Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook Peter RN Childs Second edition www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States © 2019 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-08-102367-9 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Matthew Deans Acquisition Editor: Brian Guerin Editorial Project Manager: John Leonard Production Project Manager: R.Vijay Bharath Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen Typeset by SPi Global, India www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Preface to the second edition This edition of the Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook has been extensively updated Each chapter has been reviewed and developed Chapters and dealing with the design process and specification have been updated with a development of the total design process and an introduction to project management Chapter has been revised substantially incorporating developments in creativity and ideation processes relevant to engineering Chapter has been further developed to illustrate the scope and context of machine elements Chapters and introducing the first of the machine elements to be considered in detail, bearings, have been expanded to include flow charts illustrating the design of boundary lubricated, hydrodynamic and ball bearings The introductory and extended worked examples have been retained throughout the chapters on machine elements in the book to enable the reader to follow the detailed analysis and associated design decisions Chapter addressing shaft design has been expanded to include consideration of a factor of safety according to the DE Goodman, DE Gerber, DE ASME elliptic and DE Soderberg criteria Chapters 8–11 introducing gears have been expanded to include flow charts for the selection of spur gears, and the calculation of bending and contact stresses, and the design of gear sets using the AGMA equations Similarly Chapter 13 introducing belt and chain drives has been extended with flow charts for the selection and design of wedge and synchronous belts, and roller chain drives Chapter 14 on seals has been updated to include additional examples Chapter 15 has been extended to include selection and design flow charts for helical compression spring and helical extension spring design Chapters 16–18 have been extended with additional examples of various fastener, wire rope, and pneumatic and hydraulic technologies, respectively Three short case studies have been included in Chapter 19 illustrating the importance of a detailed consideration of tolerancing in precision engineering Chapter 20 is a new chapter providing an overview of a diverse range of machine elements as building blocks for mechanism design Throughout the text an additional 100 or so images have been included in order to aid the reader in becoming familiar with the technology being considered Mechanical engineering design is an engaging subject area with many applications and this major revision has been a pleasurable undertaking enabling implementation of many updates from my engineering and design practice and associated interactions I hope this text is able to aid the reader in the development of understanding of the principles and associated technology and in its implementation in worthwhile innovations and applications www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Acknowledgements I have the delight of having developed and practised my design and engineering skills and their application with so many impressive individuals and organisations I would like to thank my colleagues at Imperial College London and Q-Bot Ltd, and former colleagues from the University of Sussex for their extensive support and patience through the years Without the chance to practise engineering and design on exciting and ambitious commercial applications and research projects, the opportunity to develop knowledge is limited I have had the privilege of working with diverse companies and organisations including Rolls-Royce plc, Alstom, Snecma, DaimlerChrysler, BMW, MTU, Volvo, Johnson Matthey, Siemens, Industriales Turbinas Propulsores, Fiat Avio, Airbus, Ricardo Consulting Engineers, Ford, Rio Tinto, McLaren, Dyson, Naked Energy and Q-Bot Ltd, Innovate UK, the EPSRC and Horizon 2020 I would like to thank the engineers, designers and managers from these companies and organisations for the opportunity to engage in such exciting technologies Several colleagues in particular have been very helpful in the implementation of this edition including Shayan Sharifi and Andy Brand who assisted with proof reading, Ben Cobley and Ruth Carter who assisted with several of the images Many collaborators and companies have kindly given permission to include key images to aid in the effective presentation of this book and this is gratefully acknowledged Finally, I would like to thank my wife Caroline for her patience over the last year when I have expended a significant number of hours working on this project Peter Childs Professor and Head of School, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Design Chapter Outline 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The design process 1.2.1 Case Study 1.3 Total design 10 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Need/Opportunity Analysis 12 Specification 12 Conceptual Design 12 Detailed Design 13 Manufacturing And Production 13 Sustainable Enterprise 14 Total Design Information Flows And Activities 15 Systematic design 16 Double diamond 19 Conceive, design, implement, operate 19 Design for six sigma 20 Design optimisation 21 Project management 23 1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4 1.9.5 1.9.6 The Traditional Approach 25 PRINCE and PRINCE2 32 Waterfall 33 Das V Modell 36 Stage-Gate 36 Agile 39 1.10 Design reviews 41 1.11 The technology base 41 1.12 Conclusions 44 References 44 Standards 46 Websites 46 Further reading 47 Abbreviations BS CDIO CDR CTP British Standard conceive, design, implement, operate critical design review critical to process Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102367-9.00001-9 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook CTQ DFA DFM DFSS DMADV DoE ERP FMEA ID IDOV ISO KPI MDO PDS PID QFD PDR PLR PRINCE R&D SDR SMART XP 1.1 critical to quality design for assembly design for manufacture design for six sigma design, measure, analyse, design, verify design of experiments Enterprise resource planning failure mode and effects analysis Identifier identify, design, optimise, verify International Organisation for Standardisation key point indicator multiobjective design optimisation product design specification project initiation document quality function deployment preliminary design review Postlaunch review Projects IN Controlled Environments research and development system design review specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound extreme programming Introduction The aims of this book are to present an overview of the design process and to introduce the technology and selection of a number of specific machine elements that are fundamental to a wide range of mechanical engineering design applications This chapter introduces the design process from an inventor’s perspective and double diamond to more formal models such as ‘total design’ and systematic approaches to design The chapter introduces a series of approaches to project management and concludes with an overview of the technology base serving as building blocks for machinery and mechanical design The term design is popularly used to refer to an object’s aesthetic appearance with specific reference to its form or outward appearance as well as its function For example we often refer to designer clothes, design icons and beautiful cars, and examples of some classically acclaimed vehicles are given in Figs 1.1 and 1.2 In these examples it is both visual impact, appealing to our visual perception, and the concept of function, that the product will fulfil a range of requirements, which are important in defining so-called good design The word ‘design’ is used as both a noun and a verb and carries a wide range of context-sensitive meanings and associations George Cox (2005) stated “Design is what links creativity and innovation It shapes ideas to become practical and attractive propositions for users or customers Design may be described as creativity deployed to a specific end.” The word design has its roots in the Latin word ‘designare’, which means to designate or mark out Design can be taken to mean all the processes of conception, invention, visualisation, calculation, refinement and specification of details www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Design Fig 1.1 Piaggio’s Vespa launched in 1946 The Vespa was an early example of monocoque construction where the skin and frame are combined as a single construction to provide appropriate rigidity and mounting for the vehicle’s components and riders that determine the form of a product Design generally begins with either a need or requirement or, alternatively, an idea It can end with a set of drawings or computer representations and other information that enables a product to be manufactured, a service or system realised and utilised While recognising that there are no widely accepted single definitions, to clarify what the term design means the following statement can provide a basis Design is the process of conceiving, developing and realising products, artefacts, processes, systems, services, platforms and experiences with the aim of fulfilling identified or perceived needs or desires typically working within defined or negotiated constraints This process may draw upon and synthesise principles, knowledge, methods skills and tools from a broad spectrum of disciplines depending on the nature of the design initiative and activity Design can also be regarded as ‘the total activity necessary to www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook provide a product or process to meet a market need’ This definition comes from the SEED (Sharing Experience in Engineering Design, now DESIG the Design Education Special Interest Group of the Design Society) model, see Pugh (1990) According to a Royal Academy of Engineering document, engineering can be defined as The discipline, art and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social and practical knowledge to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realise solutions to the needs of society This definition is not attributed to a single individual and ABET (2011), the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the National Academy of Engineering (2004) all have similar definitions for engineering involving the application of scientific and mathematic principles to design The following statement provides an indication of the scope of engineering Engineering is the application of scientific and mathematic principles in combination with professional and domain knowledge, to design, develop and deliver artefacts, products and systems to realise a societal, commercial or organisation requirement or opportunity The terms ‘engineering design’ and ‘design engineering’ are often used interchangeably The inclusion of the word engineering in both suggests that they involve the application of scientific and mathematical knowledge and principles It may be useful to think of ‘engineering design’ sitting alongside ‘engineering science’ as the strand of engineering that is concerned with application, designing, manufacture and building Design engineering suggests a process in which engineering (scientific and mathematical) approaches are applied in the realisation of activities that began with a design concept or proposal (Childs and Pennington, 2015) However such distinctions remain subtle and subject to context 1.2 The design process Design processes abound and have been widely documented, with many design schools, consultancies and engineering corporations developing their own brand of approaches (see, e.g Clarkson and Eckert 2005) Commonly cited methods include the educational approach CDIO (conceive, develop, implement, operate), total design, double diamond, concurrent engineering, six sigma, MDO (multiobjective design optimisation) and gated reviews Design processes can be broadly categorised as activity-based, involving generation, analysis and evaluation, and stage-based, involving distinct phases of, for example, task clarification and conceptual design It is also widely recognised that experienced practitioners approach design in a different manner to novice designers (see, e.g Bj€ orklund 2013) www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Mechanisms 949 and end of life and circular economy considerations, if following a total design methodology In the development of a mechanism, it can be helpful to recognise that engineering design is often a tactile, visual, verbal, cerebral and physical activity Whether learning or developing ideas, it can be useful to play and fiddle with parts, sketch ideas, create physical and analytical models to identify opportunities and test possible strategies, detail the machine using all the skills and tools at your disposal, and to build and test your machines Such an approach, using conceptualisation, modelling and prototyping can help ensure the viability of the mechanism in practice References Books and papers Akbari, S., Pirbodaghi, T., 2017 Precision positioning using a novel six axes compliant nanomanipulator Microsyst Technol 23, 2499–2507 Brown, H.T., 1901 507 Mechanical Movements, 19th edition Brown and Seward Dover edition, 2005 Cali, M., Sequenzia, G., Oliveri, S.M., Fatuzzo, G., 2016 Meshing angles evaluation of silent chain drive by numerical analysis and experimental test Meccanica 51, 475–489 Chironis, N.P., 1965 Mechanisms, Linkages and Mechanical Controls McGraw Hill Culpepper, M.L., Anderson, G., 2004 Design of a low-cost nano-manipulator which utilizes a monolithic, spatial compliant mechanism Precis Eng 28, 469–482 den Hartog, J.P., 1961 Mechanics Courier Corporation Dover edition 2003 Du, R., Xie, L., 2012 The Mechanics of Mechanical Watches and Clocks Springer Eksergian, R., 1943 The fluid torque converter and coupling J Franklin Inst 235, 441–478 Halderman, J.D., Mitchell, C.D., 2016 Automotive Brake Systems Prentice Hall Hrones, J.A., Nelson, G.L., 1951 Analysis of the Four-Bar Linkage: Its Application to the Synthesis of Mechanisms Wiley Jagtap, M.D., Gaikwad, B.D., Pawar, P.M., 2014 Study of roller conveyor chain strip under tensile loading IJMER 4, 2249–6645 Liu, Y., Xu, Q., 2015 In: Design and analysis of a large-range micro-gripper.IEEE International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO), pp 55–58 McCarthy, J.M., Soh, G.S., 2010 Geometric Design of Linkages, second ed Springer Meng, F., Li, C., Cheng, Y., 2007 Proper conditions of meshing for Hy-Vo silent chain and sprocket Chin J Mech Eng 20, 57–59 Nguyen Duc Thang, https://www.youtube.com/user/thang010146/videos (Accessed 10 June 2018) Norton, R.L., 2009 Cam Design and Manufacturing Handbook, second ed Industrial Press Renold Power Transmission, 2010 Transmision chain Installation, maintenance and designer guide http://www.renold.com/media/165418/Transmission-I-and-M-REN12-ENG-10-10 pdf (Accessed 10 June 2018) Sclater, N., 2011 Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook, fifth ed McGraw Hill Serway, R.A., Jewett, J.W., 2018 Physics for Scientists and Engineers, tenth ed Brooks Cole Simionescu, P., 2017 Optimum synthesis of oscillating slide actuators for mechatronic applications J Comput Des Eng Todd, P., Mueller, D., Fichter, E., 2014 Atlas of the Four-Bar Linkage, second ed Saltire Software Wilson, C.E., Sadler, J.P., 2003 Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery, third ed Pearson 950 Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook Websites At the time of going to press the World Wide Web contained useful information relating to this chapter at the following sites: 507movements.com/ mechanicaldesign101.com/ www.geogebra.org/m/uaguEEM8 www.hackaday.com/ www.mekanizmalar.com/ www.youtube.com/user/thang010146/videos Index Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables A ABS See Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS); Antilock braking system (ABS) ACME thread, 798, 800f principal dimensions, 798, 800t torque relationship for lifting load, 802 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), 414, 913 Actuators, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder cushions, 872, 872f double acting hydraulic cylinder, 870, 871f fluid actuators, 870 single acting cylinders, 870, 871f Addendum, 389, 520 Adhesives, 160, 161t advantages, 819 bonded joints, 820–821, 821f characteristics, 819, 820t data and design hints, 824 lap joint strength, 821–824 limitations, 819 types, 819, 820t Agile mentors, 40 Agile project management, 39–40 AGMA See American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) Aid brainstorming activities, 91f Airbus Industries A340, 160 Air compressors pneumatic system, 863–864, 864f principal classes, 863 Air receivers air filter and water trap, 864, 864f pressure regulating valves, 864, 865f Alignment, 300, 306–308, 367–368, 913 Allowable bending stress, 455, 456t Allowable contact stress, 456–457, 456t Alloys, 345, 709, 721, 912 Alphabet brainstorming, 88, 89t American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 438 bending and contact stress, 441–467 allowable bending stress, 455, 456t allowable contact stress, 456–457, 456t bending strength geometry factor, 446–447, 449–452t circular pitch, 442 dynamic factor, 444–445 hardness ratio factor, 457–467 helical gear calculation, 470–471f overload factors estimation, 444, 445t pitting resistance, 443 reliability factor, 455t spur gear calculation, 468–469f transverse metric module, 442 worm gear, 524–527 Angular contact ball bearings, 232–233, 233f, 241–282, 274–281t Antilock braking system (ABS), 651, 653f Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, 91–92 Audi TT, 1998, 5f Automotive disc brakes, 627–628f Axial compressors clearance case study, 910–913 precision engineering blading, 910, 911f by-pass engine cross-section, 910, 911f compressor disc, outline calculations for, 912 eccentricity, 912 functions, 910 performance, 910 radial clearance, 912–913 running clearance, 912 Smith plots, 910–911 tip clearance, 910–911 Axial internal clearance, 286 Axial loads, 232, 283f Axial seals, 705–707 952 B Backlash, 389 Ball bearings, 232 contact area, 234f load capacity, 285 single row angular contact, 274–281t Band brakes, 649–653, 650f self-energising, 651f Barth equation, 412–413 Basic dynamic load rating, 235–236, 367–368 Basic static load rating, 235, 238 Beams, 22f, 312–322, 758–759, 759f, 761 Bearings axial shaft growth, 282–283 boundary-lubricated, 176–179 classification, 170f defined, 151, 169 design example, 209f, 212f, 223f full film hydrodynamics, 179–226 alternative method for design, 219–226 design charts, 199–218 Reynolds equation derivation, 184–198 installation, 282–285 life and selection, 234–282 load carrying capacity, 235 lubricants, 151, 175–176 modified life equation, 239–282 multi-lobe journal bearings, 152f performance comparison, 172t plain bearings, 153 preload, 286–292 radial location, 285 rolling element, 151–153 sliding bearings, 171–176 type selection, 171f Belleville spring washers, 761, 761f, 763f constant force, percentage error in, 763–764, 764f dimensions, 766–769, 767t force–deflection characteristics, 761–763, 763f, 765 stacking combinations, 765, 765f Belt(s), 153–156, 154f, 930–936, 933–935t performance, 539t pitch selection guide, 555f selection, 540–541, 540f tensioning, 539–540, 540f Belt drives, 533–577, 534f, 536f, 538–539f configurations, 538f Index cross sections, 537, 537f geometry definition, 574f power ratings for, 556t, 558t power transmission between shafts, 535–536 service factors, 544t strida bicycle featuring, 535f wedge belt selection, 541–552, 542f, 545f wide 8MXP belts, 556t, 558t Bending moment of shafts, 302, 347–348, 366f Bending stress, AGMA equations, 441–467 allowable bending stress, 455, 456t allowable contact stress, 456–457, 456t bending strength geometry factor, 446–447, 449–452t circular pitch, 442 dynamic factor, 444–445 hardness ratio factor, 457–467 helical gear calculation, 470–471f overload factors estimation, 444, 445t pitting resistance, 443 reliability factor, 455t spur gear calculation, 468–469f transverse metric module, 442 Bevel gears, 477–480 AGMA standard, 480, 483–484, 510 bending strength, 491, 495, 498f bending stress, 480, 483, 485, 496, 499–500t, 500–510, 501f calculation procedure, 500–510, 501f contact stress, 480, 483–486, 491, 500–510, 501f failure, 477, 483–484, 499t force analysis, 480–482 nomenclature, 481f nonparallel intersecting shafts, 477 shaft, intersection, 477, 482–483, 489–490 spiral, 478, 479f straight, 477, 478f stress analysis, 482–500, 482f, 486t, 487–489f, 492–498f, 499–500t transmission motor, 477 power, 478 speed, 480 zerol, 478, 479f Bicycle disc brakes, 628f Bilateral tolerances, 877, 890, 894, 912–913 Index B-link tools, 91–92, 91f Boeing jumbo 747 jet, 160 Bolted joints, 787–790, 789f, 791f, 792, 798f Bolts, 160, 161t Boundary lubricated bearings, 170–171, 173–174 copier rollers, 182f design of, 176–177, 179f move-it wheel for box transportation, 176, 176f rubbing material characteristics, 177, 180–181t step-by-step guidelines, 178t Boundary shifting, 77 conceptual and final solutions, 138f problem design specification, 137 Brainstorming, 12 ideation alphabet, 88 brainwriting, 88–89 computational aids, 91–92 evaluation, 93–94 facilitation, 92–93 flip chart technique, 84–86 grid method, 90–91 group dynamics, 92 intellectual property rights, 82–83 post-it, 86–88 techniques, 83–84 individual and group efforts, 83 preparation, 92–93 principal rules, 82 rule-breaking, 83 wacky ideas, 83 Brainwriting, 83–84, 88–89 Brakes, 157–158, 158f, 600–603, 937–939, 940–942t antilock braking system, 653f applications, 602f axial flux eddy current disc, 604f band, 649–653, 650f self-energising, 651f classification, 625f disc, 627–631 automotive, 627–628f bicycle, 628f calliper, 629f, 632f multiple, 629f 953 drum, 632–633 long shoe external, 635–646, 636f, 639f, 643f, 647f long shoe internal, 646–649, 647f short shoe external, 633–635, 633f, 635f short shoe internal, 633 heavy duty axle and associated, 603f idealised friction disc, 602–603, 603f orthogonal distance, 642f performance, 626t Brief/market brief, 49 Brinelling, 238 Buckling, 730, 734f, 804–805 Burst Pressure, 854 Bus frame design, 163, 164f Bush seals, 705–707 axial, 706f radial, 707f Butt joint, 807, 818 Buttress thread, 321f, 798 C Calliper disc brakes, 629f, 632f Cantilever beams, 483–484, 758–759, 759f optimisation, 22f Casing, 368–369, 370f Castigliano’s theorem, 322–326 CDIO (conceive, develop, implement, operate), 4, 19 Centrifugal clutches, 608, 609f chain saw, 609–610f CFD See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Chain(s), 153–156, 930–936, 935–937t Chain drives, 533–537, 534f, 578–595 application factor, 589t belt and gear performance, 580t chain reduction ratios, 589t conveyer, 582f disadvantages, 536–537 layouts, 585f leaf chain, 582–583f motorbike, 535f power transmission between shafts, 535–536 rating chart using 19-tooth drive sprocket, 590f roller chain 954 Chain drives (Continued) components, 581f selection, 578f, 586–595, 587–588f silent chain, 584f simple, 578f sprocket, 579f selection, 592t triplex, 579–580f types, 581f Chain lubrication methods, 591f Chain tensioner, 585–586f Circlips, 304, 306f Circular pitch, 388–389, 442 Clearance circle, 388, 389f Clutches, 157–158, 157f, 600–621, 937–939, 943–946t applications, 601f, 608–609, 610t centrifugal, 608, 609f chain saw, 609–610f classification, 604f diaphragm spring, 621, 624f disc, 612f automotive, 622–623f design, 609–621, 612f, 618f elemental ring on, 615f multiple, 613–614f fluid couplings, 608 friction, 605 idealised friction disc, 602–603, 603f magnetic, 608 multiple serration, 605, 606f over-running, 605 ratchet and pawl, 605, 607f requirements, 604–605 roller, 606–608, 607f selection criteria, 610t service factors, 611t single face, 619f sprag, 606–608, 607f spring wound, 606–608, 608f square jaw clutch, 605, 606f types, 608–609, 610t Coarse series threads, 781 Coefficient of friction, 174–175, 199, 201f, 559, 602–603 Component tolerances applications, 877, 878–879t bands, 877, 878–879t bilateral tolerance, 877 Index definitions, 877–885 dimensions, 877 geometric tolerancing centrifugal compressor impeller, 891–892, 893f circular tolerance zone, 891, 891f drilled hole location, 890, 890f implied tolerance location, 890, 890f symbols, 891–892, 892t interference fits, 885–887, 886f machine capability, 888–890, 888–889t shaft and hole dimensions loose running fit, 885 medium drive fit, 885 unilateral tolerance, 877 Composite-materials, 130 Computational aids, for brainstorming, 91–92 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 681, 696 Conceptual design, 12, 50 Concurrent engineering, 13f Conjugate curves, 390–391 Contact bearings, 234t See also Rolling element bearings Contact stress, AGMA equations, 441–467 allowable bending stress, 455, 456t allowable contact stress, 456–457, 456t bending strength geometry factor, 446–447, 449–452t circular pitch, 442 dynamic factor, 444–445 hardness ratio factor, 457–467 helical gear calculation, 470–471f overload factors estimation, 444, 445t pitting resistance, 443 reliability factor, 455t spur gear calculation, 468–469f transverse metric module, 442 Contamination factor, 241t Contradiction, 113–117 Contradiction matrix, 130–137, 132–136t Control valves designations, 867 four ports, 866, 866f solenoid actuated valve, 868–869, 870f operation principle, 868–869, 869f symbols, 867, 867f Index two-way valves, 867, 868f types, 865–867 Conveyer chains, 582f Coplanar gears, nonparallel bevel gears, 384, 385f, 387 face gears, 384 Cordless hand-tool transmission, 154f Couplings, 306–308, 307–308f, 608 CPS See Creative problem-solving process (CPS) Create process, 101–102, 101t Creative problem-solving process (CPS), 77, 94–97 Creative process, 77–81 creativity tools, 78–80, 79–80t double diamond design process model, 78, 78f phases, 78 problem solving process, 94–99, 97f Creativity, 137–141, 140f Creativity tools, 78–80, 79–80t, 83–84 Critical design reviews (CDR), 41 Critical path analysis (CPA), 24 Critical speed, of shaft, 309–326 Cross-consistency analysis, 107 Crowning factor, 484, 490 Cushion-in-advance principles, 136 Cylindrical roller bearings, 232–233, 233f, 259–273t, 283, 284f D Das V Modell, 36, 36f Dedendum, 389, 520 Deep groove ball bearings, 169, 170f, 232, 233f, 240t, 241–282, 242–258t, 283f Deferment of judgement, 83–84 Deflection, 146, 159, 291, 299–300, 300f, 309–326, 319t, 635, 756–757, 763f, 792f, 827–828f Design activity, 145 Design Education Special Interest Group of Design Society model, 3–4 Design engineering, Design for assembly (DFA), 13 Design for manufacture (DFM), 13 Design for six sigma (DFSS), 20, 20t Design methodology, 10–12 Design model, 19 955 Design phases, 8t Design process, 18f activity-based, analysis, 4, 10 conceive, design, implement, operate, 19 defined, 2–3 definition of problem, 8–9 description, 5, 7f design for six sigma, 20 design optimisation, 21–22 double diamond, 19 evaluation, 4, 10 involving generation, optimisation, 10 project management, 23–40 agile, 39–40 Das V Modell, 36 PRINCE and PRINCE2, 32–33 stage-gate, 36–38 traditional approach, 25–32 waterfall, 33–36 reviews, 41 schematic diagram, 19f stage-based, synthesis, 10 systematic design, 16–19 technology base, 41–43 total design conceptual design, 12 detailed design, 13 information flows and activities, 15–16 manufacturing and production, 13–14 need/opportunity analysis, 12 specification, 12 sustainable enterprise, 14–15 Detailed design, 13 Development teams, 39 DFSS See Design for six sigma (DFSS) Diaphragm spring clutches, 621, 624f Disc brakes, 627–631 automotive, 627–628f bicycle, 628f calliper, 629f, 632f multiple, 629f Disc clutches, 612f automotive, 622–623f design, 609–621, 612f, 618f elemental ring on, 615f multiple, 613–614f 956 DMADV (design, measure, analyse, design, verify), 20 Double diamond design process model, 19, 78, 78f Drum brakes, 632–633 long shoe external, 635–646, 636f, 639f, 643f, 647f long shoe internal, 646–649, 647f short shoe external, 633–635, 633f, 635f short shoe internal, 633 Dunkerley equation, 311 Duplex back to back (DB) preload, 292f Duplex chain, 578, 578f Duplex face to face (DF) preload, 292f Duty cycle factor, 339–340, 351 Dynamic factor, 441, 443–445, 484, 487, 487f Dynamic seals, 669–674 for rotating machinery, 670–674, 672–673f Dynamometer, triplex chain for, 580f Dyson supersonic hairdryer, 71f E Eccentricity ratio, 220–221t Effective radius, 627, 630–631 Elastic coefficient, 439–441, 440t, 443, 453, 484, 494–495, 499t Elastomeric ring seals, 661–667 Electric motors, 153–155 Ellipsograph, 939, 948f Embodiment design, 17 Enclosures, 148, 163, 805 End treatments, 724–727, 732f, 733–734, 742 Endurance limits, 329, 334–339, 351, 367, 583–586 Endurance stress, 326 Engine driven compressor, transmission for, 149f Engineering defined, design, scope of, Epicyclic gear trains, 400–409, 404f, 407f, 428f, 914–915 Equivalent load, 238–239, 240t Evaluation, 93–94 Extreme variability, 894–896, 899 Eytlewein’s formula, 575 Index F Face joint, 777, 777f Face seals, 158–159, 664f, 665–666t, 670–671, 673–674f Face width, 363, 365t, 414–431, 444–445, 467, 469, 480, 482–483, 490, 520 Facilitation, 92–93 Factor of safety, 326–327, 338, 363, 471 Failure, 14–15, 121, 146, 177–179, 234, 238, 283–284, 306–308, 388, 439–441, 483–484, 728–729, 837, 864–865 Fasteners, 160–161, 161t Fastening techniques automotive wheel hubs, 774, 775f design considerations, 777 joint types, 774, 777f position critical joint, 776–777 threaded fasteners, 780–797 Fast-operating fasteners, 160 Fatigue, 137, 234, 326, 329f, 345t, 439, 483–484, 583–586, 728–729, 819, 838–839f FEA See Finite element analysis (FEA) Fenner Torque Drive Plus 8MXP and 8M drives, 562–567t 14MXP and 14M drives, 568–573t Fillet radius, 121, 351, 853 Film pressure, 183, 204f Film termination angle, 199, 205f Film thickness variable, 204f vs Sommerfield number, 199, 200f Filters, 864–865, 866f Fin height, 679, 683, 697 Finite element analysis (FEA), 912 Fiskars, 136f Fixed bearing, 292 Flange joint, 777, 777f Flat belt, 537f, 538 drives, 559–577, 574f permissible stress for high-performance, 576t Flexible coupling, 306–308, 308f, 586 Flip chart brainstorming, 84–86, 84f Floating bearing, 283, 292 Flow variable, 202f Fluid couplings clutch, 608 Fluid power actuators, 870 Index Force analysis, 146–148, 409–413, 480–482, 521–524, 801f Fourier’s equation, 623 Free body diagram, 641f, 729–730, 734f Free length, 727–728, 730, 737–740, 745 Frequency equation, 311–312 Friction clutch, 605 Friction coefficients, 605, 609–613, 616t, 633, 649–650, 829t Friction variable coefficient, 201f Front end of design, 49 Froude number, 190 Full film hydrodynamic lubricated bearings, 206f alternative method for design, 219–226 design charts, 199–218 design guidelines, 207–208t film pressure, 182f Reynolds equation derivation, 184–198 steadily loaded journal bearings, 184f turbocharger journal, 182f Functional analysis diagrams (FADs), 146, 147f Function, defined, 146 G Gantt chart, 30–31f Garter springs, 670–671 Gaskets, 158–159, 668–669, 669f, 734f Gas turbines, 153–155 Gaussian distribution, 876–877 Gear(s), 153–156, 930–936, 930–933t addendum, 389 backlash, 389 bending and contact stress, AGMA equations, 441–467 allowable bending stress, 455, 456t allowable contact stress, 456–457, 456t bending strength geometry factor, 446–447, 449–452t circular pitch, 442 dynamic factor, 444–445 hardness ratio factor, 457–467 helical gear calculation, 470–471f overload factors estimation, 444, 445t pitting resistance, 443 reliability factor, 455t 957 spur gear calculation, 468–469f transverse metric module, 442 circular pitch, 388–389 cone drives, 381–382, 381f cordless hand-tool, 426, 427f dedendum, 389 design procedure, 414–431 disc/roller drives, 381f, 382 epicyclic gearbox, 387, 387f force analysis, 409–413 bending stresses, 411–413 gear stresses, 411 internal combustion engines, 379–380, 379f materials, 386t module, 389 monitoring condition, 431 nonparallel, coplanar bevel gears, 384, 385f, 387 face gears, 384 nonparallel, noncoplanar crossed axis helicals, 384, 385f cylindrical worm gearing, 384, 386f, 387 double enveloping worm gearing, 384 face gears, 384 hypoid gears, 384 single enveloping worm gearing, 384 spiroid gearing, 384 parallel axis helical gears, 383, 383–384f, 386 internal gears, 383 spur gears, 383–386, 383f, 389f pitch circle, 388 pitting damage, 437f, 438 pressure angle, 390, 390f pressure line, 390, 390f primitive teeth gears, 382, 382f range list, 388, 388t scoring, 438, 438f scuffing failure, 438, 438f selection procedure, 414–431, 467–472, 472f special types elliptical gears, 384 multiple sector gears, 384 scroll gears, 384 square and rectangular gears, 384 958 Gear(s) (Continued) tooth profiles construction involute form, 390–391, 391f layout and geometry, 391–393, 392f, 394f tooth systems, 409 torque-speed characteristics, 379–380, 379–380f trains definition, 393 double reduction, 397, 397f double reduction with idler, 398, 398f epicyclic, 400–409 manually shifted automotive transmissions, 400 speed calculation, 396, 397f velocity ratio, 394–395 transmission principal functions, 378, 379f wear failure, 439–441 Gearboxes, 145, 930–936, 930–933t bearings, 151–153 belts, 153–156, 154f chains, 153–156 cordless hand-tool transmission, 154f enclosures, 163 gears, 153–156 transmission arrangements, 156f Generic evaluation matrix, 95t Geometric stress, 340, 351, 353–362 Geometric tolerancing centrifugal compressor impeller, 891–892, 893f circular tolerance zone, 891, 891f drilled hole location, 890, 890f implied tolerance location, 890, 890f symbols, 891–892, 892t Geometry factor, 446–447, 447f, 448–450t, 490, 497f Good design, defined, Greases, 175–176 lubrication, 283–284 Grid brainstorming, 90–91, 90f Gripper, 939, 948f Group dynamics, 92 H Hardness ratio factor, 457–467, 484, 492–493, 498f Helical compression springs Index automotive suspensions, 724–727, 729–730f buckling, 730 configurations, 724–727, 732f constant pitch, 724–727, 731f design strategies, 737–740, 738f dimensional parameters, 727–728, 733f eccentric loading, 735 end treatments, 724–727, 732f free body diagram, loaded with force F, 729–730, 734f lengths, 728, 733f prestressing, 737 rail suspensions, 724–727, 729–730f spring index, 730 spring surge, 735 statistical tolerance, 899 tensile strength of wire, 736, 736f Helical extension springs design procedures, 747–755, 748f maximum stress locations, 746, 746f principal dimensions, 745, 746f Helical gears, 362–363, 384f, 437–473 Helical torsion springs configurations, 756, 756f spring rate, 757 Holes, standard fits for, 877–885 Hub, 84–85, 85f, 303–304, 621, 627, 910, 916f Hunting tooth, 388 Hydraulic(s), 162 See also Pneumatics actuators, 162, 162f pumps cracking pressure, 861 full flow pressure, 861 gear pump, 860, 861f motor circuit components, 860, 861f pressure regulating valves, 861, 863f pressure relief valves, 861, 862f types, 860 Hydrodynamic lubricated bearings, 206f alternative method for design, 219–226 design charts, 199–218 design guidelines, 207–208t film pressure, 182f Reynolds equation derivation, 184–198 steadily loaded journal bearings, 184f turbocharger journal, 182f Index I Ideation boundary shifting, 137 brainstorming alphabet, 88 brainwriting, 88–89 computational aids, 91–92 evaluation, 93–94 facilitation, 92–93 flip chart technique, 84–86 grid method, 90–91 group dynamics, 92 intellectual property rights, 82–83 post-it, 86–88 techniques, 83–84 create process, 101–102 creative process, 77–81 problem solving, 94–99 creativity, 137–141 innovation engine, 137–141 morphological analysis applications, 107 pallet case study, 104–106 observation, 76–77 SCAMPER, 99–100 standard solutions, 107–137 contradiction, 113–117 contradiction matrix, 130–137 principles, 118–130 trade-off, 113–117 IDEO, 76, 82 Idler, 398, 398f, 583 IDOV (identify, design, optimise, verify), 20 Image recording devices, 107 morphological chart, 108t Industry 4.0, 14, 14–15f Inert environments, 130 Influence coefficients, 311–312, 311f, 319–320 Innovation engines, 137–141, 140f Installed force, 737, 738f, 752, 754 Installed length, 728 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Intellectual property rights (IPR), 82–83 Interference fits, 129, 285, 304, 661–667, 885–887, 886f Internal combustion engine (ICE), 153–155, 379–380, 379f 959 Inventor’s approaches, to design, 6f Involute, 382, 390–391, 390–391f, 520–521 IPR See Intellectual property rights (IPR) J Joints, 306–308, 308–309f, 774, 776–777, 777f, 787–790, 789f, 791f, 792–795, 794f, 798f, 807, 818, 820–824, 821f Journal bearings, 173f See also Sliding bearings boundary conditions, 192f multi-lobe, 151–153, 152f pressure distribution, 183–184, 219 K Keys, 103, 304–305f, 371–372t Keyseat, 305f Keyway, 304, 305f, 340, 345t, 353, 480 Kinematic viscosity, 209, 240–241 Kinetic energy carry-over effects, 682 Knife-to-knife (KTK) model, 686–687 L Lap joint, 807, 808f Labyrinth seals, 675–705 with abradable rub-in surface, 682f for bearing chamber in gas turbine engine, 677f characteristic flow through, 675f corner rounding definition, 696f design procedure, 685f effect of rounding radius, 696f fin and chamber notation, 678f fluid-dynamic parameters for, 680t geometric parameters, 676, 677f, 681t, 684–685t honeycomb cell definition, 695f leakage with cell, 695f Martin’s equation, 687–688 mass flow function model, 688f open-celled honeycomb mounted, 683f orifice flow approach, 688–689 piston assembly, 709f piston ring sections, 710t, 710f in pump, 679f radial, 676f, 705, 706t rotation of, 698–700 selection, 678f 960 Labyrinth seals (Continued) staggered, 703–704, 704f, 704–705t stepped, 700–703, 701f, 702t straight, 675f design, 679–680 discharge coefficient for, 692–693f, 702f geometric parameters of, 676, 677f mass flow for, 686t with rub grooves, 694f Zimmermann and Wolff’s model, 690–700, 691f Lead angle, 519–520, 519f Leading shoe, 646–649 Lead screws See Power screws Leaf chains, 582–583f Leaf springs application, 757–758, 759f for automotive applications, 757–758, 758f cantilever beams, 758–759, 759f deflection, 760 types, 757–758, 758f Leakage, 659–661, 671f, 695f, 792–793, 910 Left handed thread, 781 Levers, 148, 150t characteristics, 921, 922t equations, 921, 922t first-order lever, 921, 921f fundamental equations, 921 pivot, 921, 921f second-order lever, 921 third-order lever, 921 Lewis equation, 378, 413, 437–438 Lewis form factor, 412–414, 412t Lewis formula, for bending stress, 431 Life equation, 235–282, 240t Life factor, 444, 453, 454f, 495 Limiting PV value, 177–179 Line of action, 390, 453, 637 Lining material, 603, 608–609, 616, 636, 651 Linkages, 149, 150–151f, 924–929, 925–928f, 928–929t Lip seals, 158–159, 670–671, 672–673f Liquid lubricants, 175–176 Lockable gas springs, 146, 147f Load(s/ing), 22f, 238, 321f, 790f, 821f capacity, 285 distribution factor, 442–443, 445, 484, 488–490, 489f Local quality, 119 Index Locking ring, 176 Long shoe external drum brakes, 635–646, 636f, 639f, 643f, 647f Long shoe internal drum brakes, 646–649, 647f Lower deviation, 885 Lubricants, 169, 173, 175–176, 283–284 film sliding bearings, 170–171 Lubricated bearings, 206f alternative method for design, 219–226 design charts, 199–218 design guidelines, 207–208t film pressure, 182f Reynolds equation derivation, 184–198 steadily loaded journal bearings, 184f turbocharger journal, 182f Lubrication, 151, 169, 283–284, 285f, 591–592, 591f M Macaulay method, 312–322 Machine capability, 888–890 Machine design, 146 Machine elements, of gear box bearings, 151–153 belts, 153–156 brakes, 157–158 chains, 153–156 clutches, 157–158 enclosures, 163 fasteners, 160–161 gears, 153–156 hydraulics, 162 pneumatics, 162 seals, 158–159 springs, 159–160 wire rope, 162 Machine learning algorithms, 91–92 Magnetic clutch, 608 Manually shifted automotive transmissions, 400 Market brief, 49 Market drivers, 13–14 Marketing analysis, 12, 58 Martin’s equation, 687–688 Maximum allowable tension, 575 Maximum film pressure ratio, 199, 204f Maximum permissible pressure, 616–620, 633–634, 651, 839t Index Maximum permissible stress, 576t, 577 Mean, 114–117t, 188–190, 193–194, 213, 240–241, 327–328, 334, 490 Mechanical face seals, 158–159, 671–674, 673–674f Mechanical substitution, 126 Mechanical vibrations, 123 Mechanisms belts, 930–936, 933–935t brakes, 937–939, 940–942t chains, 930–936, 935–937t classifications, 920–921 clutches, 937–939, 943–946t definition, 920 ellipsograph, 939, 948f gear and gearboxes, 930–936, 930–933t gripper, 939, 948f levers, 921, 921f, 922t linkages, 924–929, 925–928f, 928–929t patent database, 920 pulleys, 921–923, 923f, 923–924t rotating and linear motion conversion, 937, 938–939t time metering, 939, 947t Memory, 80–81 METUS methodology, 21 Mineral oils, 175–176 Minimum film thickness, 182f, 183, 199, 200f, 204f, 209, 211, 215–216, 222–223 Misalignment Modified life equation, 236–237, 240t Module, 389 Morphological analysis, 12 analysis chart, 102t cross-consistency analysis, 110f ideation applications, 107 pallet case study, 104–106 image recording device, 108t key elements, 103 sigmoid S curve, 111–112f software uses, 110f Teletruk concept, 106f TRIZ parameters, 114–117t vehicle design, 109t Motorbike chain drives, 535f Multidisc clutches, 157, 157f Multi-lobe journal bearings, 151–153, 152f 961 Multiobjective design optimisation (MDO), 4, 21 Multiple disc brakes, 629f Multiple serration clutches, 605, 606f Multistore memory model, 80–81 N Narang, I.P., 219, 220–221t, 223–226 Natural frequency, 299–300, 309–311, 735–736 Natural tolerance limits, 894, 897 Navier–Stokes fluid flow equations, 183–185, 686–687 Needle bearings, 232–233 Need/opportunity analysis, 12 Newton’s second law of motion, 146–148 Nominal dimensions, 876–877, 888–890 Noncoplanar gears, nonparallel crossed axis helicals, 384, 385f cylindrical worm gearing, 384, 386f, 387 double enveloping worm gearing, 384 face gears, 384 hypoid gears, 384 single enveloping worm gearing, 384 spiroid and helicon gearing, 384 Nonparallel, coplanar gears bevel gears, 384, 385f, 387 face gears, 384 Normal distribution, 494, 876–877, 893–894, 894f, 895t, 899 Nuts, 160, 161t O OEM See Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) Oil ring, 670–671 spot lubrication, 283–284 Operating force, 737, 742, 752 Operating length, 728, 737, 754 Operating torque vs speed characteristics, 153–155 Optimisation, design, 21–22 Original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 153, 155–156, 158–159 O rings, 662f, 663t, 664f Overload factor, 441, 444, 445t, 483, 486, 486t Over running clutches, 605, 634–635 962 P Packing seals, 707–709, 708f Pads, 87, 129, 627, 630–631 Pallet-moving devices, 8–9, 94 dimensions, 9f evaluation tabular matrix, 96t morphological chart, 104t, 106t terminology, 9f Panoramic helmet design, 6f Parallel axis gears helical gears, 383, 383–384f, 386 internal gears, 383 spur gears, 383–386, 383f, 389f Partial surface journal bearings, 179, 183f PDS See Product design specification (PDS) Permanent fastening, 160 Permissible bending stress, 414, 424t, 485 Permissible contact stress, 484–485 Piaggio’s Vespa, 1946, 3f Pin, 176, 304, 727–728, 925 Pinion gears, 479f Pinion shaft, 366–368, 369f Piston ring seals, 159f Pitch, 388–389, 442, 555f, 724–727, 731f, 781–782 Pitting, 437f, 438, 443 Pivots, 148 Plain surface bearings, 153, 169, 173f Planetary gear trains, 400 Pneumatics, 162 actuators cylinder cushions, 872, 872f double acting hydraulic cylinder, 870, 871f fluid actuators, 870 single acting cylinders, 870, 871f air compressors and receivers, 862–864 control valves designations, 867 four ports, 866, 866f solenoid, 868–869, 869–870f symbols, 867, 867f two-way valves, 867, 868f types, 865–866 filters, 864–865, 866f hydraulic construction, 126 hydraulic pumps cracking pressure, 861 Index full flow pressure, 861 gear pump, 860, 861f motor circuit components, 860, 861f pressure regulating valves, 861, 863f pressure relief valves, 861, 862f types, 860 pressure definition, 852 fluid flow measurements, 854–857 gauge pressure, 852–853 hydrostatic pressure, 852–853 laws of mechanics, 852 measurement, 853–854, 853f temperature measurement, 857–860 Poiseuille equations, 194–195 Polyvee belts, 537f Post-it brainstorming, 86–88, 86–87f Power-producing machines, 153–155, 155f Power screws ACME thread, 798, 800f principal dimensions, 798, 800t torque relationship for lifting a load, 802 back-driveable, 798–801 ball screw, 803, 804f Buttress thread, 798, 800f coefficient of friction, 801 disadvantages, 803 self-locking, 798–801, 804 square thread, 798, 799f thrust collar, 802 Precision engineering accuracy, 910 axial compressors blading, 910, 911f by-pass engine cross-section, 910, 911f compressor disc, outline calculations for, 912 eccentricity, 912 functions, 910 performance, 910 radial clearance, 912–913 running clearance, 912 Smith plots, 910–911 tip clearance, 910–911 cordless and corded hand tools, 913 robot transmission, 914–915, 915f Preliminary design review (PDR), 41 Preloading, 286–292 Index Presetting of springs, 737 Press fits, 304 Pressure definition, 852 fluid flow measurements convergent-divergent nozzle, 856, 856f hot film anemometry, 856–857, 857f Pitot tubes, 855, 855f gauge pressure, 852–853 hydrostatic pressure, 852–853 laws of mechanics, 852 measurement, 853–854, 853f temperature measurement approximate temperature range, 857–858, 859f issues, 860 sensor selection, 857 thermocouples, 857–858 transducer properties, 857, 858t Pressure angle, 347, 390, 390f, 393, 409, 438–439, 478, 491, 492f, 494f, 522 Pressure line, 390, 390f, 393, 866f, 867 Prestressing, of springs, 737 Prime movers, 153–155 PRINCE See Projects In Controlled Environments (PRINCE) Problem design specifications, 137 Product backlogs, 40 Product design specification (PDS), 12 compressor transmission, 59–60t defined, 51 design brief/design intent, 51 documentation format, 53t information content of, 52–53f initial design specification, 55–57t Product owner, 39 Product roadmaps, 40 Product vision statements, 40 Project Initiation Document (PID), 32 Project management, 23–40, 50 agile, 39–40 core components, 23 Das V Modell, 36 Gantt chart, 30f generic risk assessment, 27t PRINCE and PRINCE2, 32–33 scope of, 23f stage-gate, 36–38 963 traditional approach, 25–32 waterfall, 33–36 Project manager, 25, 25f Projects in Controlled Environments (PRINCE), 32–33 Pulleys, 921–923, 923f, 923–924t configurations, 923, 923–924t four-wheel pulley, 922, 923f mechanical advantage, 922 two-wheel pulley, 922, 923f PV factor, 177–179 Q Quality control number, 444–445 Quality function deployment (QFD) benefits, 68 characteristic activities, 62t defined, 60–61 design deployment matrix, 70f design quality, 61 disadvantages, 71 matrix diagrams, 63, 63f phases of, 61 phase timeline, 63f principles, 68 product delivery process, 61, 61f product planning matrix, 69f QFD1 matrix, 63–71, 64–65f QFD2 matrix, 63–71, 66f vs traditional industrial approach, 66f voice of customer, 60–61 Quality management system, 41 Quantity breeds quality, 83–84 R Radial bearings, 285, 286t Radial bush seal, 705–707, 707f Radial internal clearance, 286 Radial labyrinth seals, 676f, 705, 706t Radial lip seal, 158–159, 670–671, 672–673f Radial loads, 232–233, 283f Radial rolling element bearings, 287–290t Random variables, 893–894, 899–908 Rated life, 235–236, 238–239 Ratio of side flow to total flow, 199, 203f Rayleigh-Ritz equation, 310–311 Raymondi and Boyd charts, 213 Reason, B.R., 219, 220–221t, 223–226 .. .Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook Peter RN Childs Second edition www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Butterworth-Heinemann... R.Vijay Bharath Cover Designer: Miles Hitchen Typeset by SPi Global, India www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com Preface to the second edition This edition of the Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook has been... www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com 18 Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook Fig 1.13 The design process proposed by Pahl & Beitz Adapted from Pahl, G., Beitz, W., 1996 Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach, second