welding and metal fabrication pdf

Welding and Metal Fabrication Larry Jeffus Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States i Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Welding and Metal Fabrication © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning Larry Jeffus ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Vice President, Editorial: Dave Garza Director of Learning Solutions: Sandy Clark Executive Editor: Dave Boelio Managing Editor: Larry Main Senior Product Manager: Sharon Chambliss Editorial Assistant: Jillian Borden Vice President, Marketing: Jennifer Baker Executive Marketing Manager: Deborah S Yarnell Marketing Specialist: Mark Pierro For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Professional & Career Group Customer Support, 1-800-648-7450 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Production Director: Wendy Troeger Production Manager: Mark Bernard Content Project Manager: Joan Conlon Art Director: Joy Kocsis Technology Project Manager: Christopher Catalina Library of Congress Control Number: 2010941439 ISBN-13: 978-1-4180-1374-5 ISBN-10: 1-4180-1374-9 Delmar Maxwell Drive Clifton Park, NY 12065-2919 USA Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd For your lifelong learning solutions, visit delmar.cengage.com Visit our corporate website at cengage.com Notice to the Reader Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Printed in the USA XX 13 12 11 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Preface For many welding jobs it can be as important to be able to lay out and fit up the weldment as it is to be able to weld it This textbook, therefore, combines the skills of measuring, cutting, shaping, fitting, welding, and finishing The cover photo of Welding and Metal Fabrication was taken of me in my hangar as I was making a GTA weld on tubing Aircraft tubing is used to make a number of parts for an aircraft, including the engine mount Today, many lightsport aircraft, like this KitFox, can be built and flown by individuals All of the welding equipment required to build a homebuilt light-sport aircraft is shown in the cover photo With some hand tools, a few power tools, and the welding and fabrication skills taught in this book, you too could build your own aircraft There is nothing like the feeling of freedom one experiences as the pilot of your own plane Whether you build your own aircraft or you build anything else, there is a sense of accomplishment and a great feeling of pride in being able to point at something and say, “I made that.” Over 30 years ago, I owned a welding company that made agricultural equipment, and I still look at farm equipment as I drive through the countryside to see if one of my units is out there in the field Recently, my niece was in a volleyball playoff It was being held in an empty warehouse that had been converted into a gym I proudly told my wife, “I made the ramp for cars and light trucks at the loading dock on this building.” I had made it over 20 years ago, and it was still there and being used to drive into the warehouse Not only have I fitted and welded things on my jobs, I have made parts for airplanes, barbeque grills, step and tow truck bumpers, truck racks, farm gates, wood stoves, compost bins, car jack stands, bases for power tools, toys, furniture, tools, car trailers, boat trailers, utility trailers, and hundreds of other big and small welded fabrications Welding and Metal Fabrication is designed to help you develop all of the skills to become a highly paid versatile welder In addition, it is designed to make the process of learning to weld interesting and rewarding by having everything you weld on become something you can take home and use The projects within each of the fabrication and welding chapters are designed to be functional even though the welds may be your first attempts at welding So at first not be overly critical of your welding skills, they will improve as you advance through the textbook In that way, both your fabrication skills and your welding skills will improve together This textbook is the result of my more than 45 years of welding and fabrication experience In addition to my personal experiences, I have drawn valuable welding and fitting information from many friends, colleagues, and former students I know that not everyone who learns welding and fitting will use it to earn their primary paycheck; for some it will be a hobby or part-time job For xviii Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Preface xix me, welding has not only been a lifelong, very profitable career, it has been my hobby too This is what I had in mind when I wrote this textbook In the welding field, the ability to lay out, cut out, and assemble a welded part can be as important as good welding skills This textbook is designed to give you all of the skills needed to be successful in welding The chapters fall into four general categories: • General and Background chapters cover important information that will help you work safely, be able to read drawings, and be a better all-round welding employee • Theory and Application chapters cover the equipment, materials, and procedures related to a single welding or cutting process • Fabrication and Welding chapters cover how to use each of the processes to produce a finished project and also cover related fabrication techniques • Supplemental and Technical chapters cover material that will help you solve welding problems you may encounter on the job by giving you information about other processes, metal identification, filler metal selection, and testing and certification As an example of the importance in learning proper welding skills, I offer the following true story regarding overwelding It is a common problem that often results when welders believe that if a little weld is good, then a bigger weld is probably better Overwelding is so common that it has its own term—“gorilla welding.” Gorilla welds often are referred to as strong and ugly I once subscribed to this myth It is easy to argue that they are ugly, but are they really strong? When I attended Hiwassee College in Madisonville, Tennessee, in the 1960s, I worked as a welder in a local shop that specialized in farm equipment repair welding Like many young welders, I thought I was the world’s best welder My welds never cracked I even convinced the shop owner to offer this warranty on my welds: “If our welds crack, we fix them for free.” To ensure that my welds did not fail, I made the biggest gorilla welds you have ever seen Everyone knew that if I welded it, my welds would not fail Although my welds never cracked, the base metal alongside my weld often did Cracks beside my welds meant my warrantee did not apply, so I could bill the farmer for my new welds Although I stayed busy rewelding parts with cracks alongside my welds, my customers were happy with my work because they also thought a bigger weld was better By the time a local farmer got rid of his dump trailer that I had kept “fixing” for him, there was a 3-inch wide series of welds on the hinge point Today, I realize that my welded repairs failed because of the size of the welds Often I made large welds on thin sheet metal parts that were subjected to vibration as the equipment was used in the fields Each time a crack appeared next to one of my previous welds, I would just add another weld Not all overwelding today is as blatant as mine was, but it still is a problem In addition to being costly, overwelding can produce a welded joint that cannot withstand the designed forces or vibration Overwelded joints are not as flexible, and the resulting joint stresses are focused alongside the weld, which is why cracks always appeared just alongside my welds Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it xx Preface A good rule of thumb on weld sizes is that the weld size should not be much more than the thickness of the metal being joined, and the weld should have a smooth contour with the base metal The material in this textbook is designed to give you the skills to fabricate and weld projects so you never create the same problems for your customers that I once did SUPPLEMENTS Accompanying the text is a carefully prepared supplements package, which includes an Instructor’s Guide, an Instructor Resources CD, and a Workbook The Instructor’s Guide contains chapter objectives, answers to the end of chapter review questions and answers to the questions in the Workbook The Instructor Resources CD contains PowerPoint lecture slides that present the highlights of each chapter, an ExamView computerized test bank, an electronic version of the Instructor’s Guide, and an Image Library that includes images from the text In the Workbook, each chapter includes a variety of review questions that correspond with the chapter objectives to provide a comprehensive, in-depth review of material covered in the chapter Questions include sentence completion, multiple choice, and figure-labeling exercises The Welding Principles and Practices on DVD series explains the concepts and shows the procedures students need to understand to become proficient and professional welders Four DVDs cover Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Flux Cored Arc Welding, and Oxyacetylene Welding in detail The main subject areas are further broken down into subsections on each DVD for easy comprehension The DVD set offers instructors and students the best welding multimedia learning tool at the fingertips Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents Projects xv Occupational Opportunities in Welding 12 Preface xviii Metric Units 13 Welding Video Series 15 Review Questions 15 Features of the Text xxi Acknowledgments xxiii About the Author xxiv CHAPTER CHAPTER Introduction .1 Objectives Key Terms Introduction Welding Applications Fabrication Steps Welding Defined Weld Quality Welding and Cutting Processes Gas Metal Arc Welding Flux Cored Arc Welding Shielded Metal Arc Welding Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Oxyacetylene Welding, Brazing, and Cutting 10 Thermal Cutting Processes 10 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting 10 Plasma Arc Cutting 10 Demonstrations, Practices, and Projects 11 Assembling the Parts 11 Selection of the Joining Process 12 Welding Safety 17 Objectives 17 Key Terms 17 Introduction 17 Burns 18 First-Degree Burns 18 Second-Degree Burns 18 Third-Degree Burns 19 Burns Caused by Light 19 Eye and Ear Protection 20 Face and Eye Protection 20 Ear Protection 23 Respiratory Protection 23 Ventilation 26 Forced Ventilation 26 Material Specification Data Sheet (MSDS) 27 Waste Material Disposal 27 Ladder Safety 27 Types of Ladders 27 Ladder Inspection 27 Rules for Ladder Use 28 Electrical Safety 28 Electrical Safety Systems 30 iii Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it iv Contents Voltage Warnings 31 Extension Cords 31 Safety Rules for Portable Electric Tools 32 General Work Clothing 33 Special Protective Clothing 33 Hand Protection 34 Body Protection 34 Waist and Lap Protection 34 Arm Protection 34 Leg and Foot Protection 35 Handling and Storing Cylinders 35 Securing Gas Cylinders 35 Storage Areas 35 Cylinders with Valve Protection Caps 35 General Precautions 35 Fire Protection 37 Fire Watch 37 Fire Extinguishers 37 Location of Fire Extinguishers 38 Use 39 Equipment Maintenance 39 Hoses 40 Work Area 40 Hand Tools 40 Hand Tool Safety 41 Hammer Safety 41 Power Tools 42 Grinders 42 Drills 43 Metal Cutting Machines 44 Shears and Punches 44 Cut-Off Machines 45 Band Saws 45 Material Handling 45 Lifting 45 Hoists or Cranes 45 Hauling 46 Summary 47 Review Questions 47 CHAPTER Shop Math 49 Objectives 49 Key Terms 49 Introduction 49 Types of Numbers 50 General Math Rules 51 Equations and Formulas 51 Whole Numbers 52 Adding and Subtracting Whole Numbers 52 Multiply and Divide Whole Numbers 53 Decimal Fractions 54 Adding and Subtracting Decimal Fractions 54 Multiply and Divide Decimal Fractions 54 Rounding Numbers 55 Mixed Units 56 Adding and Subtracting Mixed Units 56 Multiply and Divide Mixed Numbers 58 Fractions 59 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 59 Multiply and Divide Fractions 60 Converting Numbers 61 Converting Fractions to Decimals 62 Tolerances 62 Converting Decimals to Fractions 62 Conversion Charts 62 Measuring 64 Summary 64 Review Questions 65 CHAPTER Reading Technical Drawings 66 Objectives 66 Key Terms 66 Introduction 67 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents v Mechanical Drawings 67 Introduction 109 Lines 68 Fabrication 109 Types of Drawings 70 Special Views 72 Safety 110 Parts And Pieces 111 Dimensioning 72 Tack Welds 111 Drawing Scale 74 Reading Mechanical Drawings 75 Location and Alignment Points 113 Sketching 75 Weld Distortion 117 Erasers and Erasing 80 Layout 121 Graph Paper 80 Computers and Drawings 83 Summary 86 Review Questions 86 Nesting 126 CHAPTER Welding Joint Design, Welding Symbols 87 Objectives 87 Key Terms 87 Weld Joint Design 88 Welding Symbols 95 Indicating Types of Welds 95 Weld Location 96 Location Significance of Arrow 97 Fillet Welds 97 Plug Welds 98 Spot Welds 99 Seam Welds 100 Groove Welds 101 Backing 102 Flange Welds 103 Nondestructive Testing Symbols 103 Summary 107 Review Questions 107 CHAPTER Overall Tolerance 113 Kerf Space 128 Layout Tools 130 Material Shapes 131 Assembly 132 Assembly Tools 134 Clamps 134 Fixtures 135 Fitting 136 Summary 137 Review Questions 137 CHAPTER Welding Shop Practices 139 Objectives 139 Key Terms 139 Introduction 139 Job-Related Skills 140 Time Management 140 Teamwork 140 Planning and Thinking Ahead 140 Work Ethics 141 Conserving Materials and Supplies 141 Metal Conservation 141 Fabricating Techniques and Practices 108 Electrode Conservation 142 Objectives 108 Key Terms 108 Energy Conservation 143 Gas Conservation 143 Recycling 144 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it vi Contents General Shop Practices 144 CHAPTER Operating Equipment 144 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Plate 165 Hand Signals 144 Objectives 165 Outsourcing 146 Key Terms 165 Summary 147 Introduction 165 Review Questions 147 Electrodes 166 F3 E6010 and E6011 Electrodes 166 CHAPTER Shielded Metal Arc Equipment, Setup, and Operation 148 F2 E6012 and E6013 Electrodes 166 F4 E7016 and E7018 Electrodes 166 Objectives 148 Effect of Too High or Too Low Current Settings 166 Key Terms 148 Electrode Size and Heat 167 Introduction 148 Arc Length 168 Welding Current 149 Electrode Angle 169 Electrical Measurement 149 Electrode Manipulation 171 SMA Welding Arc Temperature and Heat 150 Practice Welds 173 Types of Currents 151 Positioning of the Welder and the Weld Plate 173 Welding Power 152 Striking an Arc 174 Open Circuit Voltage 152 Tack Welds 177 Operating Voltage 153 Stringer Beads 178 Arc Blow 153 Square Butt Joint 180 Types of Power Sources 154 Outside Corner Joint 185 Transformer-Type Welding Machines 154 Multiple Coil Welders 155 Movable Coil or Core Welders 156 Inverter Welders 156 Generator and Alternator Welders 157 Lap Joint 188 Tee Joint 193 Summary 197 Review Questions 199 Converting AC to DC 159 Duty Cycle 160 CHAPTER 10 Shielded Metal Arc Welder Accessories 160 Welding Pipe 200 Welding Cables 160 Objectives 200 Electrode Holders 161 Key Terms 200 Work Clamps 162 Introduction 200 Equipment Setup 162 Pipe and Tubing 201 Summary 163 Preparation and Fit-Up 202 Review Questions 163 Pipe Welding 205 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Appendix 795 Mild Steel (Continued) Appendix XXI ROUND TUBING TUBING OD Wall Thickness ‘A’ Gauge (mm) ‘B’ 19.05 16 19.05 14 25.40 16 25.40 14 25.40 12 25.40 11 31.75 14 31.75 12 31.75 11 33.40 14 38.10 14 38.10 12 38.10 11 42.16 14 42.16 12 42.16 10 44.45 16 44.45 11 48.26 14 48.26 10 60.33 16 60.33 14 60.33 12 73.03 12 73.03 11 73.03 10 *Approximate Weight A Appendix XXII SQUARE TUBING TUBING B Wall Thickness ‘B’ (mm) 1.65 2.11 1.65 2.11 2.77 2.84 2.11 2.77 3.05 2.11 2.11 2.77 3.18 2.11 2.84 3.43 1.65 3.05 2.11 3.43 1.65 2.11 2.84 2.84 3.18 3.43 Weight per m (kg)* 0.71 0.88 0.97 1.21 1.54 1.68 1.54 1.98 2.14 1.62 1.88 2.41 2.63 2.08 2.62 3.25 1.74 3.11 2.40 4.05 2.37 3.03 3.93 4.80 5.26 5.87 A OD Wall Thickness ‘A’ Gauge (mm) ‘B’ 12.70 16 19.05 16 19.05 14 25.40 16 25.40 14 25.40 11 31.75 16 31.75 14 31.75 11 38.10 16 38.10 14 38.10 11 38.10 4.76 38.10 6.35 *Approximate Weight B Weight per m (kg)* 0.57 0.90 1.12 1.23 1.55 2.14 1.53 1.96 2.75 1.89 2.38 3.35 4.81 6.06 Wall Thickness ‘B’ (mm) 1.65 1.65 2.11 1.65 2.11 3.05 1.65 2.11 3.05 1.65 2.11 3.05 4.78 6.35 Appendix XXIII C RECTANGULAR TUBING A TUBING B Side ‘A’ (mm) 25.4 38.1 38.1 38.1 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 63.5 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 Side ‘B’ (mm) 6.35 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 38.10 38.10 38.10 25.40 25.40 25.40 38.10 38.10 38.10 50.80 50.80 50.80 Wall Thickness Wall Thickness ‘C’ Gauge ‘C’ (mm) (mm) 1.65 16 11 3.05 2.11 14 16 1.65 1.65 16 2.11 14 11 3.05 3.05 11 2.11 14 14 2.11 2.77 12 2.11 14 16 1.65 3.05 11 4.78 4.76 14 2.11 6.35 6.35 4.78 4.76 11 3.05 Weight per m (kg)* 0.85 2.74 1.97 1.53 1.86 2.38 3.35 3.96 3.22 2.74 4.07 3.65 2.47 5.41 7.55 4.07 10.59 8.33 5.78 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 796 Appendix Mild Steel (Continued) Appendix XXIV Appendix XXVI A SQUARE BAR ROD BAR STOCK SQUARE STOCK ANGLE IRON BAR ANGLE ANGLE C A B Dimension 'A' Weight per m (mm) (k)* 12.70 1.27 15.88 1.98 19.05 2.85 22.23 3.88 25.40 5.06 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXV A ROUND BAR ROD BAR STOCK ROUND STOCK Weight per m Diameter 'A' (kg)* (mm) 0.25 6.35 0.39 7.94 0.57 9.53 1.00 12.70 1.27 14.29 1.55 15.88 2.23 19.05 3.05 22.23 3.98 25.40 *Approximate Weight Dimension 'A' (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 25.40 25.40 31.75 31.75 31.75 38.10 38.10 38.10 44.45 44.45 44.45 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 Dimension 'B' (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 25.40 25.40 31.75 31.75 31.75 38.10 38.10 38.10 44.45 44.45 44.45 38.10 38.10 38.10 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 Thickness ‘C’ (mm) 3.18 3.18 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 9.53 Weight per m (kg)* 0.57 0.88 1.19 1.73 2.22 1.50 2.20 2.86 1.83 2.68 3.49 2.14 3.16 4.13 2.14 3.16 4.13 2.46 3.63 4.75 7.00 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 796 Appendix Mild Steel (Continued) Appendix XXIV Appendix XXVI A SQUARE BAR ROD BAR STOCK SQUARE STOCK ANGLE IRON BAR ANGLE ANGLE C A B Dimension 'A' Weight per m (mm) (k)* 12.70 1.27 15.88 1.98 19.05 2.85 22.23 3.88 25.40 5.06 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXV A ROUND BAR ROD BAR STOCK ROUND STOCK Weight per m Diameter 'A' (kg)* (mm) 0.25 6.35 0.39 7.94 0.57 9.53 1.00 12.70 1.27 14.29 1.55 15.88 2.23 19.05 3.05 22.23 3.98 25.40 *Approximate Weight Dimension 'A' (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 25.40 25.40 31.75 31.75 31.75 38.10 38.10 38.10 44.45 44.45 44.45 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 Dimension 'B' (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 25.40 25.40 31.75 31.75 31.75 38.10 38.10 38.10 44.45 44.45 44.45 38.10 38.10 38.10 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 Thickness ‘C’ (mm) 3.18 3.18 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 9.53 Weight per m (kg)* 0.57 0.88 1.19 1.73 2.22 1.50 2.20 2.86 1.83 2.68 3.49 2.14 3.16 4.13 2.14 3.16 4.13 2.46 3.63 4.75 7.00 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 796 Appendix Mild Steel (Continued) Appendix XXIV Appendix XXVI A SQUARE BAR ROD BAR STOCK SQUARE STOCK ANGLE IRON BAR ANGLE ANGLE C A B Dimension 'A' Weight per m (mm) (k)* 12.70 1.27 15.88 1.98 19.05 2.85 22.23 3.88 25.40 5.06 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXV A ROUND BAR ROD BAR STOCK ROUND STOCK Weight per m Diameter 'A' (kg)* (mm) 0.25 6.35 0.39 7.94 0.57 9.53 1.00 12.70 1.27 14.29 1.55 15.88 2.23 19.05 3.05 22.23 3.98 25.40 *Approximate Weight Dimension 'A' (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 25.40 25.40 31.75 31.75 31.75 38.10 38.10 38.10 44.45 44.45 44.45 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 Dimension 'B' (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 25.40 25.40 31.75 31.75 31.75 38.10 38.10 38.10 44.45 44.45 44.45 38.10 38.10 38.10 50.80 50.80 50.80 50.80 Thickness ‘C’ (mm) 3.18 3.18 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 3.18 4.76 6.35 9.53 Weight per m (kg)* 0.57 0.88 1.19 1.73 2.22 1.50 2.20 2.86 1.83 2.68 3.49 2.14 3.16 4.13 2.14 3.16 4.13 2.46 3.63 4.75 7.00 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Appendix 797 Mild Steel (Continued) Appendix XXVII Appendix XXVIII A CHANNEL IRON STANDARD CHANNEL CHANNEL C B Web Width Leg Height ‘A’ ‘B’ (mm) (mm) 76.2 34.42 76.2 35.81 76.2 38.05 76.2 40.54 101.6 39.62 101.6 40.23 101.6 41.83 101.6 43.71 127.0 44.45 127.0 47.88 152.4 48.77 152.4 51.66 152.4 54.79 177.8 53.09 203.2 57.40 203.2 59.51 203.2 64.19 *Approximate Weight A Web Thickness ‘C’ (mm) 3.30 4.32 6.55 9.04 3.56 4.67 6.27 8.15 4.83 8.26 5.08 7.98 11.10 5.33 5.59 7.70 12.37 Weight per m (kg)* 5.21 6.11 7.45 8.94 6.70 8.04 9.31 10.80 9.98 13.41 12.21 15.64 19.36 14.60 17.13 20.48 27.93 I-BEAM STANDARD BEAM D C B Web Size Flange Width Flange Thickness ‘C’ Thickness‘D’ 'A' ‘B’ (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 59.18 4.32 6.60 76.2 63.73 8.86 6.60 76.2 4.90 7.44 67.64 101.6 7.44 71.02 8.28 101.6 8.28 5.44 127.0 76.30 4.34 2.90 152.4 46.84 5.89 9.12 152.4 84.63 11.81 9.63 152.4 90.55 10.80 203.2 101.63 6.88 10.80 105.94 11.20 203.2 5.23 68.33 3.99 254.0 118.39 7.90 12.47 254.0 125.58 15.09 12.47 254.0 *Approximate Weight Weight per m (kg)* 8.49 11.17 11.47 14.15 14.90 6.55 18.62 25.69 27.41 34.26 13.41 37.83 52.13 Appendix XXIX REBAR REINFORCING ROD Bar # Diameter (mm) #3 9.53 #4 12.70 #5 15.88 #6 19.05 #7 22.23 #8 25.40 #9 28.58 #10 31.75 *Approximate Weight Weight per m (kg)* 0.56 0.99 1.55 2.24 3.04 3.98 5.06 6.40 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Appendix 797 Mild Steel (Continued) Appendix XXVII Appendix XXVIII A CHANNEL IRON STANDARD CHANNEL CHANNEL C B Web Width Leg Height ‘A’ ‘B’ (mm) (mm) 76.2 34.42 76.2 35.81 76.2 38.05 76.2 40.54 101.6 39.62 101.6 40.23 101.6 41.83 101.6 43.71 127.0 44.45 127.0 47.88 152.4 48.77 152.4 51.66 152.4 54.79 177.8 53.09 203.2 57.40 203.2 59.51 203.2 64.19 *Approximate Weight A Web Thickness ‘C’ (mm) 3.30 4.32 6.55 9.04 3.56 4.67 6.27 8.15 4.83 8.26 5.08 7.98 11.10 5.33 5.59 7.70 12.37 Weight per m (kg)* 5.21 6.11 7.45 8.94 6.70 8.04 9.31 10.80 9.98 13.41 12.21 15.64 19.36 14.60 17.13 20.48 27.93 I-BEAM STANDARD BEAM D C B Web Size Flange Width Flange Thickness ‘C’ Thickness‘D’ 'A' ‘B’ (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 59.18 4.32 6.60 76.2 63.73 8.86 6.60 76.2 4.90 7.44 67.64 101.6 7.44 71.02 8.28 101.6 8.28 5.44 127.0 76.30 4.34 2.90 152.4 46.84 5.89 9.12 152.4 84.63 11.81 9.63 152.4 90.55 10.80 203.2 101.63 6.88 10.80 105.94 11.20 203.2 5.23 68.33 3.99 254.0 118.39 7.90 12.47 254.0 125.58 15.09 12.47 254.0 *Approximate Weight Weight per m (kg)* 8.49 11.17 11.47 14.15 14.90 6.55 18.62 25.69 27.41 34.26 13.41 37.83 52.13 Appendix XXIX REBAR REINFORCING ROD Bar # Diameter (mm) #3 9.53 #4 12.70 #5 15.88 #6 19.05 #7 22.23 #8 25.40 #9 28.58 #10 31.75 *Approximate Weight Weight per m (kg)* 0.56 0.99 1.55 2.24 3.04 3.98 5.06 6.40 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Appendix 797 Mild Steel (Continued) Appendix XXVII Appendix XXVIII A CHANNEL IRON STANDARD CHANNEL CHANNEL C B Web Width Leg Height ‘A’ ‘B’ (mm) (mm) 76.2 34.42 76.2 35.81 76.2 38.05 76.2 40.54 101.6 39.62 101.6 40.23 101.6 41.83 101.6 43.71 127.0 44.45 127.0 47.88 152.4 48.77 152.4 51.66 152.4 54.79 177.8 53.09 203.2 57.40 203.2 59.51 203.2 64.19 *Approximate Weight A Web Thickness ‘C’ (mm) 3.30 4.32 6.55 9.04 3.56 4.67 6.27 8.15 4.83 8.26 5.08 7.98 11.10 5.33 5.59 7.70 12.37 Weight per m (kg)* 5.21 6.11 7.45 8.94 6.70 8.04 9.31 10.80 9.98 13.41 12.21 15.64 19.36 14.60 17.13 20.48 27.93 I-BEAM STANDARD BEAM D C B Web Size Flange Width Flange Thickness ‘C’ Thickness‘D’ 'A' ‘B’ (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) 59.18 4.32 6.60 76.2 63.73 8.86 6.60 76.2 4.90 7.44 67.64 101.6 7.44 71.02 8.28 101.6 8.28 5.44 127.0 76.30 4.34 2.90 152.4 46.84 5.89 9.12 152.4 84.63 11.81 9.63 152.4 90.55 10.80 203.2 101.63 6.88 10.80 105.94 11.20 203.2 5.23 68.33 3.99 254.0 118.39 7.90 12.47 254.0 125.58 15.09 12.47 254.0 *Approximate Weight Weight per m (kg)* 8.49 11.17 11.47 14.15 14.90 6.55 18.62 25.69 27.41 34.26 13.41 37.83 52.13 Appendix XXIX REBAR REINFORCING ROD Bar # Diameter (mm) #3 9.53 #4 12.70 #5 15.88 #6 19.05 #7 22.23 #8 25.40 #9 28.58 #10 31.75 *Approximate Weight Weight per m (kg)* 0.56 0.99 1.55 2.24 3.04 3.98 5.06 6.40 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 798 Appendix 302, 304, and 316 Stainless Steel Appendix XXX FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (inch) 1/8 B Width ‘B’ (inch) Weight per Foot (pound)* 213 319 425 638 850 1.06 1.28 319 478 638 957 1.28 1.59 1.91 425 636 850 1.28 1.70 2.12 2.55 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 1/4 Appendix XXXII *Approximate Weight FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (mm) 3.18 B Width ‘B’ (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 4.76 6.35 Weight per m (kg)* 0.317 0.475 0.633 0.950 1.266 1.579 1.907 0.475 0.712 0.950 1.425 1.907 2.368 2.845 0.633 0.947 1.266 1.907 2.532 3.158 3.798 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXI Appendix XXXIII PLATE PLATE A Weight per Square Foot Thickness 'A' (lb)* (inch) 5.323 1/8 7.985 3/16 10.646 1/4 13.308 5/16 15.968 3/8 21.291 1/2 26.614 5/8 31.937 3/4 42.582 *Approximate Weight A Weight per Square m Thickness 'A' (kg)* (mm) 7.93 3.18 11.89 4.76 15.86 6.35 19.82 7.94 23.78 9.53 31.71 12.70 39.64 15.88 47.57 19.05 63.43 25.40 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 798 Appendix 302, 304, and 316 Stainless Steel Appendix XXX FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (inch) 1/8 B Width ‘B’ (inch) Weight per Foot (pound)* 213 319 425 638 850 1.06 1.28 319 478 638 957 1.28 1.59 1.91 425 636 850 1.28 1.70 2.12 2.55 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 1/4 Appendix XXXII *Approximate Weight FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (mm) 3.18 B Width ‘B’ (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 4.76 6.35 Weight per m (kg)* 0.317 0.475 0.633 0.950 1.266 1.579 1.907 0.475 0.712 0.950 1.425 1.907 2.368 2.845 0.633 0.947 1.266 1.907 2.532 3.158 3.798 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXI Appendix XXXIII PLATE PLATE A Weight per Square Foot Thickness 'A' (lb)* (inch) 5.323 1/8 7.985 3/16 10.646 1/4 13.308 5/16 15.968 3/8 21.291 1/2 26.614 5/8 31.937 3/4 42.582 *Approximate Weight A Weight per Square m Thickness 'A' (kg)* (mm) 7.93 3.18 11.89 4.76 15.86 6.35 19.82 7.94 23.78 9.53 31.71 12.70 39.64 15.88 47.57 19.05 63.43 25.40 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 798 Appendix 302, 304, and 316 Stainless Steel Appendix XXX FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (inch) 1/8 B Width ‘B’ (inch) Weight per Foot (pound)* 213 319 425 638 850 1.06 1.28 319 478 638 957 1.28 1.59 1.91 425 636 850 1.28 1.70 2.12 2.55 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 1/4 Appendix XXXII *Approximate Weight FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (mm) 3.18 B Width ‘B’ (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 4.76 6.35 Weight per m (kg)* 0.317 0.475 0.633 0.950 1.266 1.579 1.907 0.475 0.712 0.950 1.425 1.907 2.368 2.845 0.633 0.947 1.266 1.907 2.532 3.158 3.798 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXI Appendix XXXIII PLATE PLATE A Weight per Square Foot Thickness 'A' (lb)* (inch) 5.323 1/8 7.985 3/16 10.646 1/4 13.308 5/16 15.968 3/8 21.291 1/2 26.614 5/8 31.937 3/4 42.582 *Approximate Weight A Weight per Square m Thickness 'A' (kg)* (mm) 7.93 3.18 11.89 4.76 15.86 6.35 19.82 7.94 23.78 9.53 31.71 12.70 39.64 15.88 47.57 19.05 63.43 25.40 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 798 Appendix 302, 304, and 316 Stainless Steel Appendix XXX FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (inch) 1/8 B Width ‘B’ (inch) Weight per Foot (pound)* 213 319 425 638 850 1.06 1.28 319 478 638 957 1.28 1.59 1.91 425 636 850 1.28 1.70 2.12 2.55 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 1/4 Appendix XXXII *Approximate Weight FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (mm) 3.18 B Width ‘B’ (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 4.76 6.35 Weight per m (kg)* 0.317 0.475 0.633 0.950 1.266 1.579 1.907 0.475 0.712 0.950 1.425 1.907 2.368 2.845 0.633 0.947 1.266 1.907 2.532 3.158 3.798 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXI Appendix XXXIII PLATE PLATE A Weight per Square Foot Thickness 'A' (lb)* (inch) 5.323 1/8 7.985 3/16 10.646 1/4 13.308 5/16 15.968 3/8 21.291 1/2 26.614 5/8 31.937 3/4 42.582 *Approximate Weight A Weight per Square m Thickness 'A' (kg)* (mm) 7.93 3.18 11.89 4.76 15.86 6.35 19.82 7.94 23.78 9.53 31.71 12.70 39.64 15.88 47.57 19.05 63.43 25.40 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Appendix 799 1100, 6062, and 6063 Aluminum Appendix XXXIV FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (inch) 1/8 B Width ‘B’ (inch) 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 1/4 Appendix XXXVI Weight per Foot (pound)* 073 110 147 220 294 367 441 110 165 220 330 441 551 660 147 220 294 441 587 734 881 A Thickness ‘A’ (mm) 3.18 B Width ‘B’ (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 4.76 6.35 Weight per m (kg)* 0.109 0.164 0.219 0.328 0.438 0.547 0.657 0.164 0.246 0.328 0.492 0.657 0.821 0.983 0.219 0.328 0.438 0.657 0.874 1.093 1.312 *Approximate Weight *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXV PLATE FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Weight per Square Foot Thickness 'A' (lb)* (inch) 1.76 1/8 2.64 3/16 3.53 1/4 4.42 5/16 5.29 3/8 7.06 1/2 8.82 5/8 10.58 3/4 14.11 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXVII PLATE Thickness 'A' (mm) 3.18 4.76 6.35 7.94 9.53 12.70 15.88 19.05 25.40 A Weight per Square m (kg)* 2.62 3.93 5.26 6.58 7.88 10.52 13.14 15.76 21.02 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Appendix 799 1100, 6062, and 6063 Aluminum Appendix XXXIV FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (inch) 1/8 B Width ‘B’ (inch) 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 1/4 Appendix XXXVI Weight per Foot (pound)* 073 110 147 220 294 367 441 110 165 220 330 441 551 660 147 220 294 441 587 734 881 A Thickness ‘A’ (mm) 3.18 B Width ‘B’ (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 4.76 6.35 Weight per m (kg)* 0.109 0.164 0.219 0.328 0.438 0.547 0.657 0.164 0.246 0.328 0.492 0.657 0.821 0.983 0.219 0.328 0.438 0.657 0.874 1.093 1.312 *Approximate Weight *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXV PLATE FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Weight per Square Foot Thickness 'A' (lb)* (inch) 1.76 1/8 2.64 3/16 3.53 1/4 4.42 5/16 5.29 3/8 7.06 1/2 8.82 5/8 10.58 3/4 14.11 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXVII PLATE Thickness 'A' (mm) 3.18 4.76 6.35 7.94 9.53 12.70 15.88 19.05 25.40 A Weight per Square m (kg)* 2.62 3.93 5.26 6.58 7.88 10.52 13.14 15.76 21.02 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Appendix 799 1100, 6062, and 6063 Aluminum Appendix XXXIV FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (inch) 1/8 B Width ‘B’ (inch) 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 1/4 Appendix XXXVI Weight per Foot (pound)* 073 110 147 220 294 367 441 110 165 220 330 441 551 660 147 220 294 441 587 734 881 A Thickness ‘A’ (mm) 3.18 B Width ‘B’ (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 4.76 6.35 Weight per m (kg)* 0.109 0.164 0.219 0.328 0.438 0.547 0.657 0.164 0.246 0.328 0.492 0.657 0.821 0.983 0.219 0.328 0.438 0.657 0.874 1.093 1.312 *Approximate Weight *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXV PLATE FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Weight per Square Foot Thickness 'A' (lb)* (inch) 1.76 1/8 2.64 3/16 3.53 1/4 4.42 5/16 5.29 3/8 7.06 1/2 8.82 5/8 10.58 3/4 14.11 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXVII PLATE Thickness 'A' (mm) 3.18 4.76 6.35 7.94 9.53 12.70 15.88 19.05 25.40 A Weight per Square m (kg)* 2.62 3.93 5.26 6.58 7.88 10.52 13.14 15.76 21.02 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Appendix 799 1100, 6062, and 6063 Aluminum Appendix XXXIV FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Thickness ‘A’ (inch) 1/8 B Width ‘B’ (inch) 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1 1/2 2 1/2 3/16 1/4 Appendix XXXVI Weight per Foot (pound)* 073 110 147 220 294 367 441 110 165 220 330 441 551 660 147 220 294 441 587 734 881 A Thickness ‘A’ (mm) 3.18 B Width ‘B’ (mm) 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 12.70 19.05 25.40 38.10 50.80 63.50 76.20 4.76 6.35 Weight per m (kg)* 0.109 0.164 0.219 0.328 0.438 0.547 0.657 0.164 0.246 0.328 0.492 0.657 0.821 0.983 0.219 0.328 0.438 0.657 0.874 1.093 1.312 *Approximate Weight *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXV PLATE FLAT BAR BAR STRAPPING FLATS A Weight per Square Foot Thickness 'A' (lb)* (inch) 1.76 1/8 2.64 3/16 3.53 1/4 4.42 5/16 5.29 3/8 7.06 1/2 8.82 5/8 10.58 3/4 14.11 *Approximate Weight Appendix XXXVII PLATE Thickness 'A' (mm) 3.18 4.76 6.35 7.94 9.53 12.70 15.88 19.05 25.40 A Weight per Square m (kg)* 2.62 3.93 5.26 6.58 7.88 10.52 13.14 15.76 21.02 *Approximate Weight Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ... fabrication • Metal fabrication is the building, shaping, and assembling of a product, equipment, or machine from raw metal stock Metal fabrication can be done using rivets, bolts, welding, and. .. Chart of Welding and Allied Processes The most popular welding processes are gas metal arc welding( GMAW) , flux cored arc welding (FCAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding. .. Gas Metal Arc Welding Flux Cored Arc Welding Shielded Metal Arc Welding Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Oxyacetylene Welding, Brazing, and Cutting