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To log in after you have registered: You only need to register for this Premium Content once After that, you can log in any time at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/stallings/ by providing your Login Name and Password when prompted *Important: The access code can only be used once This subscription is valid for six months upon activation and is not transferable If this access code has already been revealed, it may no longer be valid If this is the case, you can purchase a subscription by going to http://www.pearsonhighered.com/stallings/ and following the on-screen instructions Data and Computer Communications Tenth Edition William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton Executive Editor: Tracy Johnson (Dunkelberger) Editorial Assistant: Jenah Blitz-Stoehr Director of Marketing: Christy Lesko Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Marketing Assistant: Jon Bryant Director of Program Management: Erin Gregg Program Management-Team Lead: Scott Disanno Program Manager: Carole Snyder Project Management-Team Lead: Laura Burgess Project Manager: Robert Engelhardt Procurement Specialist: Linda Sager Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Permissions Supervisor: Michael Joyce Permissions Administrator: Jenell Forschler Director, Image Asset Services: Annie Atherton Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Cover Art: © JMcreation / Fotolia Media Project Manager: Renata Butera Full-Service Project Management: Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Malloy Cover Printer: Lehigh Phoenix Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290 Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stallings, William Data and computer communications/William Stallings.—Tenth edition pages cm ISBN-13: 978-0-13-350648-8 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-13-350648-7 (alk paper) 1. Data transmission systems. 2. Computer networks. I. Title TK5105.S73 2014 004.6—dc23 2013029940 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-350648-7 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-350648-8 For Tricia This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xxi About the Author xxiii Chapter 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Guide for Readers and Instructors Outline of the Book A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors Internet and Web Resources Standards 5 Unit One Fundamentals Part One Overview Chapter Data Communications, Data Networks, and the Internet 1.1 Data Communications and Networking for Today’s Enterprise 1.2 A Communications Model 15 1.3 Data Communications 18 1.4 Networks 21 1.5 The Internet 24 1.6 An Example Configuration 29 Chapter Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications 31 2.1 The Need for a Protocol Architecture 32 2.2 A Simple Protocol Architecture 33 2.3 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 37 2.4 Standardization within a Protocol Architecture 45 2.5 Traditional Internet-Based Applications 48 2.6 Multimedia 48 2.7 Sockets Programming 52 2.8 Recommended Reading and Animation 61 2.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 63 2.10 Sockets Programming Assignments 66 Appendix 2A The Trivial File Transfer Protocol 66 Part Two Data Communications 71 Chapter Data Transmission 71 3.1 Concepts and Terminology 72 3.2 Analog and Digital Data Transmission 84 3.3 Transmission Impairments 92 3.4 Channel Capacity 98 3.5 Recommended Reading 104 3.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 104 Appendix 3A Decibels and Signal Strength 107 v vi Contents Chapter 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Chapter 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Chapter 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Chapter 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Chapter 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Transmission Media 110 Guided Transmission Media 112 Wireless Transmission 127 Wireless Propagation 135 Line-of-Sight Transmission 140 Recommended Reading 144 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 145 Signal Encoding Techniques 149 Digital Data, Digital Signals 151 Digital Data, Analog Signals 162 Analog Data, Digital Signals 173 Recommended Reading and Animations 180 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 181 Error Detection and Correction 186 Types of Errors 188 Error Detection 189 Parity Check 190 The Internet Checksum 192 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 194 Forward Error Correction 201 Recommended Reading and Animations 207 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 208 Data Link Control Protocols 211 Flow Control 213 Error Control 220 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) 226 Recommended Reading and Animations 233 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 233 Multiplexing 236 Frequency-Division Multiplexing 238 Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing 244 Cable Modem 254 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 255 xDSL 260 Multiple Channel Access 261 Recommended Reading and Animations 265 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 266 Part Three Wide Area Networks 269 Chapter WAN Technology and Protocols 269 9.1 Switched Communications Networks 271 9.2 Circuit-Switching Networks 272 9.3 Circuit-Switching Concepts 275 9.4 Softswitch Architecture 281 Contents vii 9.5 Packet-Switching Principles 283 9.6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 292 9.7 Recommended Reading 297 9.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 298 Chapter 10 Cellular Wireless Networks 302 10.1 Principles of Cellular Networks 303 10.2 Cellular Network Generations 316 10.3 LTE-Advanced 320 10.4 Recommended Reading 328 10.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 329 Part Four Four Local Area Networks 331 Chapter 11 Local Area Network Overview 331 11.1 Bus and Star Topologies 332 11.2 LAN Protocol Architecture 334 11.3 Bridges 342 11.4 Hubs and Switches 350 11.5 Virtual LANs 353 11.6 Recommended Reading and Animations 358 11.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 359 Chapter 12 Ethernet 361 12.1 Traditional Ethernet 363 12.2 High-Speed Ethernet 371 12.3 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Standard 381 12.4 Recommended Reading and Animations 383 12.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 383 Appendix 12A Digital Signal Encoding for LANs 385 Appendix 12B Scrambling 392 Chapter 13 Wireless LANs 395 13.1 Overview 396 13.2 IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services 400 13.3 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control 404 13.4 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer 412 13.5 Gigabit Wi-Fi 419 13.6 IEEE 802.11 Security Considerations 422 13.7 Recommended Reading 423 13.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 424 Part Five Internet and Transport Protocols 427 Chapter 14 The Internet Protocol 427 14.1 Principles of Internetworking 428 14.2 Internet Protocol Operation 433 14.3 Internet Protocol 440 14.4 IPv6 450 14.5 Virtual Private Networks and IP Security 460 viii Contents 14.6 Recommended Reading and Animations 463 14.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 464 Chapter 15 Transport Protocols 467 15.1 Connection-Oriented Transport Protocol Mechanisms 468 15.2 TCP 487 15.3 UDP 494 15.4 Recommended Reading and Animations 495 15.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 496 Unit Two Advanced Topics in Data Communications and Networking 499 Part Six Data Communications and Wireless Networks 500 Chapter 16 Advanced Data Communications Topics 500 16.1 Analog Data, Analog Signals 501 16.2 Forward Error-Correcting Codes 508 16.3 ARQ Performance Issues 523 16.4 Recommended Reading and Animations 530 16.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 532 Chapter 17 Wireless Transmission Techniques 534 17.1 MIMO Antennas 535 17.2 OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA 538 17.3 Spread Spectrum 544 17.4 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 545 17.5 Code Division Multiple Access 550 17.6 Recommended Reading 553 17.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 554 Chapter 18 Wireless Networks 558 18.1 Fixed Broadband Wireless Access 559 18.2 WiMAX/IEEE 802.16 561 18.3 Bluetooth Overview 573 18.4 Bluetooth Radio Specification 577 18.5 Bluetooth Baseband Specification 577 18.6 Bluetooth Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol 586 18.7 Recommended Reading 588 18.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 588 Part Seven Seven Internetworking 590 Chapter 19 Routing 590 19.1 Routing in Packet-Switching Networks 591 19.2 Examples: Routing in ARPANET 601 19.3 Internet Routing Protocols 607 19.4 Least-Cost Algorithms 618 19.5 Recommended Reading and Animations 624 19.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 625 876 Index Internet Protocol (continued) network classes, 444–445 operation, 433–440 options parameter, 441 parameter problem, 448 reassembly, 437–440 RFC 3168, 441 routing, 435–436 services, 440–441 source quench, 448 subnets and subnet masks, 445–446 subnetworking, 446 timestamp and timestamp reply, 449 Internet protocol data unit (PDU), 433 Internet router, 630, 680 Internet service provider (ISP), 26, 27, 30, 375, 461, 560, 690 Internet Society, 5–6 Internet Traffic, 713–715 Internetworking, 3, 25, 44, 271, 428–432, 435, 440, 459, 590–625 action, 686 action set, 686 animations, 703–704 bridge, 429 connectionless operation, 431–432 DARPA, 432 end systems (ESs), 429 intermediate systems (ISs), 429 open systems interconnection (OSI), 429 requirements, 430–431 router, 429 terms, 429 Intersymbol interference, 95, 99, 314–315, 539 Intranet, 11, 13, 375, 429, 461 Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), 541 IP addresses in address resolution protocol (ARP), 449–450 domain names and, 793, 798 in home network, 690 in integrated service architecture (ISA), 716 in Internet protocol, 444–445 IPv6 (IP version 6), 450–451 in logical switch architecture, 684 in L3VPNs, 777 in MPLS operation, 757 in RFC 2131, 701 sockets in, 52 IP datagram, 26, 40–41, 68, 193, 337, 434–439, 441, 443, 449, 574, 630, 637, 647, 671, 673, 675–676, 690–700 IP performance metrics, 741–744 IPPM Performance Metrics Working Group (IPPM), 741 IP Security (IPSec) 461–463 applications, 461–462 authentication header (AH), 463 benefits, 462–463 encapsulating security payload (ESP), 463 functions, 463 IPv4, 38, 42–43, 52–53, 59–60, 64, 428, 433, 438, 440, 442, 445, 450–454, 457, 461, 563, 671, 673, 674, 676, 685–686, 698, 711, 731, 733–735, 761, 793, 796–797, 800 IPv6, 42–44, 52–53, 450–461, 563, 571, 676, 685– 686, 701, 711, 716, 733, 758, 761, 796, 800 addresses, 456–457 destination options header, 460 enhancements over IPv4, 451–452 extension header, 458 flow label, 454–456 fragment header, 459–460 group membership, 676 hashing function, 456 header, 454–456 hop-by-hop option, 458–459 IP next generation, 450–452 jumbo payload, 459 maximum transmission unit (MTU), 459 padding options, 459 router alert, 459 routing header, 460 structure, 452–453 IP-within-IP encapsulation, 698–699 ISA, see Integrated Services Architecture (ISA) ISO/IEC 11801, 118–120 Isolated adaptive routing, 601 Isotropic antenna, 128–129, 140 Iterative technique, DNS, 800 ITU-T Recommendation Y.1221, 712 J Jacket, 112, 115, 117, 121–122 Jacobson’s algorithm, 647–648, 650 Jamming, 351, 366, 544–545, 547–549 Jitter, 292, 565, 567, 568, 714–715, 719, 737–738, 741, 743, 753, 820–821, 834–837 inelastic traffic, 714–715 integrated services architecture, 714–715 RTP, 834 Jumbo payload, IPv6, 459 Index 877 K Karn’s algorithm, 650 Keepalive message, 611–613 Keepalive timer, 479 Key data transmission, 152 Key elements assured forwarding (AF) PHB, 738 frequency hopping (FH), 577 Internet, 25–26 ISA, 718 LAN, 332 L2VPN, 775 MPLS, 756 in simulation, 847 VoIP Context, 823 WiMAX Network, 562 L Labels, 455–456, 644, 711, 756 distribution, 759, 765–774 error notifications, 768 FEC-label bindings, 767 format, 760–761 information base (LIB), 756 mappings, 768 messages, 767–768 message format, 768–769 MPLS format, 763–764 packet encapsulation, 762 placement, 762–763 point-to-point protocol (PPP), 762 protocol, 766–767 requirements for, 765–766 stacking, 760, 764, 765 switched path (LSP), 751, 755, 756, 766 switching router (LSR), 766 time to live processing, 761–762 traffic class, 711 LAN, see Local Area Network (LAN) Large-scale integration (LSI), 91 Latency, 587, 741 Layer switch, 350–353 Layer Virtual Private Networks (l2vpn), 752 Layer Virtual Private Networks (l3vpn), 752 LDPC code (irregular), 518 Leaky bucket algorithm, 642 Least-cost algorithm, 618–624 Bellman-Ford, 621–623 comparison, 624 Dijkstra’s, 619–620 example, 621 Least-cost criterion, 594, 618 Lightemitting diode (LED), 125 Line-of-sight Transmission, 140–144 atmospheric absorption, 142 free space loss, 140–142 multipath, 142–143 refraction, 144 Line-of-sight wave, 144 Link manager protocol (LMP), 573 Link-state routing, 603–604, 609–610 Link-state routing algorithm, 604 Local Area Network (LAN) acknowledged connectionless service, 338 animations, 358 architecture, 334–342 bridges, 342–350 bus topology, 332–333 choice of, 332 contention, 342 digital signal encoding, 385–392 frame Transmission, 363–364 high-speed wireless, 363 hubs and switches, 350–353 IEEE 802.11, 423 IEEE 802 reference model, 334–337 key elements, 332 LLC protocol, 339–340 type 1, 339 type 2, 340 type 3, 340 LLC services, 451 logical link control, 337–340 MAC frame format, 342 medium access control, 340–342 MLT-3, 387–388 reservation, 341–342 ring topology, 332 round robin, 341 star topology, 333–334 topologies, 332–333 transmission medium, 336 tree topology, 332 unacknowledged connectionless service, 338 virtual, 353–358 VLAN configuration, 357, 381, 382 wireless, 396–398 Local loop, 28, 274 878 Index Logical connections, 293–297 advantages, 293–294 control signaling, 295 meta-signaling, 295 network controlled, 295 routing, 291 semipermanent, 294 user-to-network, 295 user-to-user, 295 virtual channel, 294–295, 296 virtual path connection (VPC), 293 Logical link control (LLC), 337–340, 402 L2CAP, 573 Long-haul circuit-switching, 283 Long-haul telecommunications, 91, 130–131 Long-haul trunks,1, 23 Long term evolution (LTE) development, 320–327 architecture, 321 evolved packet core (EPC), 322–324 femtocell, 323 4G standardization, 320 relaying, 322 relay node (RN), 321 transmission characteristics, 324–327 Loudspeaker, 75 Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, 518–523 Low-power single carrier (LPSCPHY), 422 LSP tunnel, 770, 774 Lumped analog circuits, 315 M MAC algorithm, 399, 405 Manchester code, 157–158 Marker, 611, 612, 737, 832 Matching descrambler, 392 Maximum transmission unit (MTU), IPv6, 459 Media gateway controller (MGC), 282 Medium access control (MAC), 340, 343, 352, 362–363 Message authentication, 696 Message exchange in DHCP DHCPACK, 703 DHCPDISCOVER, 702 DHCPOFFER, 702 DHCPRELEASE, 703 DHCPREQUEST, 702 Message formatting, 18 Meta-signaling channel, 295 Metering function, 737 Meter table, 684 Metropolitan area network (MAN), 334 Metropolitan trunking circuit, 124 Microwave frequencies, 127, 131, 313 MIME, see Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) MIMO Scheme, 417, 535–537 Minimal encapsulation, 694, 695, 698–700 MLT-3 encoder, 388 Mobile IP, 690–620 address resolution protocol (ARP), 697 agent advertisement messages, 693 authentication extension, 696 capabilities, 689 co-located addresses, 695 discovery, 692–694 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 695 encapsulation options, 698–701 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 692 operation of, 690–692 registration, 695–697 security parameter index (SPI), 696 terminology, 693 tunneling, 691, 697–701 Mobile radio, 311–312 Mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO), 308–311 Mobility management entity (MME), 322 Modem, 15–16, 18, 27–28, 30, 89–90, 95, 99, 115, 162, 164, 169, 172, 180, 254–256, 258–259, 273, 317, 375, 563 Modulated signal, 150, 167, 169, 172, 238–239, 241, 505 Modulation index, 502, 504, 505 Modulation rate, 152, 159–160, 169, 171 Modulation technique, 150–151, 162–163, 172–173, 240, 415 Morse code, 85 Move detection, 694 MPLS, see Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) MTSO, see Mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO) Multicarrier modulation, 415, 421, 538 Multicast address, 369, 452, 456, 458, 667–670, 671–676, 725–727, 729, 767, 827 Multicasting, 667–679, 721, 723 checksum, 673 Index 879 group-specific query, 673 IGMP, 672–676 IGMPv3, 673 membership query, 673 multicast technique, 670 multimedia, 667 Querier’s Querier Interval Code (QQIC), 675 Querier’s Robustness Variable (QRV), 673 requirements, 670–672 response code, 673 S Flag, 673 spamming, 673 spanning tree, 670, 671 teleconferencing, 667 traffic generation strategies, 669 Multilevel binary, 156–158 Multilevel PSK (MPSK), 168–169 Multilevel signaling, 99, 169, 171 Multimedia, 48–52 applications, 50–51 communications/networking, 51 compression, 51 domains of, 50 media types, 49–50 protocols, 51 quality of service (QoS), 52 technologies, 51–52 terminology, 49 Multipath, 142–143 Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), IEEE 802.11, 417 Multiple unicast, 669 Multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), 537–538 Multiplexer, 237–238, 242–244, 246–248, 259–261, 280, 775 Multiplexing, 2, 10, 16, 19–21, 46, 91, 121, 126, 151, 179, 237–266, 272, 284, 292, 316, 324, 339, 341, 377, 379, 415, 422, 469, 470–471, 535–536, 538–539, 545, 632, 776 animations, 265 Multipoint link, 579, 752 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), 292–293, 749–777 connection-oriented QoS, 753–754 forwarding, 755 key elements, 756 label assignment decisions, 756 label distribution protocol (LDP), 765–770 label format, 760–762 label-handling, 758 label placement, 762–763 label stacking, 760 label switching router (LSR), 766 operation, 755–760 packet forwarding, 758, 759 per-hop behavior (PHB), 758 role, 751–753 RSVP-TE, 773–774 support, 754–755 terminology, 755 traffic engineering, 754, 770–772 virtual private network (VPN), 754–755, 774–777 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME), 787–792 application/Postscript subtype, 788 base64 transfer encoding, 789, 790 content types, 788 domain name, 793 8-bit representation, 787 header fields, 787 limitations, 787 line breaks, 790 literal representation, 789 message/partial, 788 message/RFC822, 788 multipart/alternative, 788 multipart/mixed, 788 multipart/parallel, 788 overview, 787–788 padding, 790 quoted-printable, 789 radix-64 encoding, 790–792 soft line breaks, 789, 790 transfer encoding, 789–791 white space, 789–790 N Name server, 793 Navstar Global Positioning System, 133 Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) loss, 119–121 Neighbor acquisition, 610–611 Neighbor reachability, 610–611 Network access layer, 34–35, 37, 40–41, 44 Network access point (NAP), 28 Network interface card (NIC), 357, 375 Network management, 18, 293, 297 Network reachability, 610–611 Network service access point (NSAP), 46 Network service provider (NSP), 27, 740 Next_Hop attribute, BGP, 613 880 Index NEXT loss, 119–121 Node delay, 290 Node-to-node link, 284 Noise, 6, 72, 82, 83, 95–103, 117, 119, 122–123, 134, 152, 155, 157–158, 161, 169, 173, 175, 178–179, 181, 188–189, 191, 220, 225, 242, 243, 258, 311, 313–314, 363, 385, 404, 406, 417, 420–421, 536–537, 545, 548–549, 551, 553, 583 Nomadic access, 690 Nonpersistent CSMA, 364–365 Non-real-time variable rate, 568 Nonreturn to zero (NRZ), 88, 153, 155–156, 385 limitations of, 156 Nonreturn to zero inverted (NRZI), 153, 156, 385 Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L), 153, 155 Nyquist Bandwidth, 99 O OFDM, see Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) OFDM PHY (OFDMPHY), 421 Okumura/Hata model, 312 Omnidirectional antenna, 128 OpenFlow specification concept, 683 flow table components, 685–687 logical switch architecture, 683–685 protocol, 687–690 Open Flow Switch Specification (ONF), 683 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 608, 615–618, 770 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), 32, 334, 429 Optical Fiber, 122–127 applications, 122–123 categories, 123 frequency utilization, 126 performance, 126 physical description, 122 transmission characteristics, 124–127 transmission principle, 125 Origin server, 804 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, 319, 320 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), 324, 422, 535–541 advantages, 539–541 Orthogonality of, chipping codes, 551 OSPF protocol, 615–618 P Packet data network gateway (PGW), 323 Packet delay variation, 744 Packet-handling capacity, 630 Packetization delay, ATM, 292 Packet scheduler, 717 Packet size, 287, 431 Packet-switching, 23–24, 270–271, 283–293, 297, 345, 347, 428, 431, 435–436, 469, 591–601, 618–619, 630–631, 643, 670, 709, 738, 751 advantages, 284, 287 call accepted signal, 290 call request signal, 290 vs circuit switching, 289–292 datagram, 284–287 data-rate conversion, 284 error control, 286 event timing, 290 external virtual circuit, 289 internal virtual circuit, 289 long-haul circuit-switching, 283 packet size, 287 sequencing, 286 virtual circuits, 285–287 Padding, 443 hop-by-hop options, 459 MIME, 787 RTP packet, 832 Parabolic Reflective Antenna, 128–129 Parity bit, 85, 182, 190–192, 415, 514, 519, 523, 791 Parity check, 190–192 matrix codes, 514–518 systematic code, 515 Partitioned LAN, 355 Path computation element (PCE), 752 Path-vector routing, 609, 610 Payload length, 442, 454, 459 P-bit timer, 223 Peak amplitude, 74–75, 77 Peak attenuation, 142 Peer layer, 33 Performance headroom, 118 Performance modeling, 848 Per-hop behavior, 732, 736–737, 758, 761 assured forwarding, 738–739 expedited forwarding, 737 multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), 758 Periodic signal, 74–75, 841, 844 wavelength, 75–76 Personal area networks, see Bluetooth Index 881 Phase modulation (PM), 502, 505 Phase shift keying (PSK), 166–167 Physical layer, 38, 212, 335, 363, 371–372, 374, 376–377, 400, 412–418, 563, 570–571 Physical layer conversion protocol (PLCP), 413 Physical medium attachment (PMA), 379 Physical medium dependent (PMD), 379 Piggybacked acknowledgments, 224 Piggybacking, 218, 228 Pixels.2, 50 Plain old telephone service (POTS), 256 Point coordination function (PCF), 405–406, 408–409, 411 IEEE 802.11, 408–409 Point of presence (POP), 26, 27 Point-to-point link, 93, 130–132, 213, 226, 228, 237, 272, 345, 371, 524, 574, 616, 725 attenuation, 93 in guided transmission media, 112, 114 in HDLC, 226 in microwave, 130 in wireless transmission, 127 Polar signaling, 152 Power spectral density, 841–844 Primitive polynomial, 197 Privacy, 91, 402, 423, 452, 682, 742 Private branch exchange (PBX), 115, 273 Propagation delay, 134, 201, 215, 223, 225, 262, 263, 273, 290, 363–365, 368, 524, 604, 606–607, 633, 637, 718, 765 Propagation time, 215–216, 222, 325, 364, 366, 373, 474, 524–526, 528, 604, 647, 718 Protocol architecture, See also Sockets programming adopted protocol, 573 animation, 61–63 application layer, 34 encapsulation, 35 in multimedia, 48–52 network access layer, 34, 37 protocol data unit (PDU), 35 service access points (SAPs), or ports, 34 service parameters, 46–48 simplified architecture, 36–37 standardization, 45–46 syntax, 33, 70 timing in, 33, 70 traditional Internet applications, 48 transport header, 37 Protocol data unit (PDU), 35, 40, 46, 193, 336–337, 342, 400, 407, 409, 413–415, 431, 433, 451–452, 471, 487, 564, 768 Protocol independent multicast (PIM) characteristics, 676–677 operation, example, 678 sparse group, 677–679 strategy, 677 Pseudonoise (PN), 544, 547, 549, See also Pseudorandom number Pseudorandom numbers, 545 Pseudoternary, 156–158 Pseudowire, 752 Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge (pwe3), 752 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 132 Public switched telephone network (PSTN), 260, 310, 317, 823, 824 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), 174 Pulse code modulation, 149, 174–176, 248, 250, 583 Pulse stuffing, 248 Q Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 167, 243, 413, 540 Quality of service (QoS), 2, 11, 49, 52, 294, 319, 375, 410, 455, 475, 561, 586, 639, 640, 686 categories, 713–715 congestion control, 639 eligibility test, ATM, 292, 294 Multimedia, 11 RTP, 834 Quantizing noise, 175, 178, 583 Quantizing error, 175 steps, 176 Qauadrature amplitude, 172, 255, 258 modulation, 172–173 Q-tagged frame, 368 Querier’s Querier Interval Code (QQIC), 675 Querier’s Robustness Variable (QRV), 673 Queue buffers, 632 interaction, 632 length, 600, 602–604, 630, 634 service, 735 Queuing discipline, 711, 716–717, 719–720, 734–736, 744 theory, 605, 630 882 Index R Radio broadcast, 134–135, 417 applications, 135 physical description, 134 transmission characteristics, 135 transmission, IEEE 802.11, 417 Radio-frequency spectrum, 126 Radix-64 encoding, MIME, 790–792 Random routing, 599 Raw sockets, 53 Real-time polling service (rtPS), 568 Real-time traffic, 51, 714, 818–820 characteristics, 819–820 delay jitter, 820 hard vs soft applications, 821 requirements, 820 Real-time transport protocol (RTP), 51, 828–838 application-defined packet, 838 application-level data units (ADUs), 829 application-level framing, 829 architecture, 829–830 concept, 830–831 congestion control, 834 data transfer protocol, 830–833 error recovery, 829 firewall, 831–832 fixed header, 832–833 goodbye (BYE), 834 identification, 834 integrated layer processing, 829–830 jitter, 836 mixer, 831 NTP timestamp, 836 payload format, 831 payload type field, 833 quality of service (QoS), 834 receiver report (RR), 834 remote procedure call (RPC), 830 scaling, 834 sender report (SR), 836–837 sender’s octet count, 836 sender’s packet count, 836 session control, 834 session size estimation, 834 SIP, 825–827 source description (SDES), 838 timestamp, 833 translator, 831–832 Real-time variable rate (RT-VR), 567–568 Reassembly algorithm, 437 Receive not ready (RNR), HDLC, 230 Receiver-initiated reservation, 722 Recursive technique, DNS, 800 Redundancy, 23, 187, 194, 202, 205, 297, 315, 342, 347, 370, 390, 508, 514, 515, 565 Reed–Solomon code, 513–514 Refractive index, 125, 138–139 Regular LDPC code, 518 Reinforcement and cancellation, 143 Remote procedure call (RPC), RTP, 830 Repeat-accumulate code, 519 Repeater, 73, 91, 93, 100, 114–115, 122–124, 130, 179, 260, 322, 335, 350, 370–371, 383 Reservation styles, 722, 727, 728 Resolver, 793 Resource record (RR), DNS, 795–796 Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), 720–730 data flows, 724–725 filtering, 726–727 fixed-filter (FF), 729 flow descriptor, 729 flowspec, 724–725 goals and characteristics, 722–724 identifier, 724–725 mechanisms, 729–730 multicast transmission, 721–722 operation, 725–729 reservation, 720–730 shared-explicit (SE), 729 wildcard-filter (WF), 727 Retransmission strategy, 478–479 Retransmission timeout, 488 Retransmission timer management, 644–645 Reuse factor, 305 Root name server, 799 Round-robin techniques, 341 Routing adaptive, 599–601 algorithm, 347, 591, 594–595, 601, 603, 607–610 animations, 624–625 ARPANET, 609 autonomous system, 607–608 BGP messages, 611–614 BGP routing information exchange, 614–615 border gateway protocol, 610–615 characteristics, 607 decision place, 594 decision time, 594 delay metrics, 606 Index 883 Dijkstra’s algorithm, 604, 609, 618–624 distance-vector, 609–610 elements of, 593 exterior router protocol (ERP), 608–610 fixed, 595–596 flooding, 597–599 interior router protocol (IRP), 607–609 least-cost route, 594–595 link-state routing, 603–604 minimum-hop criterion, 594 network information source, 594–595 open shortest path first (OSPF), 615–618 oscillations period, 606 packet-switching networks, 618–619, 627 path-vector routing, 609, 610 performance criteria, 592–594 protocols, 607–618 random routing, 599 strategies, 595–601 RSVP, see Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) application-defined packet, 838 goodbye (BYE), 834, 838 packet types, 834–836 receiver report (RR), 838 rfc 3550 functions, 834 sender report (SR), 836–838 source description (SDES), 838 RTT variance estimation, see Jacobson’s algorithm Rural exchange trunks, 123, 124 S Sampling technique, 742 Sampling theorem, 99, 174–175, 178, 248 Satellite, 19–20, 24, 27, 38, 91, 96, 113, 121, 127–128, 131–134, 138, 140, 142–143, 201, 216, 220, 225, 261, 263, 514, 606–607 Satellite communication (SATNET), 24 Satellite microwave, 131–134 application, 131–134 communication configurations, 132 physical description, 131 transmission characteristics, 134 Scattering, 127, 142, 313–314, 421 Scatternet, 575–576 Scrambling, 157, 160–161, 387, 392–394, 414–415 Second-generation, cellular network, 317 advantages, 317 channel access, 317 digital traffic channel, 317 encryption, 317 error detection and correction, 317 first- and second-generation, 316–317 Second-generation routing algorithm, see Linkstate routing algorithm Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 683 Security Parameter Index (SPI), 696 Segmentation, 437 Selective fading, 315 Selective-reject ARQ, 225 HDLC, 230 Self-clocking codes, 158 Semantics, 70 Sequence number, 36, 41–42, 217–219, 224–225, 227–230, 232, 339–340, 447, 449, 472–474, 478–480, 483–489, 491, 526, 566, 582, 597, 656–659, 836 Sequencing, 33, 286, 340, 830 Sequential list, 435 Server farms, 13, 375, 377 Service access point (SAP), 34, 35, 45, 46, 336– 337, 339, 448–449, 470 Service discovery protocol (SDP), 574 Service level agreement (SLA), 683, 712, 732, 739–742, 744, 751, 753 Service response primitive, TCP, 487, 489 Serving gateway (SGW), 322–323 Session description protocol (SDP), SIP, 827–828 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 818, 822, 824–828 client, 825 components, 825–827 contact header, 824 DNS server, 826 facets, 824 location service, 825 message, 827 presence server, 825 proxy server, 825 real-time transport protocol (RTP), 826 redirect server, 825 registrar, 825 request, 825–827 response, 825–826 RFC 3261, 824, 825 RFC 4566, 827 server, 825 session description, 827–828 884 Index Session Initiation Protocol (continued) session description protocol (SDP), 827–828 transport layer security (TLS), 827 UAC, 825 UAS bob, 826 uniform resource identifier, 827 user agent, 825 S Flag, 673 S-frames, HDLC, 228, 229 Shannon Capacity formula, 99–102 Shaper, 737 Shared-explicit (SE), 729 Shielded twisted pair (STP), 115–119, 158, 371, 374 Shortest-path first (SPF) algorithm, 770–772 Signal disperses, 140 Signal-encoding techniques amplitude shift keying (ASK), 162–164 animations, 180–181 biphase, 157–158 delta Modulation (DM), 176–178 frequency shift keying, 164–165 modulation rate, 159–160 multilevel binary, 156–157 nonreturn to zero (NRZ), 155–156 performance, 169–172 phase shift keying, 166–172 polar signaling, 152 pulse code modulation, 174–176 quadrature amplitude modulation, 172–173 scrambling techniques, 160–161 Signaling protocol, 358, 764, 771 Signal strength, 107–109, See also Decibel gain Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 100, 103, 157, 187–188, 258, 417, 541, 549 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 48, 781, 783–786 advantage of, 783 blind carbon copies (BCCs), 785 commands, 783 connection closing, 785 destinations, 784–785 elements, 785–786 end-to-end acknowledgment, 785 error-handling, 785 errors, 785–786 lost messages, 785–786 mail transfer, 784 multiple messages, 785 multiple users, 785 operation, 783–785 overview, 783 Port 25, 784 receiver, 784 RFC 822, 786 sender, 785–786 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 42, 44 Simple Switching Network, 271 Simplex, 73, 722 Simulation and modeling projects, 847–848 Simulation program, 470 Sine-cosine representation, 841 Sine wave, 74–77, 80, 166, 505, 506 Single-bit error, 188, 191–192, 198, 204, 297, 418, 511–512, 514 Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), 542–544 Single-carrier PHY (SCPHY), 421 Single-mode propagation, 125 Single sideband (SSB), 504 Single square pulse, 77 Single-stage crossbar matrix, 278 Sinusoid, 74–75, 77, 502, 506, 508, 840 Sky wave, 135, 138 Sliding-window ARQ protocols, 224 Sliding-window flow control, 216–222, 526 acknowledgment frame, 219 piggybacking, 218 Receive Not Ready (RNR), 218, 229 Sliding-window utilization, 528 Slow fading, 315 Slow start, 651–652, 654, 659 SMTP, see Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Sockets programming address structure, 54 backlog parameter, 55 client-server interaction, 56, 58–59, 61 command parameters, 53 communication, 55 concept, 52–53 connections, 55 core function, 54 example, 57–58 getpeername (), 55 server program, 58, 59–61 setup, 53 Sockets project, 846–847 SOFTSWITCH Architecture, 281–282 Software-defined networks (SDN) architecture, 680–682 concept, 679 Index 885 control plane, 680 data plane, 680 domains, 682–683 in mobile devices, 680 server virtualization effect, 679–680 SONET, see Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Source routing, 347, 435, 441, 443, 449, 452, 594 Space diversity, 315 Space Division Switching, 277–279 Spanning tree, 348–350 address learning, 349 algorithm, 349–350 frame forwarding, 348–349 multicasting, 669–670 Spectral efficiency, 101, 103, 320, 324 Spectrum spreading, 547 Spreading code, 544–548, 552 Spreading sequence, 544 Square wave, 74–75, 79–82, 842 frequency components of, 80–81 SREJ, 225, 230 SSH (Secure Shell), 48 SSL architecture, 684–685 Staircase function, 176–178 Start-of-frame delimiter (SFD), 369, 370, 413, 414 Star topology, 332–335, 350–351, 368, 371 Stateless protocol, HTTP, 802 Statistical multiplexing, 246 Statistical TDM, 246 Status code, HTTP, 811–812 Step-index multimode, 125 Stop-and-wait flow, 213–216, 219–222, 523, 525–530 acknowledgment, 213 ARQ, 220–221 bit length, 216 performance, 216 Stream communication, 55 Stream sockets, 53 Subcarrier, 239–242, 415, 419–420, 538–544, 572 Subchannelization, 541 Subnet Mask, 445–446, 685–686 Subnetwork in address resolution protocol (ARP), 449–450 congestion effects, 631 examples, 446 Internetworking principles, 429 in IPsec, 462 mobile node, 693 in Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), 677 QoS label of, 721–722 routing protocols, 608 in RSVP operation, 725 TCP and IP operations, 39–41, 430 Subscriber line, 18, 27, 30, 172, 238, 255–257, 261, 274 asymmetric digital, 255–256 high data rate digital, 260–261 public telecommunication network, 274 single-line digital, 261 very high data rate, 261 Subscriber loop, 115, 274 Sustainable data rate, 640 Switched communication network, 272 Switches, 350–353 cut-through switch, 353 store-and-forward, 353 Switching hub, 350, 373–374 Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), 251, 252 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 51, 251–254, 377, 751–752, 771 Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing, 244–259 bit-interleaving, 245–246 channel, 245 characteristics, 244–246 data link control, 246–247 digital carrier systems, 249–251 DS-L transmission, 250 frame, 247 frame format, 251 framing, 247–248 framing error, 250 interleaving, 244–246 pulse code modulation (PCM), 250 pulse stuffing, 248–249 signal hierarchy, 251 SONET/SDH, 251 SONET STS-1 overhead octets, 251, 252 STS-1 overhead bits, 252, 253 TDM link control, 246–248 Synchronous connection oriented (SCO) links, 579 Synchronous transmission, 91–92, 227, 246 T Tag Control Information (TCI), 381–383 Tanner graph, 519 TCP, see Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 886 Index TCP/IP protocol architecture, 37, 39, 41–42, 44 IP and IPv6, 44 layers, 37–39 operation, 39–41 protocol interfaces, 44 TCP and UDP, 41–42 TDMA burst, 564 Telecommunications Industry Association, 117 Teleconferencing, 667 audio, 49 Telemarketing, 50 Telephony control protocol, 574 TELNET, 713–714, 468, 785 Ternary signaling scheme, 373 Terrestrial microwave, 121, 128, 130–131, 134 applications, 130 performance, 130 physical description, 130 transmission characteristics, 130–131 T-field, 391 Thermal noise, 96–98, 100, 122 Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 320 Third-Generation Systems (3G), 317–318, 604–607 ARPANET delay metrics, 606 bandwidth, 318 capabilities, 317 CDMA design considerations, 318 chip rate, 318 multirate, 318 packet-switching network, 605 queueing model, 605–606 routing goal, 605 Three-way handshake, 483 Threshold random walk (TRW) scan, 795 Time-division duplex (TDD), 261–263 Time division multiple access (TDMA), 570 Time division multiplexing (TDM), 179, 238, 341 Time division switching, 279 Time domain, 73, 77, 78, 843 Time-multiplexed switching (TMS), 281 Time-slot interchange (TSI), 279–281 Time-varying analog signal, 86 Token Bucket, 640–642, 718 Token-passing scheme, 396 Total internal reflection, 124 Traditional Switching vs Softswitch, 283 Traffic class, 737, 760 Traffic contract parameters, 639 Traffic engineering, 770–774 components, 770 elements of, 770–772 RSVP-TE, 773–774 shortest-path first algorithm, 772–773 Traffic management, 638–642 fairness, 639 leaky bucket algorithm, 642 Quality of Service, 639 reservation, 639 token bucket, 640–642 traffic shaping, 640 Traffic policing, 375, 639–640 ITU-T Recommendation Y.1221, 712 Traffic shaping, 640–643 Traffic specification (TSpec), ISA, 718 Trailer, 227, 345, 433–434 Transfer encoding, MIME, 789–792 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) accept policy, 492 acknowledge policy, 494 acknowledgment number, 488, 489 application development, 44 architecture, 37–41 checksum, 489 congestion control, 631, 637, 643–644 connection establishment, 491 connection termination, 491 data transfer, 419 deliver policy, 492–493 differentiated services, 491 dynamic window sizing, 652 exponential averaging, 645 fast recovery, 653 fast retransmit, 653 flags, 488 friendliness, 655–656 header, 487, 489 header format, 487 implementation policy, 492–494 in IP, 42–44 in IPv6, 42–44 Jacobson’s algorithm, 647, 650 Karn’s algorithm, 650 mechanisms, 491–492 retransmission strategies, 493 retransmit policy, 493–494 round-trip time (RTT), 494 RTT variance estimation, 647 segment, 40 send policy, 492 Index 887 sequence number, 489 service parameter, 490 service response primitive, 487–488 slow start, 651 UDP and, 41–42 urgent pointer, 489 Window field, 488 window management, 650–651 Transmission impairments, 92–98, 111, 140, 187, 259 attenuation, 93–95 crosstalk, 97 delay distortion, 95 impulse noise, 97 intermodulation noise, 97 noise, 95–98 thermal noise, 96 white noise, 96 Transmission medium, 16–21, 38, 72, 73, 79, 93, 97–99, 107, 111–112, 121, 145, 150–151, 212, 238–239, 244, 312, 332, 335–336, 340, 363, 371–372, 459, 564 Transmission terminology direct link, 73 full-duplex operation, 73 guided media, 73 half-duplex operation, 73 multipoint guided configuration, 73 point to point, 73 simplex, 73 unguided media, 73 Transponder channels, 131 Transport algorithm, 479 Transport layer, 34–39, 41–42, 635, 462, 470–471, 659, 724 Transport layer security (TLS), 827 Transport protocols, 2, 4, 34–36, 51, 201, 358, 433, 436, 442, 477–478, 482, 654, 656, 692, 713, 827, See also Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) animations, 495–496 retransmission timer, 479 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), 33, 66 Trunk, 123, 274, 382, 456 TVoIP, 377 Twisted pair, 112–121 applications, 112–115 categories of, 112–121 physical description, 112 transmission characteristics, 115 unshielded and shielded pair, 115–117 Two-dimensional parity check, 191–192 Two-level PSK, 166 Two-level star topology, 351 Type-length-value (TLV), 769 U UDP, see User Datagram Protocol (UDP) U-frames, HDLC, 228 Unbalanced configuration, HDLC, 226 Unguided media, 73, 86, 93, 111–112, 127, 151 Unicast address, 354, 456, 675 Uniform resource locator (URL), HTTP, 804 Unipolar signal, 152 Universal Networking Information Infrastructure (UNNI), 414 Unnumbered acknowledged (UA), HDLC, 229 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP), 115, 350, 371, 374 Unsolicited grant service (UGS), 567 Uplink, 131, 134, 379, 541 Urgent data signaling, 487 User agent, HTTP, 825 User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 41–42, 44, 67, 68–69, 433, 437, 443, 454, 462, 692, 695, 713, 724, 767, 470, 494–495, 821, 822 User–network interface (UNI), 227, 295, 296 V Very large scale integration (VLSI), 91 Very small aperture terminal (VSAT), 133 Vestigial sideband (VSB), 505 Video teleconference, 180 Virtual channel connections (VCCs), 293–294 Virtual channel identifier (VCI), 296 Virtual circuit, 284–293, 430–431, 592–594, 596–597, 598, 636, 776, 803 Virtual LAN, 353–358 broadcast address, 354 broadcast domain, 354 communication, 358 configuration, 356, 382 definition, 356 routers, 356 unicast addressing, 354 use, 356 Virtual path, 293–294, 296, 760, 776 Virtual path connection (VPC), 293–294 Virtual path identifier (VPI), 296 888 Index Virtual Private Network (VPN), 754, 774–777 layer 2, 775–776 layer 3, 776 MPLS, 754 terminology, 775 Voiceband transmission, 242 Voice-grade unshielded twisted pair (UTP), 115 Voice mail, 14, 50 Voice of America, 138 Voice over IP (VoIP), 51, 281, 322, 821–824, See also Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) W Walsh matrix, 413 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 243, 377 Web 2.0, 377 Weighted fair queuing (WFQ), 719 White noise, 96, 100, 188 Wide Area Networks, 270, 292, 332, 377, 435, 774 Wi-Fi protected access (WPA), 423 Wildcard-filter (WF), RSVP, 726 Window field, TCP, 488 Window management, 650–654 Windows Sockets (WinSock), 52 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) algorithm, 423 Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA), 401 Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Alliance, 401 Wireless LAN, 20, 24, 332, 395–423 ad hoc networking, 396–399 battery power consumption, 399 configuration, 399 cross-building interconnect, 399 infrared (IR), 396, 397 nomadic stations, 398 requirements, 399 spread spectrum, 396 token-passing scheme, 396 transmission issues, 399 Wireless local loop (WLL), 559 WirelessMAN-OFDMA, 571 WirelessMAN-SC, 570 Wireless propagation, 135–139 ground wave, 135–137 line-of-sight, 138–139 refraction, 138 sky wave, 138 Wireless transmission, 19, 20, 22, 93, 111, 127–129, 140, 535–553 antenna gain, 128–129 antenna, 127–128 applications, 130, 135 broadcast radio, 134–135 code division multiple access (CDMA), 550–553 communication configurations, 132 direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), 545–549 infrared, 135 MIMO principles, 536–537 multiple-User MIMO, 537–538 orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, 541 orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, 538–541 parabolic reflective antenna, 128 performance, 130 physical description, 130, 134 single-carrier FDMA, 542–544 satellite microwave, 131–134 spread spectrum, 544–545 terrestrial microwave, 130–131 transmission characteristics, 130–131, 134 Wireshark Projects, 847 WPA, see Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) Write request (WRQ), 68 X XDSL, 260–261 2B1Q coding, 261 alternate mark inversion (AMI), 260 DMT/QAM technique, 261 DSL broadband access, 259 high data rate digital subscriber line, 260 single-line digital subscriber line, 261 very high data rate digital subscriber line, 261 XOR operation, 194, 514, 518, 545, 578 X.25-based packet-switching networks, 288 Z Zone, DNS, 799 ACRONYMS AAL ADSL AES AM AMI ANS ANSI ARP ARQ ASCII ASK ATM BER BGP CBR CCITT CIR CMI CRC CSMA/CD DCE DEA DES DS DTE FCC FCS FDM FSK FTP FM GFR GPS HDLC HTML HTTP IAB ICMP ICT IDN IEEE IETF IGMP IP IPng IRA ISA ISDN ISO ATM Adaptation Layer Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Advanced Encryption Standard Amplitude Modulation Alternate Mark Inversion American National Standard American National Standard Institute Address Resolution Protocol Automatic Repeat Request American Standard Code for Information Interchange Amplitude-Shift Keying Asynchronous Transfer Mode Bit Error Rate Border Gateway Protocol Constant Bit Rate International Consultative Committee on Telegraphy and Telephony Committed Information Rate Coded Mark Inversion Cyclic Redundancy Check Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Data Encryption Algorithm Data Encryption Standard Differentiated Services Data Terminal Equipment Federal Communications Commission Frame Check Sequence Frequency-Division Multiplexing Frequency-Shift Keying File Transfer Protocol Frequency Modulation Guaranteed Frame Rate Global Positioning System High-Level Data Link Control Hypertext Markup Language Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet Architecture Board Internet Control Message Protocol Information and Communications Technology Integrated Digital Network Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Group Management Protocol Internet Protocol Internet Protocol—Next Generation International Reference Alphabet Integrated Services Architecture Integrated Services Digital Network International Organization for Standardization ITU ITU-T LAN LAPB LAPD LAPF LLC MAC MAN MIME MPLS NRZI NRZL NT OSI OSPF PBX PCM PDU PM PSK PTT QAM QoS QPSK RBOC RF RSA RSVP SAP SDH SDU SLA SMTP SNMP SONET SS7 STP TCP TDM TE UBR UDP UNI UTP VAN VBR VCC VLAN VPC WDM Wi-Fi WWW International Telecommunication Union ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector Local Area Network Link Access Procedure—Balanced Link Access Procedure on the D Channel Link Access Procedure for Frame Mode Bearer Services Logical Link Control Medium Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension Multiprotocol Label Switching Nonreturn to Zero, Inverted Nonreturn to Zero, Level Network Termination Open Systems Interconnection Open Shortest Path First Private Branch Exchange Pulse-Code Modulation Protocol Data Unit Phase Modulation Phase-Shift Keying Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Regional Bell Operating Company Radio Frequency Rivest, Shamir, Adleman Algorithm Resource ReSerVation Protocol Service Access Point Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Service Data Unit Service Level Agreement Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol Synchronous Optical Network Signaling System Number Shielded Twisted Pair Transmission Control Protocol Time-Division Multiplexing Terminal Equipment Unspecified Bit Rate User Datagram Protocol User-Network Interface Unshielded Twisted Pair Value-Added Network Variable Bit Rate Virtual Channel Connection Virtual LAN Virtual Path Connection Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wireless Fidelity World Wide Web THE WILLIAM STALLINGS BOOKS ON COMPUTER AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS DATA COMMUNICATIONS, SEVENTH EDITION (with Tom Case) A comprehensive presentation of data communications and telecommunications from a business perspective Covers voice, data, image, and video communications and applications technology and includes a number of case studies Topics covered include data communications, TCP/IP, cloud computing, Internet protocols and applications, LANs and WANs, network security, and network management OPERATING SYSTEMS, SEVENTH EDITION A state-of-the art survey of operating system principles Covers fundamental technology as well as contemporary design issues, such as threads, microkernels, SMPs, real-time systems, multiprocessor scheduling, embedded OSs, distributed systems, clusters, security, and object-oriented design Third, fourth, and sixth editions received the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA) award for the best Computer Science and Engineering Textbook of the year CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY, SIXTH EDITION A tutorial and survey on network security technology Each of the basic building blocks of network security, including conventional and public-key cryptography, authentication, and digital signatures, are covered Provides a thorough mathematical background for such algorithms as AES and RSA The book covers important network security tools and applications, including S/MIME, IP Security, Kerberos, SSL/TLS, network access control, and Wi-Fi security In addition, methods for countering hackers and viruses are explored Second edition received the TAA award for the best Computer Science and Engineering Textbook of 1999 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE, NINTH EDITION A unified view of this broad field Covers fundamentals such as CPU, control unit, microprogramming, instruction set, I/O, and memory Also covers advanced topics such as multicore, superscalar, and parallel organization Five-time winner of the TAA award for the best Computer Science and Engineering Textbook of the year ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stallings, William Data and computer communications /William Stallings. —Tenth edition pages cm ISBN-13: 978-0-13-350648-8 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-13-350648-7 (alk paper) 1. Data. .. by going to http://www.pearsonhighered.com /stallings/ and following the on-screen instructions Data and Computer Communications Tenth Edition William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New... of Data Communications and Networking —Overview ? ?Data Communications —Wide Area Networks —Local Area Networks —Internet and Transport Layers • Unit Two: Advanced Topics in Data Communications and