – Biogenic Gas Central Saskatchewan, 803–804 Upper Devonian Kettle Point Shale, 805 Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian Bakken, 804, 804f Upper Devonian/Lower Mississippian Horton Bluff Shale, Kennetcook Basin, 809 Upper Ordovician Macasty Shale, 806–807 Upstream velocity profiles, 440 Upward lightning, 121, 123–124, 124t US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), 400, 408, 440 US Geological Survey (USGS), 408 USGS See United States Geological Survey US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 408 US oil production (1983–2012), 702, 702f Utah Shales, USA, 760, 761f, 762f, 763, 763f, 764f, 765–768, 765f, 766f, 767f Utica Shale (Ordovician), Appalachian Basin, USA, 692, 769–781, 769f geochemistry, 772–774, 773f, 774f, 775f geology, 769–770 sites, 775, 776f–780f, 781 well activity, 770–772, 770f, 771f, 772f Vapor absorption cycle, 206–207 Vapor-dominated fields, 256, 256t Vaschy–Buckingham formalism, 164–165 application of, 165–166 VAWTs See Vertical axis wind turbines Vehicle loading rates, 654–655 Vehicular power plant and transmission, 654 Vermilion Energy, 831 Vertical-axis wind machines, 197, 198f Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs), 105–106 advantages of, 106 power correlation for, 109–114, 109f, 110f, 111t–112t case 1: q = 1.57 Radians, 112, 112f case 2: q = 0.698 Radians, 112 case 3: q = 1.92 Radians, 113 case 4: q = 2.27 Radians, 112–113 savonius turbines, 81, 82f towered turbines, 81, 82f variable-geometry power correlation for, 106–108, 107f vs HAWTs, 106 Vertical drilling, fracking, 705, 706f Vertical ground heat exchanger, 369–370 Video imaging, in fish passage, 408 877 Viewshed, Viking UK Gas, 827 Vinnicombe gap, 174 Viscoelasto-plastic, 482 Voith Hydro guidelines, 440 Volume of fluid (VOF) model, 439 Vortex particle methods, 35–36 Vorticity equation, 35 Wake, 89 characteristics, 89 far, 141 near, 141 recovery empirical methods for estimation, 31–32 single turbine, 30, 31f Waste-to-energy, 658 energy from garbage, 658–659 Water current turbines, 601 Betz analysis, 601 Betz limit, 602, 602f current turbine efficiency, 601–602 experimental verification, 602–603, 602f cavitation and multistaged turbines, 603–604, 603f, 604f ducted marine turbine concepts, 604–605, 604f free surface implications, 604, 604f Water cycle and hydropower, 492, 493f Water-dominated systems, 255, 256t Water–gas shift (WGS) reactor, 509 Wave power CETO underwater wave energy device, 495f channel, 495–496 energy in wave, 495, 495f WCSB See Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Weibull distribution, 106, 156–157 Wellto-wheels energy analysis, 651 Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), 786 Western Interior Cretaceous (WIC) Basin, 752, 752f Wet cooling towers, 332–334, 334f, 335f Wet steam fields, 255–256, 256t Whiting Oil and Gas Corporation, 738 Wilson and Walker model, 119 Wind energy, 194 as clean source of energy, 199–200 Wind farms design, 28 impacts on local meteorology, 90–94 study 1: Baidya Roy et al (2004), 90–92, 91f study 2: Baidya Roy and Traiteur (2010), 92, 93f study 3: Baidya Roy (2011), 92–94 impacts on regional and global climate, 94–101 new study, 101 study 4: Keith et al (2004), 94, 95f study 5: Kirk-Davidoff and Keith (2008), 94, 96, 96f, 97f, 98f study 6: Wang and Prinn (2010), 96, 99 study 7: Barrie and Kirk-Davidoff (2010), 99, 100f minimizing impacts, 101–102 observed impacts, 88–89, 89f www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com 878 INDEX Wind farms (Continued) observed wake effects, 28–30 offshore, 5–6 overvoltage protection of, 136–137 single turbine wake recovery, 30, 31f and turbine performance, 29, 29f, 30f turbines interaction with atmosphere, 89–90 in weather and climate models, 90 Wind generation, 10, 194 Wind harnessing international wind power, 195 offshore wind power, 195 power plants, planning of, 194–195 speed of wind, 195 wind power locations, 195 Windmill brake state models, 118 advanced brake state model, 119 classical momentum brake state model, 118–119 comparison of, 119–120, 119f, 120t modified advanced brake state model, 119 Shen’s correction, 119 Wilson and Walker model, 119 Wind power acceptance of, 4–6 budget, 163–168 chronological development, 201–202 development, dynamic effects from, 4–5 spatial relations, 4–5 viewshed, forecasting techniques, 10–18 history of in ancient Persia, 199, 199f in wake of oil shortages, 199 offshore wind farms, 5–6 renewable energy demand, residential, 104–105 small business, 104–105 socio-demographic variables, Wind Powering America Initiative Program (WPA), 81 Wind power plants, 197 international, 195 locations, 195 offshore, 195 planning of, 194–195 Wind speed probability distribution estimation, 156–159 correlations between Weibull and M-Rice parameters, 158 M-Rice distribution, 157–158 wind speed distribution law estimation, 158–159, 158f Wind turbine array boundary layer (WTABL), 44 Wind turbines (WTs), 3, 10, 80–81 acceleration factor of, 20 blades, fatigue failure in, 52–67 control design and implementation, 169–170 control loop for, 171–172, 171f, 172f drawbacks of, 200 ducted, 24–26 efficiency, 20, 167–168 environmental impact, 86 environmental objections, 85–86 in European Union, 81–82, 84 in Germany, 84 lightning protection of, 120–138 loading factor of, 20 market explosion, 85–86 in ocean, 198f power coefficient, 25 TSR, 107, 107f power factor of, 20 simulations LES models, 42–44 RANS models, 42, 42f spatial distribution of, 4–5 types of, 195, 197 horizontal-axis turbines, 197 vertical-axis turbines, 197 Wind power plants, 197 in United Kingdom, 81 in the United States, 80–82, 83f, 84, 195, 196f, 197f in USSR, 81 in viewshed, worldwide, 84 Wisent Oil & Gas, 819, 831 Wood, as biomass, 657–658 Woodford Shale, Anadarko, Arkoma, and Ardmore Basins, USA, 782–786, 783f–786f Wood waste, as biomass, 660–661 World Commission on Dams, 410 WTABL See Wind turbine array boundary layer (WTABL) WTs See Wind turbines XTO Energy, 741 Yukon’s oil and gas basins, 810–811 ZaZa Energy Corp., 831 Zeolitic inorganic–organic polymer electrolytes, 550 Zephyr vertical axis wind turbine (ZVWT), 109–110, 110f Zero discharge water management, for horizontal Shale gas well barriers, 721–722 current state of technology benefits and inadequacies of, 720–721 existing industry, 720 technologies/tools, 720 deliverables (tools, methods, instrumentation, products), 722 development strategies, 721 US domestic gas supply industry, impact on, 722 Zero (net) harm, 400 Zone melting recrystallization (ZMR), 228, 229f ZVWT See Zephyr vertical axis wind turbine www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com ... acceptance elements and a more detailed insight into the complexity of the drivers and solutions that can facilitate higher acceptance levels and vice versa Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia, ... Froude [3] and Rankine [4] for the analysis of the ship propeller The method employs the application of the mass, momentum, and mechanical energy conservation Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia, .. .ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND SHALE GAS ENCYCLOPEDIA Edited by JAY H LEHR Editor-in-Chief JACK KEELEY Senior Editor THOMAS B KINGERY Information Technology WILEY SERIES ON ENERGY www.TechnicalBooksPdf.com