Physics for Scientists and Engineers (with PhysicsNOW and InfoTrac) Raymond A Serway - Emeritus, James Madison University John W Jewett - California State Polytechnic University, Pomona ISBN 0534408427 1296 pages Case Bound 1/2 x 10 7/8 Thomson Brooks/Cole © 2004; 6th Edition This best-selling, calculus-based text is recognized for its carefully crafted, logical presentation of the basic concepts and principles of physics PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, Sixth Edition, maintains the Serway traditions of concise writing for the students, carefully thought-out problem sets and worked examples, and evolving educational pedagogy This edition introduces a new co-author, Dr John Jewett, at Cal Poly – Pomona, known best for his teaching awards and his role in the recently published PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS, Third Edition, also written with Ray Serway Providing students with the tools they need to succeed in introductory physics, the Sixth Edition of this authoritative text features unparalleled media integration and a newly enhanced supplemental package for instructors and students! Features A GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY is outlined early in the text This strategy provides a series of steps similar to those taken by professional physicists in solving problems This problem solving strategy is integrated into the Coached Problems (within PhysicsNow) to reinforce this key skill A large number of authoritative and highly realistic WORKED EXAMPLES promote interactivity and reinforce student understanding of problem-solving techniques In many cases, these examples serve as models for solving end-of-chapter problems The examples are set off from the text for ease of location and are given titles to describe their content Many examples include specific references to the GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY to illustrate the underlying concepts and methodology used in arriving at a correct solution This will help students understand the logic behind the solution and the advantage of using a particular approach to solve the problem About one-third of the WORKED EXAMPLES include new WHAT IF? extensions CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLES include detailed reasoning statements to help students learn how to think through physical situations A concerted effort was made to place more emphasis on critical thinking and teaching physical concepts in this new edition Both PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES and HINTS help students approach homework assignments with greater confidence General strategies and suggestions are included for solving the types of problems featured in the worked examples, end-of-chapter problems, and PhysicsNow This feature helps students identify the essential steps in solving problems and increases their skills as problem solvers END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS – An extensive set of problems is included at the end of each chapter Answers to odd-numbered problems are given at the end of the book For the convenience of both the student and instructor, about two thirds of the problems are keyed to specific sections of the chapter All problems have been carefully worded and have been checked for clarity and accuracy Solutions to approximately 20 percent of the end-of-chapter problems are included in the Student Solutions Manual and Study Guide These problems are identified with a box around the problem number Serway and Jewett have a clear, relaxed writing style in which they carefully define new terms and avoid jargon whenever possible The presentation is accurate and precise The International System of units (SI) is used throughout the book The U.S customary system of units is used only to a limited extent in the problem sets of the early chapters on mechanics Table of Contents Part I: MECHANICS Physics and Measurement Standards of Length, Mass, and Time Matter and Model Building Density and Atomic Mass Dimensional Analysis Conversion of Units Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations Significant Figures 2 Motion in One Dimension Position, Velocity, and Speed Instantaneous Velocity and Speed Acceleration Motion Diagrams One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration Freely Falling Objects Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus General Problem-Solving Strategy 23 Vectors Coordinate Systems Vector and Scalar Quantities Some Properties of Vectors Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors 58 Motion in Two Dimensions The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration Projectile Motion Uniform Circular Motion Tangential and Radial Acceleration Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration 77 The Laws of Motion The Concept of Force Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames Mass Newton's Second Law The Gravitational Force and Weight Newton's Third Law Some Applications of Newton's Laws Forces of Friction 111 Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton's Laws Newton's Second Law Applied to Uniform Circular Motion Nonuniform Circular Motion Motion in Accelerated Frames Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces Numerical Modeling in Particle Dynamics 150 Energy and Energy Transfer Systems and Environments Work Done by a Constant Force The Scalar Product of Two Vectors Work Done by a Varying Force Kinetic Energy and the Work Kinetic Energy Theorem The Non-Isolated System Conservation of Energy Situations Involving Kinetic Friction Power Energy and the Automobile 181 Potential Energy Potential Energy of a System The Isolated System Conservation of Mechanical Energy Conservative and Nonconservative Forces Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System 217 Linear Momentum and Collisions Linear Momentum and Its Conservation Impulse and Momentum Collisions in One Dimension Two-Dimensional Collisions The Center of Mass Motion of a System of Particles Rocket Propulsion 251 10 Rotation of a Rigid Object about a Fixed Axis Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Rotational Kinematics: Rotational Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration Angular and Linear Quantities Rotational Kinetic Energy Calculation of Moments of Inertia Torque Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration Work, Power, and Energy in Rotational Motion Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object 292 11 Angular Momentum The Vector Product and Torque Angular Momentum Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object Conservation of Angular Momentum The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops Angular Momentum as a Fundamental Quantity 336 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity The Conditions for Equilibrium More on the Center of Gravity Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium Elastic Properties of Solids 362 13 Universal Gravitation Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Measuring the Gravitational Constant Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force Kepler's Laws and the Motion of Planets The Gravitational Field Gravitational Potential Energy Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion 389 14 Fluid Mechanics Pressure Variation of Pressure with Depth Pressure Measurements Buoyant Forces and Archimedes's Principle Fluid Dynamics Bernoulli's Equation Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 420 Part II: OSCILLATIONS AND MECHANICAL WAVES 451 15 Oscillatory Motion Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring Mathematical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion The Pendulum Damped Oscillations/ Forced Oscillations 452 16 Wave Motion Propagation of a Disturbance Sinusoidal Waves The Speed of Waves on Strings Reflection and Transmission Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings The Linear Wave Equation 486 17 Sound Waves Speed of Sound Waves Periodic Sound Waves Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves The Doppler Effect Digital Sound Recording Motion Picture Sound 512 18 Superposition and Standing Waves Superposition and Interference Standing Waves Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends Resonance Standing Waves in Air Columns Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes Beats: Interference in Time Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns 543 Part III: THERMODYNAMICS 579 19 Temperature Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 580 20 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics Heat and Internal Energy Specific Heat and Calorimetry Latent Heat Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes The First Law of Thermodynamics Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics Energy Transfer Mechanisms 604 21 The Kinetic Theory of Gases Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas The Equipartition of Energy The Boltzmann Distribution Law Distribution of Molecular Speeds/ Mean Free Path 640 22 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat Pumps and Refrigerators Reversible and Irreversible Processes The Carnot Engine Gasoline and Diesel Engines Entropy Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes Entropy on a Microscopic Scale 667 Part IV: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 705 23 Electric Fields Properties of Electric Charges Charging Objects by Induction Coulomb's Law The Electric Field Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution Electric Field Lines Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field 706 24 Gauss's Law Electric Flux Gauss's Law Application of Gauss's Law to Various Charge Distributions Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium Formal Derivation of Gauss's Law 739 25 Electric Potential Potential Difference and Electric Potential Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment Applications of Electrostatics 762 26 Capacitance and Dielectrics Definition of Capacitance Calculating Capacitance Combinations of Capacitors Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor Capacitors with Dielectrics Electric Dipole in an Electric Field An Atomic Description of Dielectrics 795 27 Current and Resistance Electric Current Resistance A Model for Electrical Conduction Resistance and Temperature Superconductors Electrical Power 831 28 Direct Current Circuits Electromotive Force Resistors in Series and Parallel Kirchhoff's Rules RC Circuits Electrical Meters Household Wiring and Electrical Safety 858 29 Magnetic Fields Magnetic Field and Forces Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field The Hall Effect 894 30 Sources of Magnetic Field The Biot-Savart Law The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors Ampere's Law The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Magnetic Flux Gauss's Law in Magnetism Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampere's Law Magnetism in Matter The Magnetic Field of the Earth 926 31 Faraday's Law Faraday's Law of Induction Motional emf Lenz's Law Induced emf and Electric Fields Generators and Motors/ Eddy Currents Maxwell's Equations 967 32 Inductance Self-Inductance RL Circuits Energy in a Magnetic Field Mutual Inductance Oscillations in an LC Circuit The RLC Circuit 1003 33 Alternating Current Circuits AC Sources Resistors in an AC Circuit Inductors in an AC Circuit Capacitors in an AC Circuit The RLC Series Circuit Power in an AC Circuit Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit The Transformer and Power Transmission Rectifiers and Filters 1033 34 Electromagnetic Waves Maxwell's Equations and Hertz's Discoveries Plane Electromagnetic Waves Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves Momentum and Radiation Pressure Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna 1066 Part V: LIGHT AND OPTICS 35 The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics The Nature of Light Measurements of the Speed of Light The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics Reflection Refraction Huygens's Principle Dispersion and Prisms Total Internal Reflection Fermat's Principle 1093 1094 36 Image Formation Images Formed by Flat Mirrors Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors Images Formed by Refraction Thin Lenses Lens Aberrations The Camera The Eye The Simple Magnifier The Compound Microscope The Telescope 1126 37 Interference of Light Waves Conditions for Interference Young's Double-Slit Experiment Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern Phasor Addition of Waves Change of Phase Due to Reflection Interference in Thin Films The Michelson Interferometer 1176 38 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization Introduction to Diffraction Patterns Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures The Diffraction Grating Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals Polarization of Light Waves 1205 Part VI: MODERN PHYSICS 1243 39 Relativity The Principle of Galilean Relativity The Michelson-Morley Experiment Einstein's Principle of Relativity Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity The Lorentz Transformation Equations The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations Relativistic Linear Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton's Laws Relativistic Energy Mass and Energy The General Theory of Relativity 1244 APPENDIXES: A Tables Conversion Factors Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities Table of Atomic Masses B Mathematics Review Scientific Notation Algebra Geometry Trigonometry Series Expansions Differential Calculus Integral Calculus Propagation of Uncertainty C Periodic Table of the Elements D SI Units E Nobel Prize Winners Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems Index A.1 A.1 A.14 A.30 A.32 A.33 A.37 I.1 Mechanics PA R T hysics, the most fundamental physical science, is concerned with the basic principles of the Universe It is the foundation upon which the other sciences— astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology—are based The beauty of physics lies in the simplicity of the fundamental physical theories and in the manner in which just a small number of fundamental concepts, equations, and assumptions can alter and expand our view of the world around us The study of physics can be divided into six main areas: P classical mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of objects that are large relative to atoms and move at speeds much slower than the speed of light; relativity, which is a theory describing objects moving at any speed, even speeds approaching the speed of light; thermodynamics, which deals with heat, work, temperature, and the statistical behavior of systems with large numbers of particles; electromagnetism, which is concerned with electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic fields; optics, which is the study of the behavior of light and its interaction with materials; quantum mechanics, a collection of theories connecting the behavior of matter at the submicroscopic level to macroscopic observations The disciplines of mechanics and electromagnetism are basic to all other branches of classical physics (developed before 1900) and modern physics (c 1900–present) The first part of this textbook deals with classical mechanics, sometimes referred to as Newtonian mechanics or simply mechanics This is an appropriate place to begin an introductory text because many of the basic principles used to understand mechanical systems can later be used to describe such natural phenomena as waves and the transfer of energy by heat Furthermore, the laws of conservation of energy and momentum introduced in mechanics retain their importance in the fundamental theories of other areas of physics Today, classical mechanics is of vital importance to students from all disciplines It is highly successful in describing the motions of different objects, such as planets, rockets, and baseballs In the first part of the text, we shall describe the laws of classical mechanics and examine a wide range of phenomena that can be understood with these fundamental ideas ■ ᭣ Liftoff of the space shuttle Columbia The tragic accident of February 1, 2003 that took the lives of all seven astronauts aboard happened just before Volume of this book went to press The launch and operation of a space shuttle involves many fundamental principles of classical mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism We study the principles of classical mechanics in Part of this text, and apply these principles to rocket propulsion in Chapter (NASA) Chapter Physics and Measurement CHAPTE R OUTLI N E 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time 1.2 Matter and Model Building 1.3 Density and Atomic Mass 1.4 Dimensional Analysis 1.5 Conversion of Units 1.6 Estimates and Order-ofMagnitude Calculations 1.7 Significant Figures ▲ The workings of a mechanical clock Complicated timepieces have been built for centuries in an effort to measure time accurately Time is one of the basic quantities that we use in studying the motion of objects (elektraVision/Index Stock Imagery) ... y, and z (for position), r (for radius), a, b, and c (for the legs of a right triangle), ᐉ (for the length of an object), d (for a distance), h (for a height), etc C H A P T E R • Physics and. .. Superposition and Standing Waves Superposition and Interference Standing Waves Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends Resonance Standing Waves in Air Columns Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes... Part I: MECHANICS Physics and Measurement Standards of Length, Mass, and Time Matter and Model Building Density and Atomic Mass Dimensional Analysis Conversion of Units Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude