Conceptual Fifth Edition Paul G Hewitt City College of San Francisco John Suchocki Saint Michael’s College Leslie A Hewitt Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo www.elsolucionario.net Publisher: James M Smith Project Editor: Chandrika Madhavan Editorial Manager: Laura Kenney Senior Media Producer: Deb Greco Media Producer: Kate Brayton Executive Marketing Manager: Kerry Chapman Associate Director of Production: Erin Gregg Managing Editor: Corinne Benson Production Project Manager: Mary O’Connell Production Service and Composition: Nesbitt Graphics, Inc Interior Design: Yin Ling Wong Cover Designer: Mark Ong Cover Photo Credit: Lillian Lee Hewitt Photo Research: Eric Schrader Science Image Lead: Maya Melenchuk Illustrations: Dartmouth Publishing, Inc Manufacturing Buyer: Jeffrey Sargent Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Image Permission Coordinator: Elaine Soares Printer and Binder: RR Donnelley Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635 Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps MasteringPhysics® is a trademark, in the U.S and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hewitt, Paul G Conceptual physical science / Paul G Hewitt, John Suchocki, Leslie A Hewitt 5th ed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-321-75334-2 Physical sciences Textbooks I Suchocki, John II Hewitt, Leslie A III Title Q158.5.H48 2012 500.2 dc23 2011029644 ISBN-10: 0-321-75334-8; ISBN-13: 978-0-321-75334-2 (Student edition) ISBN-10: 0-321-77445-0; ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77445-3 (Exam copy) 10—RRD—16 15 14 13 12 11 www.elsolucionario.net To future elementary school teachers who will inspire students to value science as a way of knowing about the world and making sense of it www.elsolucionario.net Brief Contents PA RT T H R E E PROLOGUE: The Nature of Science PA RT ON E Physics 13 Patterns of Motion and Equilibrium 14 Newton’s Laws of Motion 38 Momentum and Energy 61 Gravity, Projectiles, and Satellites 90 20 21 22 23 Rocks and Minerals 520 Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Interior 555 Shaping Earth’s Surface 589 Geologic Time—Reading the Rock Record 620 24 The Oceans, Atmosphere, and Climatic Effects 25 Driving Forces of Weather Fluid Mechanics 119 Thermal Energy and Thermodynamics 145 PA RT FOU R Heat Transfer and Change of Phase 164 Static and Current Electricity 186 Astronomy Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction 216 10 Waves and Sound 11 Light 238 264 Chemistry 12 Atoms and the Periodic Table 13 The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 26 The Solar System 27 Stars and Galaxies 28 The Structure of Space and Time 647 682 707 708 738 768 A PPE N DIC E S PA RT T WO 293 294 321 14 Elements of Chemistry 15 How Atoms Bond and 348 Molecules Attract 367 Mixtures 396 How Chemicals React 427 Two Classes of Chemical Reactions 454 Organic Compounds 489 16 17 18 19 Earth Science 519 APPENDIX A: Linear and Rotational Motion A-1 APPENDIX B: Vectors A-8 APPENDIX C: Exponential Growth and Doubling Time Odd-Numbered Solutions Glossary Photo Credits Index www.elsolucionario.net A-12 S-1 G-1 P-1 I-1 Detailed Contents A Brief History of Advances in Science 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion Mathematics and Conceptual Physical Science 2.1 Scientific Methods The Scientific Attitude Science Has Limitations Science, Art, and Religion Technology—The Practical Use of Science PROLOGUE: The Nature of Science The Physical Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Earth Science, and Astronomy In Perspective Physics Patterns of Motion and Equilibrium Newton’s First Law of Motion 39 The Moving Earth 40 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 41 When Acceleration Is g—Free Fall 42 When Acceleration of Fall Is Less Than g— Non–Free Fall 44 2.3 Forces and Interactions 46 2.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 47 Simple Rule to Identify Action and Reaction 47 Action and Reaction on Different Masses 48 Defining Your System 50 Summary of Newton’s Three Laws 52 2.2 10 2.5 PA RT ON E 13 14 38 Momentum and Energy 61 3.1 Momentum and Impulse 62 3.2 Impulse Changes Momentum 63 63 1.1 Aristotle on Motion 15 Case 1: Increasing Momentum 1.2 Galileo’s Concept of Inertia 16 Case 2: Decreasing Momentum Over a Long Time 63 1.3 Mass—A Measure of Inertia 17 Case 3: Decreasing Momentum Over a Short Time 65 One Kilogram Weighs 10 N 19 Bouncing 65 1.4 Net Force 19 Conservation of Momentum 67 1.5 The Equilibrium Rule 21 Collisions 68 1.6 Support Force 22 Energy and Work 70 1.7 Dynamic Equilibrium 23 Potential Energy 72 1.8 The Force of Friction 23 Kinetic Energy 73 1.9 Speed and Velocity 24 Work–Energy Theorem 74 Speed 24 Kinetic Energy and Momentum Compared 75 Instantaneous Speed 25 3.6 Conservation of Energy 76 Average Speed 25 3.7 Power 77 Velocity 26 3.8 Machines 78 Motion Is Relative 26 3.9 Efficiency 79 27 3.10 Sources of Energy 1.10 Acceleration 3.3 3.4 3.5 www.elsolucionario.net 80 vi D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S Gravity, Projectiles, and Satellites 6.4 Quantity of Heat 149 90 6.5 The Laws of Thermodynamics 149 6.6 Entropy 151 The Universal Law of Gravity 91 6.7 Specific Heat Capacity 151 The Universal Gravitational Constant, G 92 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water 153 Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law 6.8 Thermal Expansion 154 93 6.9 Expansion of Water 156 4.3 Weight and Weightlessness 95 4.4 Universal Gravitation 96 4.5 Projectile Motion 97 Projectiles Launched Horizontally 98 Projectiles Launched at an Angle 99 4.1 4.2 Heat Transfer and Change of Phase 164 4.6 Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites 104 7.1 Conduction 165 4.7 Circular Satellite Orbits 106 7.2 Convection 166 4.8 Elliptical Orbits 107 7.3 Radiation 168 4.9 Escape Speed 109 Emission of Radiant Energy 168 Absorption of Radiant Energy 169 Reflection of Radiant Energy 170 7.4 Newton’s Law of Cooling 171 7.5 Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect 172 7.6 Heat Transfer and Change of Phase 174 Fluid Mechanics 119 5.1 Density 120 5.2 Pressure 121 Evaporation 174 Pressure in a Liquid 121 Condensation 175 5.3 Buoyancy in a Liquid 123 7.7 Boiling 176 5.4 Archimedes’ Principle 124 7.8 Melting and Freezing 178 Flotation 125 7.9 Energy and Change of Phase 179 Pressure in a Gas 127 Boyle’s Law 127 Atmospheric Pressure 128 Barometers 130 5.7 Pascal’s Principle 132 5.8 Buoyancy in a Gas 133 5.9 Bernoulli’s Principle 135 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle 136 5.5 5.6 Thermal Energy and Thermodynamics 145 6.1 Temperature 146 6.2 Absolute Zero 147 6.3 Heat 148 Static and Current Electricity 186 Electric Charge 187 Conservation of Charge 188 Coulomb’s Law 189 Charge Polarization 191 8.3 Electric Field 191 8.4 Electric Potential 193 8.5 Voltage Sources 195 8.6 Electric Current 196 Direct Current and Alternating Current 198 Electrical Resistance 198 Superconductors 199 8.1 8.2 8.7 www.elsolucionario.net D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S 8.8 8.9 Ohm’s Law 199 10.6 Forced Vibrations and Resonance 246 Electric Shock 200 10.7 Interference 248 Electric Circuits 202 Beats 250 Series Circuits 202 Standing Waves 250 Parallel Circuits 203 10.8 Doppler Effect 252 Parallel Circuits and Overloading 204 10.9 Bow Waves and the Sonic Boom 253 Safety Fuses 205 10.10 Musical Sounds 255 8.10 Electric Power 206 11 Light Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction 11.1 216 9.1 Magnetic Poles 217 9.2 Magnetic Fields 218 9.3 Magnetic Domains 219 9.4 Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields 220 Electromagnets 221 Superconducting Electromagnets 222 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges 222 Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wires 223 Electric Meters 223 Electric Motors 224 Electromagnetic Induction 225 Faraday’s Law 226 9.7 Generators and Alternating Current 228 9.8 Power Production 228 9.9 The Transformer— Boosting or Lowering Voltage 9.5 9.6 vii 9.10 Field Induction Electromagnetic Spectrum 264 265 11.2 Transparent and Opaque Materials 266 11.3 Reflection 269 Law of Reflection 270 Diffuse Reflection 271 11.4 Refraction 272 11.5 Color 275 Selective Reflection 276 Selective Transmission 276 Mixing Colored Lights 277 Complementary Colors 278 Mixing Colored Pigments 279 Why the Sky Is Blue 280 Why Sunsets Are Red 280 Why Clouds Are White 281 11.6 Dispersion 11.7 282 Rainbows 282 Polarization 284 229 230 PA RT T WO 10 Waves and Sound 238 10.1 Vibrations and Waves 239 10.2 Wave Motion 240 Wave Speed 240 Chemistry 293 12 Atoms and the Periodic Table 294 Atoms Are Ancient and Empty 295 10.3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 241 12.1 10.4 Sound Waves 242 12.2 The Elements 296 Speed of Sound 243 12.3 Protons and Neutrons 297 10.5 Reflection and Refraction of Sound 244 Isotopes and Atomic Mass www.elsolucionario.net 298 viii D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S 12.4 The Periodic Table Periods and Groups 300 302 15 How Atoms Bond and Molecules Attract 367 12.5 Physical and Conceptual Models 305 12.6 Identifying Atoms Using the Spectroscope 308 15.1 Electron-Dot Structures 368 12.7 The Quantum Hypothesis 309 15.2 The Formation of Ions 369 12.8 Electron Waves 311 Molecules Can Form Ions 371 12.9 The Shell Model 313 13 The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 13.1 Radioactivity 321 322 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays 322 Radiation Dosage 324 Radioactive Tracers 326 13.2 The Strong Nuclear Force 326 13.3 Half-Life and Transmutation 328 Natural Transmutation 329 Artificial Transmutation 331 13.4 Radiometric Dating 332 13.5 Nuclear Fission 333 Nuclear Fission Reactors 336 The Breeder Reactor 337 13.6 Mass–Energy Equivalence 338 13.7 Nuclear Fusion 340 Controlling Fusion 342 15.3 Ionic Bonds 372 15.4 Metallic Bonds 375 15.5 Covalent Bonds 376 15.6 Polar Covalent Bonds 379 15.7 Molecular Polarity 382 15.8 Molecular Attractions 385 Ions and Dipoles 386 Induced Dipoles 387 16 Mixtures 16.1 Most Materials Are Mixtures Mixtures Can Be Separated by Physical Means 348 397 398 16.2 The Chemist’s Classification of Matter 399 16.3 Solutions 401 16.4 Solubility 406 Solubility Changes with Temperature 407 Solubility of Gases 408 16.5 Soaps, Detergents, and Hard Water Softening Hard Water 16.6 Purifying the Water We Drink 14 Elements of Chemistry 396 409 411 413 Desalination 415 Bottled Water 417 16.7 Wastewater Treatment 418 14.1 Chemistry: The Central Science 349 14.2 The Submicroscopic World 350 14.3 Physical and Chemical Properties 352 17 How Chemicals React 354 17.1 Chemical Equations 428 14.5 Elements to Compounds 356 17.2 Counting Atoms and Molecules by Mass 430 14.6 Naming Compounds 358 Converting between Grams and Moles 432 14.7 The Advent of Nanotechnology 359 427 14.4 Determining Physical and Chemical Changes 17.3 Reaction Rates www.elsolucionario.net 435 ix D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S 17.4 Catalysts 439 PA RT T H R E E 17.5 Energy and Chemical Reactions 441 Earth Science 519 Exothermic Reaction: Net Release of Energy 443 Endothermic Reaction: Net Absorption of Energy 445 17.6 Chemical Reactions Are Driven by Entropy 18 Two Classes of Chemical Reactions 446 454 18.1 Acids Donate Protons; Bases Accept Them 455 A Salt Is the Ionic Product of an Acid–Base Reaction 458 18.2 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases 459 18.3 Acidic, Basic, and Neutral Solutions 462 The pH Scale Is Used to Describe Acidity 465 18.4 Acidic Rain and Basic Oceans 466 18.5 Losing and Gaining Electrons 470 18.6 Harnessing the Energy of 20 Rocks and Minerals 520 20.1 The Geosphere Is Made Up of Rocks and Minerals 521 20.2 Minerals 523 20.3 Mineral Properties 524 Crystal Form 524 Hardness 526 Cleavage and Fracture 526 Color 527 Density 527 20.4 Classification of Rock-Forming Minerals 528 20.5 The Formation of Minerals 530 Crystallization in Magma 530 Crystallization in Water Solutions 532 20.6 Rock Types 533 20.7 Igneous Rocks 534 Generation of Magma 534 Three Types of Magma, Three Major Igneous Rocks 536 Igneous Rocks at Earth’s Surface 536 Igneous Rocks Beneath Earth’s Surface 539 Flowing Electrons 472 Batteries 473 Fuel Cells 476 The Formation of Sedimentary Rock 539 18.7 Electrolysis 478 Classifying Sedimentary Rocks 542 18.8 Corrosion and Combustion 479 Fossils: Clues to Life in the Past 543 20.8 Sedimentary Rocks 20.9 Metamorphic Rocks 19 Organic Compounds 489 539 545 Types of Metamorphism: Contact and Regional 546 Classifying Metamorphic Rocks 547 20.10 The Rock Cycle 548 19.1 Hydrocarbons 490 19.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 494 19.3 Functional Groups 496 19.4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 497 19.5 Amines and Alkaloids 501 19.6 Carbonyl Compounds 502 21.1 Seismic Waves 556 19.7 Polymers 507 21.2 Earth’s Internal Layers 557 21 Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Interior 555 Addition Polymers 508 The Core 558 Condensation Polymers 510 The Mantle 559 www.elsolucionario.net ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hewitt, Paul G Conceptual physical science / Paul G Hewitt, John Suchocki, Leslie A Hewitt 5th ed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-321-75334-2 Physical sciences Textbooks I... E The Nature of Science A Brief Histor y of Advances in Science Mathematics and Conceptual Physical Science Scientific Methods The Scientific Attitude Science Has Limitations Science, Ar t, and... appreciate the physical world about you when you learn its rules Enjoy your physical science! www.elsolucionario.net To the Instructor T HIS FIF T H EDIT ION of Conceptual Physical Science with