ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR Second Edition SIMON R SAUNDERS, UNIVERSITY OF SURREY, GUILDFORD, UK ALEJANDRO ARAGO´N-ZAVALA, TECNOLO´GICO dE MONTERREY, CAMPUS QUERE´TARO, MEXICO Copyright ß 2007 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (ỵ44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (ỵ44) 1243 770571 This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 6045 Freemont Blvd, Mississauga, ONT, L5R 4J3, Canada Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Anniversary Logo Design: Richard J Pacifico British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-470-84879-1 Typeset in 10/12 Times by Thomson Digital Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production In memory of my father For Luke, Emily and Gra´nne Simon Saunders To Laura, you are my inspiration and my true love To Coco´, Maxi and Fimbie Alejandro Arago´n-Zavala Contents Preface to the First Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Introduction: The Wireless Communication Channel 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 INTRODUCTION CONCEPT OF A WIRELESS CHANNEL THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM HISTORY SYSTEM TYPES AIMS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS CELLULAR NETWORKS THE CELLULAR CONCEPT TRAFFIC MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES AND DUPLEXING 1.10.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 1.10.2 Time Division Multiple Access 1.10.3 Code Division Multiple Access 1.11 AVAILABLE DATA RATES 1.12 STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 1.13 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 9 13 17 17 18 18 19 20 22 22 23 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 25 2.1 2.2 2.3 25 25 26 27 27 INTRODUCTION MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS PLANE WAVE PROPERTIES 2.3.1 Field Relationships 2.3.2 Wave Impedance viii Contents 2.3.3 Poynting Vector 2.3.4 Phase Velocity 2.3.5 Lossy Media 2.4 POLARISATION 2.4.1 Polarisation States 2.4.2 Mathematical Representation of Polarisation 2.4.3 Random Polarisation 2.5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 28 28 28 32 32 32 33 34 34 34 Propagation Mechanisms 37 3.1 3.2 INTRODUCTION REFLECTION, REFRACTION AND TRANSMISSION 3.2.1 Lossless Media 3.2.2 Lossy Media 3.2.3 Typical Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 3.3 ROUGH SURFACE SCATTERING 3.4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 3.4.1 Principles 3.4.2 Formulation 3.5 DIFFRACTION 3.5.1 Principle 3.5.2 Single Knife-Edge Diffraction 3.5.3 Other Diffracting Obstacles: Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 3.6 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 37 37 37 41 42 45 47 47 49 50 50 51 54 59 59 59 Antenna Fundamentals 61 4.1 4.2 61 61 61 62 62 63 65 65 67 67 68 70 70 71 71 71 72 4.3 INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLES 4.2.1 What is an Antenna? 4.2.2 Necessary Conditions for Radiation 4.2.3 Near-Field and Far-Field Regions 4.2.4 Far-Field Radiation from Wires ANTENNA PARAMETERS 4.3.1 Radiation Pattern 4.3.2 Directivity 4.3.3 Radiation Resistance and Efficiency 4.3.4 Power Gain 4.3.5 Bandwidth 4.3.6 Reciprocity 4.3.7 Receiving Antenna Aperture 4.3.8 Beamwidth and Directivity 4.3.9 The Friis Formula: Antennas in Free Space 4.3.10 Polarisation Matching ix Contents 4.4 PRACTICAL DIPOLES 4.4.1 Dipole Structure 4.4.2 Current Distribution 4.4.3 Radiation Pattern 4.4.4 Input Impedance 4.5 ANTENNA ARRAYS 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Linear and Planar Arrays 4.5.3 The Uniform Linear Array 4.5.4 Parasitic Elements: Uda–Yagi Antennas 4.5.5 Reflector Antennas 4.5.6 Monopole Antennas 4.5.7 Corner Reflectors 4.5.8 Parabolic Reflector Antennas 4.6 HORN ANTENNAS 4.7 LOOP ANTENNAS 4.8 HELICAL ANTENNAS 4.9 PATCH ANTENNAS 4.10 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 73 73 74 74 77 77 77 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 Basic Propagation Models 89 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 DEFINITION OF PATH LOSS 5.3 A BRIEF NOTE ON DECIBELS 5.4 NOISE MODELLING 5.5 FREE SPACE LOSS 5.6 PLANE EARTH LOSS 5.7 LINK BUDGETS 5.8 CONCLUSION REFERENCE PROBLEMS 89 89 92 93 97 98 101 103 103 103 Terrestrial Fixed Links 105 6.1 6.2 6.3 105 105 108 108 111 111 113 6.4 6.5 INTRODUCTION PATH PROFILES TROPOSPHERIC REFRACTION 6.3.1 Fundamentals 6.3.2 Time Variability 6.3.3 Ducting and Multipath OBSTRUCTION LOSS APPROXIMATE MULTIPLE KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION 6.5.1 The Deygout Method 6.5.2 The Causebrook Correction 6.5.3 The Giovanelli Method 115 115 116 117 x Contents 6.5.4 Test Cases THE MULTIPLE-EDGE DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL 6.6.1 Slope-UTD Multiple-Edge Diffraction Model 6.6.2 Test Case: Comparison of Multiple Models 6.7 DIFFRACTION OVER OBJECTS OF FINITE SIZE 6.8 OTHER METHODS FOR PREDICTING TERRAIN DIFFRACTION 6.8.1 The Integral Equation Model 6.8.2 The Parabolic Equation Method 6.9 INFLUENCE OF CLUTTER 6.10 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 117 121 122 126 127 129 129 131 134 135 135 137 Satellite Fixed Links 139 7.1 7.2 139 140 140 141 146 148 148 151 153 155 158 159 159 160 160 160 161 161 162 6.6 INTRODUCTION TROPOSPHERIC EFFECTS 7.2.1 Attenuation 7.2.2 Rain Attenuation 7.2.3 Gaseous Absorption 7.2.4 Tropospheric Refraction 7.2.5 Tropospheric Scintillation 7.2.6 Depolarisation 7.2.7 Sky Noise 7.3 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS 7.3.1 Faraday Rotation 7.3.2 Group Delay 7.3.3 Dispersion 7.3.4 Ionospheric Scintillation 7.3.5 Summary of Ionospheric Effects 7.4 SATELLITE EARTH STATION ANTENNAS 7.5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS Macrocells 163 8.1 8.2 8.3 163 163 164 165 167 169 169 170 171 172 172 8.4 INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS EMPIRICAL PATH LOSS MODELS 8.3.1 Clutter Factor Models 8.3.2 The Okumura–Hata Model 8.3.3 The COST 231–Hata Model 8.3.4 The Lee Model 8.3.5 The Ibrahim and Parsons Model 8.3.6 Environment Categories PHYSICAL MODELS 8.4.1 The Allsebrook and Parsons Model xi Contents 10 8.4.2 The Ikegami Model 8.4.3 Rooftop Diffraction 8.4.4 The Flat Edge Model 8.4.5 The Walfisch–Bertoni Model 8.4.6 COST 231/Walfisch–Ikegami Model 8.5 ITU-R MODELS 8.5.1 ITU-R Recommendation P.1411 8.5.2 ITU-R Recommendation P.1546 8.6 COMPARISON OF MODELS 8.7 COMPUTERISED PLANNING TOOLS 8.8 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 173 174 175 178 180 181 181 182 182 183 183 183 185 Shadowing 187 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 INTRODUCTION STATISTICAL CHARACTERISATION PHYSICAL BASIS FOR SHADOWING IMPACT ON COVERAGE 9.4.1 Edge of Cell 9.4.2 Whole Cell 9.5 LOCATION VARIABILITY 9.6 CORRELATED SHADOWING 9.6.1 Serial Correlation 9.6.2 Site-to-Site Correlation 9.7 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 187 187 189 189 189 192 195 196 197 199 205 205 206 Narrowband Fast Fading 209 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 209 209 210 213 214 215 218 221 226 227 227 228 230 236 238 239 10.12 10.13 10.14 INTRODUCTION BASEBAND CHANNEL REPRESENTATION THE AWGN CHANNEL THE NARROWBAND FADING CHANNEL WHEN DOES FADING OCCUR IN PRACTICE? THE RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNR FOR A RAYLEIGH CHANNEL THE RICE DISTRIBUTION THE NAKAGAMI- m DISTRIBUTION OTHER FADING DISTRIBUTIONS SECOND-ORDER FAST-FADING STATISTICS 10.11.1 The Doppler Effect 10.11.2 The Classical Doppler Spectrum AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTION NARROWBAND MOBILE RADIO CHANNEL SIMULATIONS CONCLUSION xii Contents 11 12 13 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 239 240 Wideband Fast Fading 241 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 EFFECT OF WIDEBAND FADING 11.3 WIDEBAND CHANNEL MODEL 11.4 WIDEBAND CHANNEL PARAMETERS 11.5 FREQUENCY DOMAIN EFFECTS 11.6 THE BELLO FUNCTIONS 11.7 WIDEBAND FADING IN FIXED LINKS 11.8 OVERCOMING WIDEBAND CHANNEL IMPAIRMENTS 11.9 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 241 242 245 246 251 252 253 254 254 255 255 Microcells 257 12.1 12.2 INTRODUCTION EMPIRICAL MODELS 12.2.1 Dual-Slope Model 12.2.2 The Lee Microcell Model 12.2.3 The Har–Xia-Bertoni Model 12.3 PHYSICAL MODELS 12.4 LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 12.4.1 Two-Ray Model 12.4.2 Street Canyon Models 12.4.3 ITU-R P.1411 Street Canyon Model 12.4.4 Random Waveguide Model 12.5 NON-LINE-OF-SIGHT MODELS 12.5.1 Propagation Mechanisms and Cell Planning Considerations 12.5.2 Recursive Model 12.5.3 ITU-R P.1411 Non-Line-of-Sight Model 12.5.4 Site-Specific Ray Models 12.6 DISCUSSION 12.7 MICROCELL SHADOWING 12.8 NARROWBAND FADING 12.9 WIDEBAND EFFECTS 12.10 CONCLUSION REFERENCES PROBLEMS 257 257 257 259 260 262 264 264 265 267 268 270 270 273 274 275 276 277 277 277 278 279 280 Picocells 283 13.1 13.2 283 283 283 INTRODUCTION EMPIRICAL MODELS OF PROPAGATION WITHIN BUILDINGS 13.2.1 Wall and Floor Factor Models Index Terms LNA, Low Noise Amplifier local mean local median location variability Loo model Links 95 164 187 333 392 473 474 477 478 486 487 89 189 189 195 196 199 200 277 297 300 317 472 487 339 340 loop antenna 83 LOS 89 215 221 222 261 263 268 278 341 344 461 491 27 28 30 37 41 77 332 341 349 350 355 21 163 172 175 182 183 189 196 249 250 257 277 278 293 294 300 309 376 380 382 397 497 499 25 30 31 41 42 64 83 84 99 139 156 373 396 441 447 101 113 165 LOS, Line Of Sight lossless low earth orbit (LEO) Lutz model 215 M macrocells magnetic field MAHO, Mobile Assisted HandOver 13 main edge 116 117 main lobe 66 82 MAN, Metropolitan Area Network 430 Manhattan grid 270 MAPL, Maximum Acceptable Path Loss 101 maximum acceptable path loss 90 272 91 190 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 166 Index Terms Links maximum likelihood 423 434 459 maximum ratio combining 407 408 429 25 37 39 305 373 497 mean delay 247 248 mean effective gain 231 368 371 MEG, Mean Effective Gain 368 369 484 21 331 348 111 497 424 425 Maxwell’s equations megacells melting layer 143 MEO 332 MEO, Medium Earth Orbit 332 meteorological metric MHz, Megahertz microcells microstrip 57 62 64 484 97 21 181 257 259 260 264 270 275 284 290 293 294 309 399 461 497 499 84 367 384 385 microstrip patches 384 microwave link 113 midamble 420 Mie scattering 142 MIMO, Multiple Input Multiple Output 437 MISO, Multiple Input Single Output 465 ML 423 ML, Maximum Likelihood 423 409 244 426 MLSE, Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimator mobile antennas 424 80 362 399 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links mobile satellite 140 202 249 253 332 333 336 338 342 348 353 354 356 374 498 80 83 131 276 364 375 376 492 430 445 466 mobility monopole MRC MS, Mobile Station MSC MSC, Mobile Switching Centre multipath 19 111 112 135 195 214 215 221 222 225 229 239 241 249 253 254 265 278 289 297 300 301 309 310 332 334 335 338 350 354 361 381 385 391 393 403 409 413 429 430 434 442 443 450 460 461 465 135 214 215 229 239 278 289 335 409 461 17 413 427 435 441 442 121 122 480 multipath propagation multiple access multiple edge diffraction multiplicative noise N narrowband 21 22 209 210 213 214 238 241 254 277 302 333 336 342 354 357 381 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links narrowband (Cont.) NLOS NLOS, Non Line Of Sight NMT, Nordic Mobile Telephone noise enhancement 391 393 413 415 427 428 430 434 450 454 461 470 478 486 215 216 218 225 263 271 275 341 343 344 491 312 374 215 417 418 noise figure 94 96 103 noise temperature 94 95 153 149 226 302 463 54 111 113 161 164 odometry 486 490 Odyssey 332 OFDM 22 254 413 430 435 Normal (Gaussian) distribution NTT, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Nyquist rate 449 O obstruction loss 183 OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 254 OFDMA, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 17 omnidirectional 13 67 74 76 77 83 250 322 369 374 376 377 382 385 488 optical limit 142 optimum combining 443 449 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms orthogonal Links 17 32 68 72 153 381 427 430 455 464 340 349 254 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 254 OS, Ordnance Survey 105 outage probability 200 204 oxygen 146 147 216 221 230 396 399 451 parabolic equation 129 131 parabolic reflector 81 160 161 385 parasitic elements 78 partially polarised 34 patch antennas 84 85 368 376 380 path diversity 19 335 426 427 430 435 P p.d.f 394 path loss exponent 177 path profile 105 111 126 129 131 135 163 175 187 197 198 201 pdf, probability density function 187 189 215 349 PDP, Power Delay Profile 246 PE, Parabolic Equation 132 PEL, Plane Earth Loss 100 101 penetration loss 285 294 309 319 permeability 25 29 38 permittivities 37 306 permittivity 26 29 38 268 298 299 28 30 31 38 39 41 59 108 352 phase velocity This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms phased array PHS, Personal Handyphone System physical models picocells Links 437 438 172 183 261 262 274 278 283 288 289 291 299 309 345 498 21 283 289 291 294 309 321 384 399 499 PIFA, Planar Inverted-F Antenna 367 pilot symbols 426 PIM, Passive InterModulation 380 434 planar array 77 plane earth loss 98 100 101 164 165 167 170 172 173 191 264 303 plane of diffraction 56 plane wave 26 28 30 32 37 38 41 47 49 57 64 65 72 142 160 445 449 155 156 point of incidence 37 40 polarisation 32 39 40 42 57 58 64 72 73 84 85 129 132 134 143 151 156 167 264 265 372 375 376 381 384 397 399 461 463 498 381 399 464 72 384 power density 28 65 370 374 384 power gain 68 70 164 169 plasma polarisation diversity polarisation mismatch loss population density power law model 71 200 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Poynting vector 26 28 31 34 37 64 65 preamble 420 prediction tools 169 prime focus 160 161 probability density function 187 215 216 226 348 349 37 48 49 59 89 135 161 181 257 270 271 284 288 290 297 302 469 26 32 37 215 238 376 473 480 10 12 13 19 90 102 200 227 239 309 310 362 391 411 413 435 440 466 471 499 radiation intensity 65 66 68 radiation resistance 67 68 77 80 307 362 140 149 151 268 357 propagation mechanisms propagation vector PSTN PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network Q Q, Quality factor QAM, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QHA, Quadrifilar Helix Antenna 362 19 375 QPSK, Quaternary Phase Shift Keying 19 quadrature 19 quadrifilar helix antenna quality 375 R rain This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links rain attenuation 141 rain cells 144 rainfall rate 142 143 153 357 427 430 408 457 Rake receivers 22 413 random polarisation 33 43 435 random processes 236 Rayleigh approximation 142 Rayleigh channels 218 221 Rayleigh criterion 46 47 215 217 218 221 225 338 340 342 349 474 112 220 228 236 303 449 462 474 476 483 receiver sensitivity 90 472 reciprocity 70 91 reciprocity theorem 70 91 Rayleigh distribution Rayleigh fading recursive least squares reflection coefficient 226 430 437 422 39 43 44 47 68 80 100 129 242 264 265 269 289 292 334 reflector 78 160 380 reflector antennas 79 81 160 37 49 59 73 108 148 156 160 305 39 108 109 111 112 131 132 148 156 158 410 reuse distance 11 12 200 440 RF, Radio Frequency 13 refraction refractive index RH, Right Hand **** RHCP, Right Hand Circular Polarisation 32 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Rice (Rician) distribution 226 Rice factor 222 239 341 RLS 422 426 445 RLS, Recursive Least Square 422 RMS delay spread 247 254 277 354 384 462 roadside trees 336 339 rooftop diffraction 174 180 45 45 278 300 314 RMS, Root Mean Square **** 183 271 129 244 306 307 10 249 339 341 346 369 453 466 488 370 372 21 139 148 161 426 37 39 45 57 59 90 106 129 140 171 180 202 241 242 244 246 251 257 264 270 272 277 301 334 348 354 368 397 411 441 451 452 460 462 463 466 498 scattering map 451 452 scattering plane 37 39 148 160 17 441 rough surface roughness rural S SAR, Specific Absorption Rate satellite fixed links satellite process scattering scintillation SDMA, Space Division Multiple Access sector antenna 356 498 357 378 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms sectorisation Links 12 13 201 376 385 441 selection combining 403 409 serial correlation 197 202 477 settled field 177 179 180 SFIR 440 441 449 204 272 314 SFIR, Spatial Filtering for Interference Reduction 440 shadow region 50 57 59 270 13 21 187 195 209 210 221 227 250 277 286 288 297 300 303 310 319 332 338 339 341 354 366 375 410 439 461 472 473 477 478 486 488 66 82 shadowing side lobes SIMO, Single Input Multiple Output 465 SINR, Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio 440 SIR, Signal to Interference Ratio skin depth 29 294 slow fading 187 465 466 SM, Spatial Multiplexing SMS, Short Message Service Snell’s law of reflection 37 41 Snell’s law of refraction 38 108 SNR, Signal to Noise Ratio 93 211 80 solar wind 156 space diversity 112 393 410 17 441 442 space division multiple access (SDMA) spatial filtering for interference reduction 440 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links specific attenuation 134 135 spectral efficiency 10 19 specular 45 47 173 spherical wave(s) 47 50 51 spread spectrum 18 354 427 spreading factor 50 56 47 SRLS, Square-root Recursive Least Square standard deviation 141 142 147 294 63 292 58 123 292 126 131 149 189 198 211 215 217 278 287 340 341 348 369 370 384 469 471 472 474 476 337 345 347 348 350 449 451 277 278 463 165 167 168 171 189 195 196 263 333 334 341 344 347 350 352 452 462 488 422 station keeping 139 statistical models 270 498 STC, Space-Time Coding 441 STEC, Slant Total Electron Content steering vector 445 step size parameter 421 street canyon 265 STTD, Space Time Transmit Diversity 465 subreflector 160 subrefractive 112 suburban superrefractive 111 switched combining 405 409 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links T TACS, Total Access Communication System TDD, Time Division Duplex 17 TDMA, Time Division Multiple Access 17 TEC, Total Electron Content 158 temperature inversion 112 terrestrial fixed links 21 402 403 10 18 411 247 248 254 13 training sequence 419 420 481 transition region 57 58 61 122 transmission line 61 68 73 74 77 78 297 298 315 364 367 386 438 456 466 148 149 151 terrestrial process 356 TETRA 238 time diversity 310 time share of shadowing 342 time slots total excess delay traffic density 105 409 traffic prediction 483 transmit diversity 410 411 trellis diagram 424 425 troposphere 108 140 tropospheric refraction 108 148 tropospheric scintillation 148 149 trunking 13 313 turbo codes, coding 20 TVT, Time-Variant Transfer function 152 251 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 160 Index Terms Links U ULA, Uniform Linear Array 445 UMTS 249 undersampling 447 uniform linear array (ULA) uniformity of coverage uplink urban USDC, United States Digital Cellular (IS54) USGS, United States Geographical survey 77 250 445 446 17 18 102 311 313 320 321 325 438 440 450 466 10 165 167 168 170 172 173 195 196 249 250 259 276 278 341 344 346 352 462 463 466 384 106 UTD, Uniform geometrical Theory of Diffraction UWB, Ultra Wideband 57 122 302 364 200 211 214 222 235 239 348 445 457 463 474 475 25 31 32 34 37 64 65 72 73 157 371 419 443 449 451 453 489 497 396 399 V variance V-BLAST, Vertical Bell Labs Space Time vector 460 vertical distirbution 311 vertical polarisation 129 132 134 vertical space diversity 112 396 410 32 43 368 vertically polarised This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms visible region Links 59 Viterbi algorithm 425 Viterbi equalisation 424 VLR VLR, Visitor Location Register Vogler method 117 voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) 68 VSWR, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 68 VTEC, Vertical Total Electron Content 158 426 122 126 W water vapour wave impedance 108 147 27 30 31 92 268 297 82 97 wavefront 26 waveguide 61 39 41 64 268 269 305 445 447 448 22 59 497 367 wavenumber WCDMA, Wideband CDMA 27 wideband channel model 245 249 354 Wiener solution 418 419 444 Wi-Fi, Wireless Fidelity 257 287 462 WiMax, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access ( IEEE 802.16 ) **** wireless channel WLAN, Wireless LAN **** WSSUS 251 WSSUS, Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering **** This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links X XPD, Cross Polar Discrimination **** XPI, Cross Polar Isolation **** Y Yagi 78 79 84 364 381 385 148 156 158 159 332 375 Z zenith 147 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation ... GHz Band name L band S band C band X band Ku band K band Ka band V band W band Frequency range [GHz] 1–2 2–4 4–8 8–12 12–18 18–26 26–40 40–75 75–111 Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication. .. medium in henrys per Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems Second Edition Simon R Saunders and Alejandro Arago´n-Zavala ß 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 26 Antennas and Propagation. .. and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems Second Edition Simon R Saunders and Alejandro Arago´n-Zavala ß 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication