www.elsolucionario.net www.elsolucionario.net The elements Name Symbol Atomic number Molar mass (g molϪ1) Name Symbol Atomic number Molar mass (g molϪ1) Actinium Aluminium (aluminum) Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Caesium (cesium) Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copernicum Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Cs Ca Cf C Ce Cl Cr Co ? Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 83 107 35 48 55 20 98 58 17 24 27 112 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 67 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 71 12 25 227 26.98 243 121.76 39.95 74.92 210 137.33 247 9.01 208.98 264 10.81 79.90 112.41 132.91 40.08 251 12.01 140.12 35.45 52.00 58.93 ? 63.55 247 271 262 162.50 252 167.27 151.96 257 19.00 223 157.25 69.72 72.64 196.97 178.49 269 4.00 164.93 1.008 114.82 126.90 192.22 55.84 83.80 138.91 262 207.2 6.94 174.97 24.31 54.94 Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenun Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb TI Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 102 76 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 268 258 200.59 95.94 144.24 20.18 237 58.69 92.91 14.01 259 190.23 16.00 106.42 30.97 195.08 244 209 39.10 140.91 145 231.04 226 222 186.21 102.91 272 85.47 101.07 261 150.36 44.96 266 78.96 28.09 107.87 22.99 87.62 32.06 180.95 98 127.60 158.93 204.38 232.04 168.93 118.71 47.87 183.84 238.03 50.94 131.29 173.04 88.91 65.41 91.22 www.elsolucionario.net This page intentionally left blank www.elsolucionario.net Shriver & Atkins’ www.elsolucionario.net This page intentionally left blank www.elsolucionario.net Shriver & Atkins’ W H Freeman and Company New York www.elsolucionario.net Shriver and Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition © 2010 P.W Atkins, T.L Overton, J.P Rourke, M.T Weller, and F.A Armstrong All rights reserved ISBN 978–1–42–921820–7 Published in Great Britain by Oxford University Press This edition has been authorized by Oxford University Press for sale in the United States and Canada only and not for export therefrom First printing W H Freeman and Company, 41 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010 www.whfreeman.com www.elsolucionario.net Preface Our aim in the fifth edition of Shriver and Atkins’ Inorganic Chemistry is to provide a comprehensive and contemporary introduction to the diverse and fascinating discipline of inorganic chemistry Inorganic chemistry deals with the properties of all of the elements in the periodic table These elements range from highly reactive metals, such as sodium, to noble metals, such as gold The nonmetals include solids, liquids, and gases, and range from the aggressive oxidizing agent fluorine to unreactive gases such as helium Although this variety and diversity are features of any study of inorganic chemistry, there are underlying patterns and trends which enrich and enhance our understanding of the discipline These trends in reactivity, structure, and properties of the elements and their compounds provide an insight into the landscape of the periodic table and provide a foundation on which to build understanding Inorganic compounds vary from ionic solids, which can be described by simple applications of classical electrostatics, to covalent compounds and metals, which are best described by models that have their origin in quantum mechanics We can rationalize and interpret the properties of most inorganic compounds by using qualitative models that are based on quantum mechanics, such as atomic orbitals and their use to form molecular orbitals The text builds on similar qualitative bonding models that should already be familiar from introductory chemistry courses Although qualitative models of bonding and reactivity clarify and systematize the subject, inorganic chemistry is essentially an experimental subject New areas of inorganic chemistry are constantly being explored and new and often unusual inorganic compounds are constantly being synthesized and identified These new inorganic syntheses continue to enrich the field with compounds that give us new perspectives on structure, bonding, and reactivity Inorganic chemistry has considerable impact on our everyday lives and on other scientific disciplines The chemical industry is strongly dependent on it Inorganic chemistry is essential to the formulation and improvement of modern materials such as catalysts, semiconductors, optical devices, superconductors, and advanced ceramic materials The environmental and biological impact of inorganic chemistry is also huge Current topics in industrial, biological, and environmental chemistry are mentioned throughout the book and are developed more thoroughly in later chapters In this new edition we have refined the presentation, organization, and visual representation All of the book has been revised, much has been rewritten and there is some completely new material We have written with the student in mind, and we have added new pedagogical features and have enhanced others The topics in Part 1, Foundations, have been revised to make them more accessible to the reader with more qualitative explanation accompanying the more mathematical treatments Part 2, The elements and their compounds, has been reorganized The section starts with a new chapter which draws together periodic trends and cross references forward to the descriptive chapters The remaining chapters start with hydrogen and proceed across the periodic table from the s-block metals, across the p block, and finishing with the d- and f-block elements Most of these chapters have been reorganized into two sections: Essentials describes the essential chemistry of the elements and the Detail provides a more thorough account The chemical properties of each group of elements and their compounds are enriched with descriptions of current applications The patterns and trends that emerge are rationalized by drawing on the principles introduced in Part Part 3, Frontiers, takes the reader to the edge of knowledge in several areas of current research These chapters explore specialized subjects that are of importance to industry, materials, and biology, and include catalysis, nanomaterials, and bioinorganic chemistry All the illustrations and the marginal structures—nearly 1500 in all—have been redrawn and are presented in full colour We have used colour systematically rather than just for decoration, and have ensured that it serves a pedagogical purpose viii Preface www.elsolucionario.net We are confident that this text will serve the undergraduate chemist well It provides the theoretical building blocks with which to build knowledge and understanding of inorganic chemistry It should help to rationalize the sometimes bewildering diversity of descriptive chemistry It also takes the student to the forefront of the discipline and should therefore complement many courses taken in the later stages of a programme Peter Atkins Tina Overton Jonathan Rourke Mark Weller Fraser Armstrong Mike Hagerman March 2009 810 www.elsolucionario.net Resource section d4 with C = 4.611B d5 with C = 4.477B A2 A2 A2 70 70 60 60 eg2 T2 t2g T1 A2 F F 50 40 E 30 G3 F H I A T2 50 3 G, 1I A2 E T2 A2,2T1 D 40 G 30 A1 T2 A1 t2g eg T1 E/B F E/B A1,4E A1 4 E 20 20 E T2 eg1 E t2g 10 2g T1 t D 10 20 10 30 S 10 $O/B d6 with C = 4.808B 20 $O/B T2 t2g 30 d7 with C = 4.633B A2 1A23A1 3 A2 4A2 t2g eg 3 E t2g eg E 70 70 E A2 A2 60 F F eg T2 t2g E/B 60 50 50 T2 t2g eg 40 T2 t2g eg 1 T1 t2geg T2 40 I G 30 F H 20 3 T2 T1 T1 F 30 T1 E/B H G P 10 10 eg E t2g D A1 T1 10 20 $O/B 30 A1 t2g F T1 10 20 $O/B 30 www.elsolucionario.net d8 with C = 4.709B A1 70 T2 E T1 T1 60 1 S T2 50 T1 T2 t2g eg E/B 40 A1 30 G 20 E P D 10 F eg A2 t2g 10 20 $O/B 30 Resource section 811 www.elsolucionario.net This page intentionally left blank www.elsolucionario.net Index 16-electron complex, 536 18-electron rule, 535 3c,2e bond, 283 3d-metal monoxides, 613 ab initio methods, 250 abalone shell, 683 absorbance, 229 absorption spectroscopy, 227 acceptor band, 105 acetic acid, 129 acetonitrile, 141 acetylides, 367 acid ionization constant See acidity constant acid rain, 111, 169, 410 acid sites, 705 acid strength, 122 acid zeolite catalysis, 711 acid-base catalysis, 746 acidic oxide 126 acidic oxides, 269 acidic proton, 122 acidic solvents, 142 acidity constant, 113 acids, 111 aconitase, 750, 769 actinides, 579 actinium, 593 actinoid, 592 actinoids, 267, 579 activated carbon, 357 adenosine diphosphate, 129 adenosine triphosphate, 129, 391 adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 725 ADMET, 696 ADP See adenosine diphosphate AFM See atomic force microscopy agate, 351 agostic hydrogen ligand, 552 Ahrland, S., 138 albite, 369 alcohol dehydrogenase, 748 ALD See atomic layer deposition alkali metal carbonates, 302 alkali metal hydrogencarbonate, 303 alkali metal hydroxides, 301 alkali metals, 73, 293 alkali metals, 133 alkalide anions, 295 alkalide ion, 305 alkaline earth metals, 309 alkaline phosphatase, 748 alkane ligand, 552 alkene hydrogenation, 696 alkene ligand, 545 alkene metathesis, 695 alkene polymerisation, 713 alkenyl ligand, 544 alkoxophosphanes, 391 alkyl ligand, 544 alkylaluminium, 347 alkylidyne complex, 466 alkyllead, 372 alkyllithiums, 307 alkyltin, 372 alkyne ligand, 545 alkynyl ligand, 544 allotropes, 326 allowed transition, 499 alloy, 75, 328 Allred, A.L., 31 Allred–Rochow electronegativity, 31 allyl ligand, 549 A cage, 369 A-helix, 727 A particle, A -alumina, 329 A -hydride elimination, 575 alternation effect, 260, 326, 356, 421, 434 alumina, 680, 705 aluminium, 325 alkylaluminium hydrides, 344 alloys, 328, 331 extraction, 330 hydride, 328, 344 hydroxide, 325, 329 monohalide, 345 organoaluminium compounds, 347 oxide, 325, 346 sulfide, 346 tetrahydridoaluminate, 344 trihalides, 328, 344 uses, 330 aluminium chloride, 134 aluminium halides, 133 aluminium polymers, 128 aluminium recovery, 174 aluminium refining, 174 aluminophosphates, 632, 634 aluminosilicate, 325 aluminosilicates, 136, 632 aluminosilicates, 353, 368 alumoxane, 684 alums, 329 ambidentate ligand, 202 americium, 596 amethyst, 351 amides, 640 amine-borane, 336 amino acid radical, 753 amino acids, 726 aminoborane, 336 aminosulfuric acid, 123 ammonia, 267, 283, 377, 379, 383 ammonium salts, 383 hydrogen bonding, 283 liquid, 129, 383 production, 709, 381, 383 ammonia borane, 333, 336 ammoniacarboxyborane, 336 ammonium chloride, 79 ammonolysis, 625 amorphous silicon, 645 amphiprotic, 112 amphoteric, 321, 326, 329 amphoteric oxides, 126 amphoterism, 126 anaerobic, 399 anaerobic environments, 275, 768, 769 anaesthetic, 421,442 angular nodes, 12, 14 anhydrous oxides, 126 anhydrous sulfuric acid See sulfuric acid, anhydrous anionic polyhalides, 423 anode, 150 ansa-metallocene, 715 anti-arthritis drugs, 775 antibonding orbital, 44 antiferromagnet, 503 antiferromagnetism, 586 antifluorite, 295 antifluorite structure, 80, 300, 311 anti-knock agent, 372 antimony, 346, 375 antimonides, 377 extraction, 379 organometallic compounds, 394 oxides, 391 oxoanions, 391 pentahalides, 386 stibane, 385 stibine, 377 trihalides, 385 uses, 381 antimony pentafluoride, 141, 143 anti-site defect, 97 apoprotein, 728 applications of IR and Raman spectroscopy, 232 aqua acid, 122 aqua regia, 378, 388 arachno structure, 329, 339 aragonite, 319 See also calcium carbonate arc discharge method, 669 area-detector diffractometer, 226 arene ligand, 548 argon clathrates, 447 coordination compounds, 446 extraction, 442 hydrogen fluoride, 447 use, 442 Arrhenius, S., 111 arsane See arsine arsenic, 346, 375, 386 allotropes, 376 arsane, 385 arsenides, 377 arsine, 377 environmental, 379 extraction, 379 occurrence, 376 organometallic compounds, 394 oxides, 391 oxoanions, 391 pentahalides, 386 trihalides, 385 uses, 380 arsenicals, 380 arsenides, 346 arsenite oxidase, 391 arsenolite, 376 arsenopyrite, 376 arsine, 377 arsole, 395 artificial bone, 682 artificially layered materials, 673 aryl ligand, 544 asbestos, 351, 365 associative mechanism, 510 astatine radioactivity, 421 asymmetric oxidation, 701 atactic, 715 atmophiles, 262 atmosphere, 399, 440, 758 814 Index atomic absorption spectroscopy, 245 atomic force microscopy, 657 atomic layer deposition, 665 atomic number, atomic orbital, 10 atomic parameters, 257 atomic radius, 22, 74, 258, 267, 326 atom-interchange, 97 ATP, 128, 380, 391, 408 See also adenosine triphosphate Aufbau principle, 18 auranofin, 776 aurothiomalate (myochrisin), 775 autoionization, 114, 121, 130, 141 autoprotolysis, 114, 121, 402, 413, 428 autoprotolysis constant, 114, 119 azides, 382 azimuthal quantum number, 10 azurin, 745 Bailar twist, 523 baking powder, 303 Balmer series, band gap, 102, 655 barite, 400 barium, 309 barium meal, 313 barium sulfate, 94 Bartlett, N., 442 barycentre, 474 base hydrolysis, 522 base pairing in DNA, 285 base, 111 basic beryllium acetate, 321 basic oxide, 126, 269 basic sites, 705 basic solvent, 141 basicity constant, 114 battery, 147, 289 bauxite, 325, 330 Bayer process, 175 Beer–Lambert law, 229 benzene ligand, 548 berkelium, 593 Berry pseudorotation, 211 beryl, 309, 364 beryllium, 309, 311 beryllium alloys, 313 beryllium halides, 315 beryllium hydride, 310 beryllium oxide, 311, 316 beryllocene, 322 B decay, B particle, B-hydride elimination, 574 B-hydrogen elimination, 544 www.elsolucionario.net B-sheet, 727 bidentate ligand, 200 Big Bang, BINAP, 542, 698 binary compounds, 268 binary phases, 78 binding energy, 6, bioinformatics, 730 bioinorganic materials, 681, 772 biomimetics, 680, 682, 747, 753, 756, 757 biominerals, 313, 319, 636, 771 bionanocomposites, 682 biotags, 655 biphasic catalyst, 719 bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium cation, 394 bismite, 379 bismuth, 375 bismuthides, 383 occurrence, 379 organometallic compounds, 394 oxide, 391 oxoanions, 391 uses, 381 bismuthinite, 379 bismuthole, 395 bite angle, 202 black pigments, 644 blast furnace, 173 bleach, 408, 425, 433 bleomycin, 775 block, 21 block-copolymers, 675 blue copper centre, 745 body-centred, 66 body-centred cubic, 73 Bohr radius, 14 Bohr, N., bond correlations, 51 bond dissociation energy, 425 bond dissociation enthalpy, 59 bond enthalpy, 51, 265, 352 bond length, 51, 58 bond length, 51 bond order, 50 bond strength See bond enthalpy bonding orbital, 44 bone, 636, 748, 772 boranes, 327, 330 borax, 325, 330 borazine, 328 boric acid, 330, 334 Born equation, 119 Born–Haber cycle, 87, 299 Born–Landé equation, 107 Born–Mayer equation, 88, 106, 299 borohydride, 277 borohydrides, 329 boron, 325 allotropes, 326, 330 borate esters, 335 boric acid, 335 borohydrides, 338 carborane, 342 clusters, 329 hydrides, 277, 326, 327, 330, 331 hydroboration, 332 metallaboranes, 342 nitride, 328, 330, 335 nitrogen compiunds, 328 occurrence, 330 oxide, 326, 327, 335 polyborates, 334, 335 tetrahydridoborate, 332 trfluoride, 134, 327 tribromide, 327 trichloride, 327 trihalides, 133, 327, 333 triiodide, 327 boron neutron capture therapy, 338 borosilicate glass, 328, 334 borosilicate glasses, 335 Bosch, C., 383 boundary surface, 14 Brackett series, Bragg equation, 223 Brandt, H., 378 brass, 75 brine, 420 bromine bromides, 429 bromite ions, 436 bromous acid, 437 dibrominium cation, 431 interhalogen compounds, 422, 430 oxides, 433 perbromate, 434, 435 production, 424 trifluoride, 141 bromite ions, 436 bromous acid, 437 Brønsted acid, 111, 113 Brønsted acid, 122 Brønsted base, 111 Brønsted, J., 111 Brønsted–Lowry theory, 121 bronze, 75 brucite, 636 Brust–Schiffrin method, 660 buckminsterfullerene, 354, 669 building-up principle, 18, 47 butadiene ligand, 546 butyllithium, 343 cadmium in enzymes, 748 cadmium selenide, 655 cadmium-chloride structure, 81 cadmium-iodide structure, 81 caesium, 293 caesium chloride, 84, 89 caesium clock (atomic clock), 298 caesium-chloride structure, 79, 299 cage complex, 208 calamitic, 650 calcite, 319 calcium, 309 calcium carbide, 79 calcium carbide type structure, 300 calcium carbonate, 92, 318, 771 calcium fluoride, 80, 313 calcium hydride, 280 calcium hydride, 143 calcium in biology, 733, 771 calcium in signalling, 733, 779 calcium oxide, 316 calcium silicates, 136 calcium sulfate, 311 calcium-oxide doped zirconia, 610 californium, 593 calmodulin, 733 Calvin cycle, 362 cancer, 773 cancer therapy, 686 carbaboranes See carboranes carbamate (as a ligand), 728, 749 carbene Fischer, 551 ligand, 551 N-heterocyclic, 551 Schrock, 551 carbides, 295, 318, 353 carbon, 350, 351, 641 allotropes, 351, 354 amorphous, 357 carbonylhalides, 360 cyanogen, 366 fullerenes, 356 halides, 360 hydrocarbons, 352, 358 monoxide, 361 nanotubes, 356 occurrence, 351 oxides, 353 partially crystalline, 357 suboxide, 361 sulfur compounds, 363 tetrahalides, 353 carbon black, 357, 644 carbon cycle, 362 carbon dioxide, 362, 746, 749 carbon dioxide dehydratase, 746 carbon dioxide sequestration, 362 www.elsolucionario.net carbon fibres, 357 carbon monoxide, 49, 137, 170, 171, 172, 686, 765, 770 ligand, 540 carbon monoxide as a signalling agent, 765 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, 765 carbon nanotubes, 666, 668, 670 carbonate as a ligand, 736 carbonic anhydrase, 746 carbonides, carbides, 366 carbonyl complex, 540, 553 homoleptic, 553 carbonyl ligand, 233, 768 carbonylate, metal, 556 carbonylation, 703 carboplatin, 774 carborane, 329, 342 carborundum, 353, 366 cassiterite, 81, 354, 365 catalysis, 633 catalyst, 690 biphasic, 719 heterogeneous, 694 homogeneous, 694 multiphasic, 704 tethered, 719 uniform, 704 catalyst poison, 690 catalytic converter, 694 catalytic cracking, 711 catalytic cycle, 691, 747, 749, 750, 753, 755, 757, 759, 761, 763, 764 catenand, 220 catenane, 220 catenation, 267 cathode, 150 cationic polyhalides, 423 Cativa process, 703 ccp, 69, 77, 81 CE process, 250 cell (electrochemical), 150 cell (living), 722, 723, 724 cement, 136, 314 cementite, 368 centre of inversion, 181 ceramic, 623 ceria, 686 ceria nanocomposites, 687 cesium See caesium CFC, 426 See also chlorofluorocarbon CFCs, 437 CFSE, 476 chain reactions, 425 chalcogenide thermoelectrics, 630 chalcogenides, 627 chalcogens See Group 16 chalcophiles, 262 chalk, 771 character tables, 183, 184 characters, 184 charge-transfer transition, 136, 497, 530 Chatt, J., 138 chelate, 202 chelate effect, 202, 218, 335 chelation therapy, 773 chemical analysis, 245 chemical beam epitaxy, 665 chemical deposition, 604 chemical shift, 235 chemical vapour deposition (CVD), 604, 664 chemical vapour transport (CVT), 627 chemiosmotic theory, 741 chemisabsorbed ligands, 707 chemisorption, 707 Chevrel phases, 630 china clay, 369 Chinese blue, 642 chirality, 187, 210, 212 chloralkali cell, 424 chloralkali industry, 297, 298, 302 chlorides, 626 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 425 chlorine chlorate, 422 chlorides, 429 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 425 chlorine dioxide, 433 chlorite ions, 436 chlorofluorocarbons, 425, 426, 437 chlorous acid, 434, 437 hydrochlorofluorocarbons, 437 hypochlorite, 434, 436 hypochlorous acid, 436 interhalogen compounds, 422, 430 perchlorate, 433, 435, 436 production, 424 uses, 425 chlorite ions, 436 chlorodifluoromethane, 437 chlorofluorocarbons, 362, 425, 426, 437 chlorophyll, 311, 321, 758 chloroplast, 723, 758 chlorous acid, 434, 437 CHN analysis, 246 chromium monoxide, 613 cisplatin, 773 clathrate hydrates, 286, 447 clathrates, 359, 442 Claus process, 174 clay, 325, 351, 354, 636, 680 Clebsch–Gordan series, 488 clinoptilolite, 634 close packing, 68 close-packed structure, 69 closo structure, 329, 339 cluster metal, 564 naked, 470 cluster complex, 466 cluster valence electron, 565 CM, 696 CNTs See carbon nanotubes cobalamin, 759, 760, 761 cobalt blue, 615 cobalt in enzymes, 759, 760, 761, 778 cobalt monoxide, 613 coenzyme B12, 760 coinage metals, 459 coke, 351 collagen, 772 colossal magnetoresistance, 621 colour centre, 98, 99 coloured solids, 642 compartmentalization of cells, 724 complex, 199 16-electron, 536 cage, 208 carbonyl, 540 cluster, 466 cubic, 207 half-sandwich, 563 high-spin, 476, 562 inert, 507 inner-sphere, 200 labile, 507 low-spin, 476, 562 nitrido, 466 nonlabile, 507 octahedral, 205, 211, 473 outer sphere, 200 oxido, 460, 461 piano-stool, 563 polymetallic, 208 spin-crossover, 504 square planar, 205, 480 square pyramidal, 205 square-planar, 209, 536 sulfide, 465 tetrahedral, 204, 210, 479 trigonal bipyramidal, 205 trigonal prismatic, 206 complex formation, 137 complex hydrides, 640 complex oxides, 613 complexation, 161 comproportionation, 160 computational techniques, 250 computer modelling, 250, 601, 607 concrete, 314 Index 815 condensation reactions, 603 conduction band, 104 conductivity, 101 conjugate acid, 112 conjugate base, 112, 125 constructive interference, 10 cooperative magnetism, 502 cooperativity, 739 coordination compound, 199 coordination number, 69, 82, 200, 265, 267 copper carbonates., 642 copper in proteins, 740, 745, 753, 754, 757, 767, 771, 778 copper indium diselenide, 646 copper sensor, 771 copper(II) chromite, 644 core–shell composite nanoparticles, 655 correlation diagram, 56 correlation problem, 251 corrin, 729, 760 corundum structure, 614 Cossee–Arlman mechanism, 714 Coulombic attraction, 26 Coulombic interactions, 119 coupling, C–C, 702 coupling constant, 236 covalent halides, 270 covalent hydrides, 268 covalent nitrides, 382 covalent radius, 23, 58 cross-polarization, 238 crown ethers, 306 crown ligands, 321 cryolite, 429 crypt ligands, 321 cryptand ligands, 306 crystal-field stabilization energy, 476 crystal structure, 66 crystal-field theory, 473 crystallographic shear plane, 605 cubic close-packed, 69 cubic complex, 207 cubic groups, 183 Curie temperature, 503, 616 curium, 593 Curl, R., 354 cyanide ion, 365 cyanogen, 353, 366, 428 cycle, catalytic, 691 cyclic voltammetry, 250 cyclobutadiene ligand, 546 cycloheptatriene, 551 cycloheptatrienyl ligand, 551, 560 cyclometallation, 575 cyclooctatetraene ligand, 546 cyclopentadiene, 550 816 Index cyclopentadienide, 307 cyclopentadienyl ligand, 550, 560, 570 cyclopentadienyl compounds, 590 cyclopentadienyl ligand, 343 cysteine, 400 cytochrome, 742 cytochrome c, 743 cytochrome c oxidase, 365, 752, 753 cytochrome c peroxidase, 751, 752 cytoplasm, 722 Czochralski process, 173 d orbital, 11, 15 D4h, 205 dating rocks, 296 daughter nuclide, Davies, N.R., 138 d-block elements, 287, 449 d-block oxides, 271 d–d transition, 486, 493, 500, 530 de Broglie, L., decaborane(10), 342 defects, 95, 605, 612 degenerate orbitals, 18 delayed reaction, 530 D orbital, 46 ∆O, 474 D-backbonding, 548 D-bond, 467 D-hydride elimination, 575 deltahedra, 338 demineralization, 772 density, 71 density functional theory, 251 density of states, 103 dental health, 425 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 725, 770, 771, 774 desferral (desferrioxamine), 773 deshielded nucleus, 235 destructive interference, 10 deuterium, 4, 275, 279, 291 Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model, 545 diagonal relationship, 260, 312, 326 diamagnetic, 478 diamond, 351, 354 diars, 395 diborane, 283, 327, 330, 331, 340 dibrominium cation, 431 dicarbides, 367 diene, 545 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 248 www.elsolucionario.net differential thermal analysis (DTA), 248 diffraction pattern, 223 dihydrogen, 276, 280 ligand, 289, 544 diiodinium cation, 431 diiodocarborane, 343 dilithiocarboranes, 343 dimethylformamide, 141, 394 dimethylsulfane, 345 dimethylsulfoxide, 120, 141, 763 dinitrogen ligand, 552, 766 dinitrogen monoxide in biology, 767 dinitrogen tetroxide, 131 dioxygen, 398, 403 dioxygenase, 754 diphosphate, 128 dip-pen nanolithography, 658 discotic, 650 dispersion interaction, 89 displacement reaction, 137 disproportionation, 160, 429, 435, 437 dissociation constant, 216 dissociative mechanism, 509 distribution diagram, 116 disulfides, metal, 464 disulfurdinitride, 402, 417 dithiolene, 763 dithionates, 402, 415 dithionic acid, 415 dithionites, 415 dithionous acid, 415 DMSO, 120 See also dimethylsulfoxide, DNA, 285, 380 dolomite, 309, 313 donor-pair method, 539 doping, 105 double exchange, 621 doubly degenerate orbital, 53 Down’s process, 296 DPN See dip-pen nanolithography Drago–Wayland equation, 140 dysprosium, 582 EAN rule, 535 Earth’s core, 73 EC process, 250 effective atomic number rule, 535 effective mass, 231 effective nuclear charge, 16, 258 effective proton affinity, 118 Egyptian blue, 642 Eigen–Wilkins mechanism, 517, 525 Einstein’s theory of relativity, einsteinium, 593 electric quadrupole moment, 240 electrical conductivity, 101 electrides, 130, 306 electrocatalysis, 152 electrochemical extraction, 174 electrochemical sensor, 610 electrochemical series, 153 electrochemical techniques, 249 electrogenic ion pump, 741 electrolysis, 174 electromagnetic force, electromagnetic radiation, electromotive force, emf, 151 electron affinity, 27, 259, 419 electron configuration, 16 electron deficiency, 327 electron hopping, 674 electron impact, 243 electron paramagnetic resonance, 238 electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), 744 electron spin, 12 electron transfer, 729, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745 electron-deficient species, 56 electronegativity, 29, 59, 85, 90, 118, 259, 267, 326, 351, 377, 419 optical, 498 electron-gain enthalpy, 27 electronic absorption spectra, 583 electronic properties of 3dmetal monoxides, 613 electronic spectra atomic, 486 complexes, 493 electronic spectra of the actinoids, 595 electronic spectroscopy, 228 electrophilic displacement, 342 electropositive, 260 electrospinning, 680 electrospray ionization (ESI), 244 electrostatic parameter, 91, 119 electrostatic potential, 251 Ellingham diagram, 170, 171, 172 enantiomer, 187, 210 enantiomeric excess, 697 enantioselective, 697 endocytosis, 737 endohedral fullerenes, 357 endoplasmic reticulum, 723 energy density, 277 energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX), 247 energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), 247 energy-dispersive spectroscopy, 658 enterobactin, 736 enthalpy of atomization, 260, 270 environmental nanomaterials, 686 enzyme, 690 epitaxial films, 664 heteroepitaxy, 664 homoepitaxy, 664 epsom salts, 400 equilibrium bond length, 58 equilibrium constant, 139 ESCA, 242 ESI, 244 ethanoic acid synthesis, 703 ethyne, 318 europium, 582 EXAFS (extended x-ray absorption fine structure), 243 exclusion rule, 188 exocytosis, 737 extended defects, 96, 605 extrinsic defects, 96 extrinsic point defects, 97 extrinsic semiconductor, 105 f block, 267 f orbital, 15 fac, 211 face-centred, 66 face-centred cubic, 69 Fajan’s rules, 31 Faraday balance, 249 fast atom bombardment, 243 fast ion conductor, 304 fast ion conductors, 608 faujasite, 711 faujasite (FAU, type X), 634 f block, 579 f-block electronic spectra, 584 f-block hydrides, 287 fcc, 69 F-centre, 98, 99 feldspar, 351, 369 FeMo cofactor (nitrogenase), 766 Fermi level, 103 ferredoxin, 744 ferrichrome, 736 ferrihydrite, 737 ferrimagnet, 503 ferritin, 737, 769 ferrocene, 534, 550, 560 ferroelectric, 616 ferroelectricity, 82, 672 ferromagnet, 502, 503 www.elsolucionario.net ferromagnetism, 586 ferroxidase centre, 738 ferryl, 751, 756 fertilizers, 297 FIB See focused ion beam fireworks, 314 first ionization energy, 25, 294 first-order spectra, 236 flame photometry, 245 flame test, 294, 310 flares, 314 fluorapatite, 376 fluorescence, 501 fluoridation of water, 425 fluorides, 94, 429, 626 fluorinating agent, 430 fluorine, 123 chlorofluorocarbons, 425, 426, 437 fluorocarbons, 421, 437 hydrochlorofluorocarbons, 437 hydrofluorocarbons, 421, 425, 437 hydrogen fluoride, 428 hypofluorous acid, 436 interhalogen compounds, 422, 430 polytetrafluoroethene, 437 production, 424 uses, 421, 425 fluorite, 420, 421 fluorite structure, 80, 311, 315, 609 fluoroapatite, 425 fluorocarbons, 421, 437 fluorophiles, 351 fluorosis, 425 fluorosulfonic acid, 130, 142 fluorosulfuric acid, 123, 131 fluxional compound, 563 fluxionality, 237 focused ion beams, 658 forbidden transition, 499 force constant, 231 formal constant, overall, 216 formate dehydrogenase, 764 formation constant, 215 four-circle diffractometer, 226 Fourier transformation, 232 fractional coordinates, 68 framework electrolytes, 608 framework representation, 369 framework structures, 631 francium, 293 Franck–Condon principle, 501 Frasch process, 404 Frenkel defect, 96 fresh water, 157, 169 Friedel–Crafts acylations, 137 Friedel–Crafts alkylation, 134, 137, 143 Friedel–Crafts substitution, 341 frontier orbitals, 28 Frost diagram, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 387, 391, 434, 437, 594 fuel cell, 152, 277 fullerene, 70, 685 Fullerene–metal complexes, 357 fullerenes, 351, 356 fullerides, 357, 647 fumarate–nitrate regulator, 770 fuming sulfuric acid, 401 Fuoss–Eigen equation, 518 furnace, 602 fusion reactions, galena, 351, 400 gallium, 8, 325, 327, 346 alloys, 328 arsenide, 346, 383, 645 extraction, 330 hydride, 278, 344 monohalide, 345 nitride, 86, 646 oxide, 325, 329, 346 sulfides, 346 tetrahydrogallate, 344 trihalides, 328, 344 uses, 330 galvanic cell, 150 G-alumina, 329 G-ray photon, G-hydride elimination, 575 garnets, 588 gemstones, 98 gerade, 46 germane, 332, 359 germanite, 351 germanium, 350 dihalides, 353 halides, 360 occurrence, 351 oxides, 353, 365 production, 354 tetrahalides, 353 glass, 327, 352, 353, 364, 623 glass formation, 623 glass transition temperature, 623 Glauber’s salt, 304 gold compounds in medicine, 775 gold nanoparticles, 656, 681 Goldschmidt classification, 261 Goldschmidt radii, 74, 83 Gouy balance, 249 Grätzel cell, 643, 660 graphene, 354, 356 graphene, 356 graphite, 351, 354, 641 bisulfates, 355 fluoride, 356 intercalation compound, 355, 367 tape, 356 gravity sensor, 772 greenhouse effect, 362 greenhouse gas, 426, 766 Grignard reagent, 311, 322, 334, 347, 395 ground-state, 16, 18 Group 1, 257, 377 hydrides, 286 Group 2, 309 hydrides, 280, 286 Group 13, 325 hydrides, 327, 344 occurence, 325 occurrence and recovery, 330 organometallic compounds, 347 oxides, 327, 329 oxo compounds, 346 oxosalts, 329 sulfides, 346 trihalides, 327, 333, 344 with Group 15 elements, 346 Group 13/15 semiconductors, 645 Group 14, 350 allotropes, 351 carbides, 366 halides, 359 hydrides, 352, 358 nitrogen compounds, 365 occurrence, 351 organo compounds, 371 oxides, 353, 361 semiconductors, 644 silicides, 368 tetrahalides, 353 Group 15, 375 allotropes, 375 antimonides, 383 arsenides, 383 azides, 382 bismuth, 383 halides, 377 hydrides, 283, 377, 383 nitrides, 382 occurrence, 376, 378 organometallic compounds, 394 oxides, 390 oxoanions, 391 oxohalides, 386 pentahalides, 385 phosphides, 382 recovery, 378 trihalides, 385 uses, 379 with Group 13 elements, 383 Group 16, 398 catenation, 406 Index 817 halides, 400, 407 hydries, 400 hydrogen bonding, 406 oxides, 410 oxohalides, 412 ring and cluster compouns, 402 Group 17, 419, 433 astatine, 419 bromine, 419 chlorine, 419 fluorine, 419 halogen oxides, 432 hydrides, 421 hypohalous acids, 436 interhalogen compounds, 422, 429, 430 iodine, 419 occurrence, 420 oxoacids and oxoanions, 422, 433 oxohalides, 422 polyhalides, 423, 431 polyhalogen cations, 431 production, 424 pseudohalogens, 427 reactivity, 420, 427 Group 18, 440 argon, 440 clathrates, 442, 447 fluorides, 441, 442, 446, 447 helium, 440 hydrides, 445 krypton, 440 neon, 440 radon, 440 xenon, 440 group theory, 179 guanine, 774 g-value, 239 gypsum, 320 Haber process, 379, 381, 383, 710, 766 Haber, F., 383 Haber–Bosch process, 383 haemerythrin, 740 haemocyanin, 740 haemoglobin, 137, 365, 399, 739 half-life, half-reaction, 148 half-sandwich complex, 563 halides 269, 460 Hall–Héroult process, 174, 330 halogens, 271 See also Group 17 hapticity, 540 hard acid, 138 hard base, 138 Hartree–Fock, 251 818 Index HCFC See hydrochlorofluorocarbons hcp, 69, 77, 81 Heck coupling, 702 hectorite, 636 Heisenberg, W., helium fullerene complexes, 447 helium-II, 442 occurrence, 440, 442 use, 442 helium burning, heme- See haemheterodiamond, 330 heterogeneous, 694 heterogeneous catalysis, 704 heterolytic cleavage, 281 heteronuclear, 43 heteronuclear coupling, 236 heteronuclear diatomic molecules, 48 heteronuclear molecular orbitals, 48 heteropolyoxometallates, 463 hexafluorophosphate, 433 hexagonal, 67 hexagonal close-packing, 69 HFC, 437 See also hydrofluorocarbon high gas pressures, 603 high pressures, 603 high temperature superconductors, 317 higher oxides, 613 highest occupied molecular orbital, 48 high-spin complex, 476, 562 high-temperature superconductivity, 82, 617 HIV, 686 HMPA, 394 hole size, 84 holoenzyme, 728 HOMO, 48 homogeneous catalyst, 694 homoleptic, 290, 553 homonuclear, 43 homonuclear coupling, 236 homonuclear diatomic molecules, 40, 45 Hoppe, R., 443 Hund’s rule, 47 hybrid nanocomposites, 678 hybrid orbital, 41 hybridization, 41, 55 hydration enthalpy, 95, 582 hydrazine, 384 hydride, 268, 275, 276, 277, 314, 639 binary, 278 ligand, 289, 543 metallic, 277, 287 www.elsolucionario.net molecular, 276, 283 non-classical, 544 saline, 276, 286 synthesis, 290 hydroboration, 332, 344, 347, 359 hydrocarbons, 352 hydrocarbonylation, 698 hydrochlorofluorocarbons, 437 hydrofluorocarbons, 421, 425, 437 hydroformylation, 698 hydrogen, 274, 768 bond enthalpy, 276 cleavage, 281 fuel, 277 fuel cell, 328, 333 nuclear properties, 279 hydrogen bonding, 130, 267, 284, 285, 286, 421 hydrogen burning, hydrogen compounds, synthesis, 291 hydrogen cyanide, 353, 365 hydrogen cycle, 275, 768 hydrogen economy, 277, 281, 282 hydrogen fluoride, 49, 130, 267, 285, 286, 288, 378, 428 acidity, 428 nonaqueous solvent, 428 reactivity, 428 hydrogen in biology, 275, 744, 768 hydrogen peroxide, 400, 406, 408, 433, 751 hydrogen production, 280, 282 hydrogen purifier, 289 hydrogen storage, 288, 295, 328, 333 hydrogen storage capacities, 640 hydrogen storage material, 288, 304, 639 hydrogen sulfide, 407 hydrogenase, 744, 768 hydrogenation, alkene, 696 hydrogenation catalysts, 709 hydrogencarbonate, 317 hydrogenic atoms, hydrogenic energy levels, 10 hydrogensulfate, 402 hydrogensulfite, 125 hydrometallurgical extraction, 173 hydronium ion, 111 hydrosilylation, 359 hydrothermal techniques, 603 hydroxide, 317 hydroxoacid, 122, 125 hydroxyapatite, 376, 425, 635, 683 hydroxylamine, 384 hypercoordinate, 368 hyperfine coupling, 239 hyperfine structure of an EPR spectrum, 239 hypertetrahedral frameworks, 637 hypervalence, 54, 134, 265 hypervalence, 41 hypochlorite, 434, 436 hypochlorite bleach, 408 hypochlorous acid, 436 hypofluorous acid, 436 hypophosphite, 391 ice, 285, 286, 406 icosahedral group, 183 identity operation, 179 Ih, 183 imaging, 775, 776 imidazole, 728 improper rotation, 181 indium, 325, 327 hydride, 278 monohalide, 345 oxide, 329, 346 sulfides, 346 trihalides, 328, 344 uses, 330 indium tin oxide, 346 inert complex, 507 inert gases See Group 18 inert pair effect, 264, 269, 326, 328, 350, 353, 377 infrared spectroscopy, 230 effect of hydrogen bonding, 285, 286 inner-sphere mechanism, 524 inorganic liquid crystals, 650 inorganic pigments, 642 inorganic–organic nanocomposites, 677 insertion 574, 629 insulator, 101 interband transitions, 655 intercalation, 295, 629, 680 intercalation compound, 355 interchange mechanism, 510 interference, interhalogens, 422, 429, 430 intermetallic compounds, 76, 640 interstitial carbides, 367 interstitial mechanism, 609 interstitial nitrides, 382 interstitial solid solution, 75 intraband transitions, 655 intrinsic defects, 96 intrinsic semiconductor, 104, 645 inverse micelle, 662 inverse spinel, 83, 615 inversion, 46 inverted behaviour, 529 iodine 136 diiodinium cation, 431 interhalogen compounds, 430 interhalogens, 422 iodides, 429 oxides, 433 periodate, 434, 435 periodates, 433 polyiodide ions, 420, 431 triiodide ions, 431 iodine deficiency, 425 iodometric titrations, 415 ion channel, 731, 732 ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass spectrometer, 244 ion diffusion, 606 ion mobility, 606 ion pump, 732 ion-exchange, 634 ionic bonding, 60, 65, 86 ionic chlorides, 270 ionic model, 77 ionic radii, 23, 83, 84, 452, 458, 586, 594 ionic solid, 77 ionization energy, 24, 151, 258, 263, 267, 270, 310, 326 ionization enthalpy, 25, 88 ionization-based techniques, 241 ionophore, 731 IR spectra, 188, 231 iron, 73 iron cycle, 735 iron in biology, 735, 744, 750, 757, 762, 765, 769, 773, 777, 779 iron monoxide, 99, 612, 613 iron pyrites, 79 iron regulatory protein, 769 iron–sulfur cluster, 744, 750, 751, 762, 766, 769, 770 irreducible representation, 184, 190 Irving–Williams series, 482, 724, 735, 756 isocyanates, 360 isodensity surface, 251 isoelectronic, 50, 328, 332, 336, 343, 370, 381, 382 isolobal, 343, 428, 566 isomer shift, 240 isomerism cis–trans, 209 coordination, 208 fac–mer, 211 www.elsolucionario.net geometric, 199, 209 hydrate, 208 ionization, 208 linkage, 208 optical, 210, 212 isosbestic points, 230 isotactic, 715 isotope, Jacobsen oxidation, 701 jadeite, 364 Jahn–Teller effect, 480 jj-coupling, 488 kaolinite, 354, 369, 636 Kapustinskii equation, 91, 271, 321 KCP, 649 kernite, 325 Ketelaar triangle, 60, 80, 85, 315 Ketelaar, J, 60 kinase, 749 kissing bug, 767 Kohn–Sham equations, 251 Koopmans’ theorem, 242 Kroto, Harold, 354 krypton clathrates, 447 coordination compounds, 446 extraction, 442 fluorides, 447 hydrides, 445 radioactivity, 442 labile, 507 laccase, 753 lamp black, 351 Landé g-factor, 586 lanthanide contraction, 22, 258, 582 lanthanoid(III) trihalides, 587 lanthanoid coordination compounds, 589 lanthanoid hydrides, 587 lanthanoid ion magnetic moments, 586 lanthanoid ion spectra, 584 lanthanoid nitrides, 587 lanthanoid organometallic compounds, 590 lanthanoid(III) oxides, 587 lanthanoids, 267, 579 Laporte selection rule, 500 laser-assisted embossing, 662 lasers, 585 quantum cascade, 673 Latimer diagram, 162, 391 lattice, 66 lattice enthalpy, 87, 88, 90, 270, 336 lattice points, 66 laughing gas, 378 Laves phases, 641 lawrencium, 593 layered materials, 627 layered sulfides, 627 LCAO approximation, 43 lead, 350 extraction, 354 halides, 361 hyride, 353 occurrence, 351 organometallic compounds, 371 oxide, 353, 365 plumbane, 359 lead chromate, 643 LED See light emitting diode levelling See solvent levelling Lewis acid, 131, 141, 199, 327, 331, 344, 390, 432 Lewis base, 131, 141, 199, 341 Lewis structure, 423 Lewis, G.N., 131 LFAE, 520 LFSE, 476, 479 ligand, 199 ambidentate, 202 bidentate, 200 chirality, 214, 489 monodentate, 200 polydentate, 200 spectator, 508 strong-field, 475 substitution, 507 weak-field, 475 ligand substitution, 568 ligand-field activation energy, 520 ligand-field splitting parameter, 474 ligand-field stabilization energy, 475, 476 ligand-field theory, 473, 482 ligand-field transition, 493 light emitting diode, 655 light-harvesting antenna, 758 lime, 316 limestone, 136, 313 Linde Type A (LTA), 634 linear combination of atomic orbitals, 43 liquid ammonia, 295 liquid ammonia See ammonia, liquid liquid soaps, 297 lithium, 293 lithium alkyls and aryls, 295, 307 lithium batteries, 297 lithium cobalt oxide, 622 lithium in medicine, 777 lithium ion battery, 147 lithium nitride, 143, 304, 608 lithium oxide, 80 lithium-containing alloys, 297 lithophiles, 261 lithopone, 320 LMCT, 497 localization, 54 low energy electron diffraction (LEED), 706 Lowenstein’s rule, 632 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, 48 Lowry, T., 111 low-spin complex, 476, 562 luminescence, 501, 585 LUMO, 48, 136, 139 lustre pigment, 644 Lyman series, lysine 2,3 aminomutase, 762 lysosome, 723 macrocyclic effect, 218 Maddrell’s salt, 393 Madelung constant, 88 magic-angle spinning, 238 Magnéli phases, 606 magnesium, 309 magnesium alloys, 313 magnesium carbonate, 92 magnesium diboride, 338 magnesium hydride, 310, 639 magnesium in biology, 723, 725, 749, 777 magnesium sulfate, 94 magnetic properties, 613 magnetic quantum number, 10, 11 magnetic resonance, 233 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 443, 775 magnetic susceptibility, 502 magnetism, 502 magnetite, 772 magnetometry, 249 magnetoresistance, 621 magnetotactic bacteria, 772 major element, 723 MALDI, 244 manganese in biology, 723, 750, 759 manganese monoxide, 613 manganites, 621 many-electron atoms, Marcus cross-relation, 529 Marcus equation, 527 Marcus theory, 729 Marsh test, 381 mass number, Index 819 mass spectrometry, 243 materials chemistry, 601 matrix isolation, 233, 432 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), 244 MBE See molecular beam epitaxy mean bond enthalpy, 59 Meissner effect, 617 membrane, 723, 731 Mendeleev, D., 20 mer, 211 mercury, 73 mesogenic, 650 mesoporous materials, 675 mesoporous silica, 712 metal boride, 337 metal carbonylate, 556 metal cluster, 208, 564 metal disulfide, 464 metal halide, 460 metal hydride battery, 289 metal hydride, 639 metal ion activated protein, 727 metal oxide, 460 metal sulfide, 464 metal/organic chemical vapour deposition, 665 metal–ammonia solutions, 305 metallaboranes, 329, 342 metallic bonding, 60, 65, 263 metallic carbides, 367 metallic character, 263, 326 metallic conductor, 101 metallic nanoparticles, 655 metallic radius, 23, 74, 452 metallocene, 534, 560 ansa, 715 metalloenzyme, 746 metalloid, 20, 326, 398 metalloneurochemistry, 779 metallo–organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD), 604 metal–metal bond, 466, 467 metal–organic framework (MOF), 604, 638, 676 metal–organic polyhedra, 676 metals, 20 coinage, 459 platinum, 459 metaphosphate, 128 metathesis, 138, 331 alkene, 695 methane clathrates, 359 methanesulfonic acid, 429 methanoic acid,, 125 methanol reformer, 277 methide, 120, 367 methionine synthase, 761 methyl transfer, 761 820 Index methylberyllium, 322 methylchlorosilane, 371 methyllithium, 342 methylmalonyl CoA mutase, 762, 763 Meyer, L., 21 mica, 351, 354, 369 microporous solid, 369, 633 microstate, 487 migratory insertion 573 minimal basis set, 45 mirror plane, 180 mischmetal, 581 mitochondria, 365, 723 mixed ionic–electronic conductors, 610 mixed oxides, 613 MLCT, 497 mobile communication device, 297 MOCVD See metal/organic chemical vapour deposition modifier, 624 MOF See metal-organic frameworks molar absorption coefficient, 229 molar absorptivity, 229 molecular beam epitaxy, 664 molecular magnets, 649 molecular materials chemistry, 647 molecular orbital, 43, 192 molecular orbital energy level diagram, 44 molecular orbital theory, 42, 52 molecular potential energy curve, 39 molecular sieve, 712 molecular sieves, 354, 369, 633, 676 molecular vibrations, 230 molybdenum in biology, 723, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768 molybdenum sulfide, 628 monazite, 580 monoclinic, 67 monodentate ligand, 200 mononuclear acids, 123 monooxygenase, 754, 755, 756 monoxides of the 3d metals, 611 Monsanto process, 703 montmorillonite, 636 MOP See metal-organic polyhedra morphosynthesis, 666 Mössbauer effect, 240 Mössbauer spectroscopy, 240, 780 www.elsolucionario.net Mulliken electronegativity, 29 Mulliken, R., 29 multiphasic catalyst, 704 myoglobin, 738 naked cluster, 470 nanocomposite, 684, 685 nanofabrication, 658 top-down, 659 nanomaterials, 653 nanoparticles, 603, 654 nanoplates, 656 nanoporosity, 676, 677 nanoscience, 654 nanosized reaction vessels, 662 nanostructure building block, 667 nanotechnology, 654 nanotube, 672 nanowelding, 671 nanowire, 670, 672 NASICON, 607 natural gas, 400 natural gas clathrates, 359 natural waters, 169 NBBs See nanostructure building blocks n-butyllithium, 307 Néel temperature, 503 nematic, 650 neodymium, 582 neodymium iron boride, 581 neon extraction, 442 fullerene complexes, 447 use, 442 nephelauxetic series, 496 neptunium, 596 Nernst equation, 154, 155 neurotransmitter, 779 neutral ligand method, 537 neutral oxide, 264 neutral solvent, 142 neutrino, 5, neutron capture, neutron diffraction, 226 neutron flux, neutron-capture, NEXAFS (near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure), 243 NHC, 551 N-heterocyclic carbene, 551 nickel in enzymes, 746, 765, 768, 778 nickel oxide, 613 nickel-arsenide structure, 80 nido structure, 339 niobium sulfide, 628 nitrate reductase, 763 nitrates, 320 nitric acid nitric acid, 379 nitride, 317, 625 nitrido complex, 466 nitrogen, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 383, 384, 386, 387, 389, 390 activation, 381, 766 ammonia, 377, 379, 383 azide, 382 dinitrogen oxide, 378 dinitrogen pentoxide, 389 dinitrogen tetroxide, 378 dinitrogen trioxide, 390 Haber process, 379, 381 hydrazine, 384 hydroxylamine, 384 iodine nitrogen oxide, 390 nitrate ion, 387 nitric acid, 379, 387 nitric oxide, 378 See also nitrogen(II) oxide nitrides, 377, 382 nitrogen dioxide, 378 nitrosium ion, 390 nitrous acid, 378, 390 oxides and oxoanions, 377, 387 oxohalides, 386 polycation, 382 recovery, 378 trihalides, 385 uses, 379 nitrogen cycle, 380, 766 nitrogen fixation, 766 nitrogen monoxide ligand, 552 nitrogen monoxide (NO) in biology, 767 nitrogen triiodide, 431 nitrogenase, 766 nitronium ion, 414 nitrosyl ligand, 552, 570 nitrosyl halides, 386 nitrous oxide in biology, 767 nitrous oxide reductase, 767 nitryl halides, 386 NMR intensities, 236 NMR shift reagents, 590 NMR spectrometer, 235 noble gas ligand, 552 noble gas See Group 18 nodal plane, 14 node, 12 nonaqueous solvent, 129, 141, 402, 413, 425, 428 nonbonding orbital, 45 non-close-packed structures, 72 nondegenerate orbital, 53 nonlabile, 507 nonmetals, 20, 263 nonstoichiometric compound, 99 nonstoichiometric hydride, 268 nonstoichiometry, 99, 612 normal mode, 188, 231 normal spinel, 615 n-type semiconductivity, 105 nuclear burning, nuclear charge, 16 nuclear fission, 7, 592 nuclear fusion, nuclear magnetic resonance, sensitivty of, 234 nuclear power, nuclear reaction, 5, nuclear waste, 634 nuclear waste management, 592 nucleation heterogeneous, 662 homogeneous, 661 nucleic acid, 380 nucleon number, nucleophilic discrimination factor, 513 nucleophilicity parameter, 513 nucleosynthesis, 5, nuclide, occupation factor, 615 occurrence of the elements, 261 octahedral complex, 205, 211, 473 octahedral hole, 70, 77 octahedron, capped, 206 octet, 132 Oh, 183, 205 oleum, 135, 401 one-dimensional metals, 648 one-equivalent process, 526 opal, 351 optical electronegativity, 498 optical isomerism, 210, 212 optically active, 187 orbital angular momentum, 12 orbital angular momentum quantum number, 10 orbital approximation, 15, 43 orbital, 11 order, group, 185 organelle, 723 organoarsenic compound, 395 organoborane, 347 organolithium, 343, 372 organomagnesiation, 323 organometallic compounds of Group I, 307 organosilicon compound, 371 organotin, 372 Orgel diagram, 495 orpiment, 376, 642 orthoclase, 369 orthophosphate, 128 www.elsolucionario.net orthorhombic, 67 oscillating reaction, 434 osmium tetraoxide, 264 osteoblast, 748, 772 osteoclast, 772 Ostwald process, 379, 387 Ostwald ripening, 659 outer-sphere mechanism, 524, 527 overpotential, 175 overtone, 231 oxidase, 752, 753, 754, 755, 757, 763, 764, 781 oxidation, 147, 741 asymmetric, 701 Wacker, 700 oxidation number, 61, 264 oxidation state, 61, 264 oxidative addition, 290, 544, 571 oxide glasses, 623 oxides of the elements, 268 oxido complex, 460, 461 oxoacid, 122, 123 oxophile, 351 oxygen, 398, 755, 758, 759, 764 allotropes, 403 difluoride, 422, 432 dioxygen, 398, 403 dioxygen difluoride, 433 halides, 407 hydrogen peroxide, 400, 408, 433 hyrogen peroxide, 406 oxides, 400 ozone, 399, 403 peroxides, 400 superoxides, 400 uses, 403 water, 400, 406 oxygen sensor, 610, 770 oxygen rebound mechanism, 755 oxygenase, 754, 755, 756, 757 ozone, 399, 403 ozone depletion, 422, 437 ozone hole, 426 ozonide, 301, 404 p band, 102 p orbital, 11 P450 (cytochrome P450), 754, 755 pairing energy, 476 palladium nanocluster, 779 paramagnetic, 478 Paschen series, Pauli exclusion principle, 16, 44 Pauling electronegativity, 30, 59 Pauling, L., 29, 59, 125 Pauling’s rules, 124, 422, 433 Pauson–Khand reaction, 712 P-cluster (nitrogenase), 766 PDMS See polymdimethylsiloxane Pearson, R.G., 138 Peierls distortion, 648 penetration, 16, 258 pentaborane(11), 331 pentagonal bipyramid, 206 pentathionate, 402, 415 perbromate, 434, 435 perchlorate, 433, 435, 436 perchloric acid, 131 period, 21 periodate, 433, 435 periodic table, 20, 257 periodicity, 257, 270 permanent hardness, 320 permanganate, 264 perovskite, 81, 100, 317, 429, 58, 602, 616 artificially layered structures, 673 peroxidase, 751, 752 peroxide, 295, 316 peroxide ion, 300 peroxodisulfate, 415 peroxodisulfuric acid, 415 perxenate, 444 petroleum refining, 634 Philip’s catalyst, 713 phosgene, 360 phosphane See phosphine phosphatase, 748, 750, 772 phosphate polymers, 128 phosphates, 632, 635 phosphazene, 393 phosphide, 346 phosphine, 377, 380 ligand, 542 phosphite, 391 phosphonic acid, 124 phosphonic acid, 124 phosphor, 313, 317, 585, 642 phosphorescence, 501 phosphorus, 346, 375, 385, 391 allotropes, 376 condensed phosphates, 379, 391 extraction, 378, 379 hydrogenphosphates, 392 nitrogen compounds, 394 oxides, 390 oxoanions, 391 oxohalides, 386 pentahalides, 385 phosphates, 392 phosphazenes, 393 phosphides, 382 phosphine, 377, 380, 385 phosphonic acid, 390 phosphoric aci, 391 phosphoric acid, 379 polyphosphates, 393 trihalides, 385 uses, 379 phosphorus pentafluoride, 135 phosphorus(V) oxide, 128 phosphoryl halides, 386 photocatalyst, 624 photochemical dissociation, 425 photochromic, 624 photoelectron spectra, 54, 423 photoelectron spectroscopy, 241 photoionization, 54 photosynthesis, 363, 746, 749, 757, 758, 759 photosystem, 758 phthalocyanine, 370 physisorption, 641, 707 π-acid, 139, 265 π-back donation, 290 π bonds, 40 π orbitals, 46 π-acceptor ligand, 485 π-backbonding, 541, 542 π-donor ligand, 485 piano-stool complex, 563 piezoelectricity, 82, 616 pigment, 615 pillaring of clays, 636 pitchblende, 580 plaster of Paris, 320 plastocyanin, 745 platinum, 648, 773 platinum metals, 459 PLD See pulsed laser deposition plutonium, 596, 773 PMMA See polymethylmethacrylate p-n junctions, 646 PNCs See polymer nanocomposites pnictogens See Group 14 point defects, 96 point-group, 179 polarizability, 31, 139 polarizable, 31 polarizable ions, 90 polarizing ability, 31 polonium, 73, 74, 398 dioxide, 402, 411 halies, 400 occurrence, 400 toxicity, 406 trioxide, 402 poly(tetrafluoroethene), 360 poly(vinyl chloride), 371 polyalkene, 713 polyarsane, 395 polyatomic molecular orbitals, 52 polyatomic molecules, 40 polyatomic molecules, 52 Index 821 polycation, 127 polychlorotrifluoroethylene, 130 polydentate ligand, 200 polydimethylsiloxane, 656 polyelectron atoms, polyene, 545 polyethene, 713 polyhalide ions, 136 polyhalides, 423, 431 polyhalogen cations, 431 polyiodides, 431 polymer nanocomposites, 679 polymerization, 127 polymers, 371 polymetallic complex, 208 polymethylmethacrylate, 680 polymorphism, 73 polyoxoanion, 127 polyoxometallates, 462 polyphosphates, 370, 391, 725 polypropene, 713 polyprotic acid, 115, 125 polyselenides, 416 polysiloxanes, 371 polystyrene, 713 polysulfides, 295, 301, 402, 415 polytellurides, 416 polytetrafluoroethene, 130, 421, 427, 437 polythionic acids, 402, 415 polytype, 69 polytypism, 72 porosity, 704 porphyrin, 321, 729 positive holes, 104 post-translational modification, 726 potassium, 293 potassium channel, 731, 732 potassium chloride, 88 potassium in biology, 723, 731, 732, 777 potassium nitrate, 91 Pourbaix diagram, 168 powder diffractometer, 224 powder method, 224 powder X-ray diffraction, 299 praseodymium, 582 precursor, 603 primitive, 66 primitive cubic, 73 principal axis, 180 principal quantum number, 10 probability density, 10 probability distribution, 43 projection operators, 196 projections, 68 prokaryotic cell, 722 promotion, 41 promotion energy, 42 prompt reaction, 530 822 Index protein folding, 779 protein structure, 285, 728 proton affinity, 116 proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), 152 proton pump, 752 proton transfer, 112, 156 proton-gain enthalpy, 116 Prussian blue, 643 pseudohalide ion, 366, 428 pseudohalogen, 366, 427 pterin, 729, 763 PTFE See polytetrafluoroethene p-type semiconductivity, 105 pulsed laser deposition, 664 purification, 634 PVC See poly(vinyl chloride) PVD See physical vapour deposition Pyrex, 335, 624 pyrophyllite, 369 quadruple bond, 468 quantization, 10 quantum confinement, 654 quantum dots, 654 quantum mechanics, quantum numbers, 10 quantum well, 672 quartz, 351 quicklime, 313, 316 quinol, 447 quintuple bond, 468 Racah parameter, 492 radial distribution function, 13 radial node, 12 radial orbital, 339 radical anion, 307 radical rearrangement, 761, 762, 763 radical SAM enzyme, 762 radio imaging, 775, 776 radiolarian, 772 radionuclides, 634 radium, 309, 313 radius ratio, 84 radon fluorides, 446 occurrence, 440, 442 Raman, C.V., 232 Raman spectra, 188 Raman spectroscopy, 230 rare gases See Group 18 Raschig process, 384 rate-determining step, 509 ratio of tetrahedral and octahedral holes, 71 rationalization of structures, 83 Ray–Dutt twist, 523 RCM, 696 realgar, 376 www.elsolucionario.net rearrangement reaction, 712 rechargeable battery, 147, 289, 295 rechargeable battery materials, 622 red giant, red lead, 365 redox, 741 redox reaction, 147, 524, 741 redox stability, 147, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 reducible representation, 190 reduction, 147, 741 reduction potential, 147 reductive elimination, 571 reflection, 224 refractory ceramics, 625 relative permittivity, 121, 129, 130, 406, 421 relativistic effects, 24 renewable energy, 281, 282 representation, reduction of, 194 respiratory chain, 742 rhenium trioxide, 614 rhombohedral, 67 ribonucleic acid (RNA), 769 ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco), 749 Rieske centre, 745 Rietveld method, 224 RNA, 380 Rochow process, 371 Rochow, E., 31 rock salt, 420 rocket fuel, 384 rock-salt structure, 78, 299 ROM, 696 ROMP, 696 rotation, improper, 181 rotation axis, 179 rubidium, 293 Rubisco, 362 ruby, 97, 614 Ruddlesden–Popper phases, 617 Russell–Saunders coupling, 488, 583 ruthenium compounds as anti-cancer drugs, 774 rutile structure, 80 Rydberg constant, Rydberg, J., s band., 102 s orbital, 11 SALC, 191, 192, 196 generation of, 196 saline carbides, 367 saline hydrides, 268 saline nitrides, 382 samarium, 582 SAMs See self-assembled monolayers sand, 351 sandwich compound, 534, 560 saponification, 111 sapphire, 97 scanning electron microscopy, 658 scanning near-field optical microscopy, 658 scanning probe microscopy, 657 scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), 654, 657, 706 Schlenk equilibria, 322 Schoenflies symbol, 182, 183 Schottky defect, 96 Schrödinger equation, Schrödinger, E., seashell, 771 second ionization energy, 25 selection rules, 499 selectivity filter, 731, 732 selenium, 398 dioxide, 402, 411 extraction, 405 halides, 400 hyride, 407 occurrence, 400 oxides, 411 oxohalides, 412 polycations, 416 polymorphs, 405 polyselenides, 402, 416 selenides, 400 trioxide, 402, 411 uses, 405 selenium in biology, 728 self-assembled monolayers, 658 self-assembled nanostructures, 665, 685 self-assembly, 666 self-consistent field, 251 SEM See scanning electron microscopy semiconducting nanoparticles, 654 semiconductor, 101, 346, 352, 355, 359, 377, 383 semiconductor chemistry, 644 semi-empirical methods, 251 semimetal, 20, 104 separation, 634 Sharpless epoxidation, 701 shear plane, 605 shell, 11 shielded nucleus, 235 shielding, 16, 258 shielding constant, 16 siderophiles, 262 S orbital, 45 S-bond metathesis, 572 silica, 353, 704, 772 silicates, 353, 635 silicides, 368 silicon, 350 aluminosilcates, 368 carbide, 366 halides, 360 halosilanes, 361 hydride, 326 hydrosilylation, 359 nitride, 353 nitrogen compounds, 366 occurrence, 351 organo compounds, 371 oxide, 326 oxo compounds, 353 polymers, 371 production, 354 silane, 352, 358 silicides, 368 simple oxo compounds, 364 tetrahalides, 353 silicon carbide, 80 silicon in biology, 771, 772, 778 silicon sulfide, 68 silicones, 371 siloxanes, 371 silver chloride, 96 single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 224, 225 single-molecule molecular magnet, 649 singly occupied molecular orbital, 48 sintered, 624 skeletal nickel, 709 skeleton, 772 Smalley, R., 354 smoke detector, 597 SNFOM See scanning nearfield optical microscopy sodalite cage, 369 sodides, 306 sodium, 293 sodium B-alumina, 607 sodium bicarbonate, 303 sodium chloride, 78, 84, 89, 96 sodium hydrogencarbonate, 303 sodium in biology, 723, 731, 732 sodium perborate, 335 sodium phosphate, 379 sodium sulfite, 414 sodium–sulfur battery, 301, 302 soft acid, 138 soft base, 138 solar cell, 645 www.elsolucionario.net solganol, 775 sol–gel process, 624 solid acids, 143 solid anionic electrolytes, 609 solid cationic electrolytes, 607 solid electrolytes, 607 solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), 152, 611 solid solution, 100 solid-state chemistry, 601 solid-state NMR, 237 solubility, 94 solubility product, 162 solution synthesis, nanoparticles, 659 solvated electron, 130 solvatochromism, 497 Solvay process, 313 solvent levelling, 119 solvent system, 121, 141 solvothermal reactions, 604 spallation, 227 specific enthalpy, 277 spectrochemical series, 475 spectrophotometry, 230 spectroscopic term, 487 sphalerite, 346 sphalerite structure, 79, 311 spin correlation, 19, 264, 265 spin magnetic quantum number, 12 spin pairing, 39 spin-allowed transition, 500 spin-crossover complex, 504 spinel, 317, 615, 622 spinel structure, 82 spin-forbidden transition, 500 spin-only paramagnetism, 478 spin–orbit coupling, 488 spin–spin coupling, 236 spintronics, 622 SPM See scanning probe microscopy spontaneity, 149 square antiprism, 206 square planar complex, 205, 480 square pyramidal complex, 205 square-planar complex, 209, 536 stabilities of oxidation states, 94 stabilization using large cations, 93 stabilizers, 660 standard potential, 149, 150, 151, 582 steam reforming, 277, 280, 281 steel, 76 stibane See stibine stibnides, 346 stibole, 395 Stille coupling, 702 STM See scanning tunnelling microscopy Stock, A., 338 stopped-flow, 230 street lamps, 297 strong acid, 115 strong base, 115 strong force, strong-field case, 476 strong-field ligand, 475 strontium, 309 structure map, 85 structure prediction, 85 subatomic particles, suboxides, 301 subshell, 11 substitution reaction, 138 substitutional solid solution, 75 sulfide complex, 465 sulfides, 301, 317 metal, 464 sulfur, 271, 398 allotropes, 400 dioxide, 401, 410 disulfides, 400 disulfurous acid, 414 dithionates, 415 dithionic acid, 415 dithionites, 402, 415 dithionous acid, 415 extraction, 404 halides, 400, 405, 408 hydride, 407 hydrogensulfates, 402 hyrogensulfites, 402 nitrogen compounds, 416 occurrence, 400 oxoacids and oxoanions, 412 oxohalides, 410 pentathionate, 402, 415 peroxodisulfates, 415 peroxodisulfuric acid, 415 peroxomonosulfuric acid, 415 polycations, 416 polymorphs, 404 polysulfides, 402, 415 polythionic acids, 402, 415 sulfates, 402 sulfides, 400 sulfuric acid, 401, 402, 413 sulfurous aci, 402 sulfurous acid, 414 tetrathionate, 402, 415 thiosulfate ion, 415 thiosulfuric acid, 414 trioxide, 401, 410 uses, 405 sulfur cycle, 408 sulfur dichloride, 271 sulfur difluoride, 271 sulfur dioxide, 135, 142 sulfur dioxide oxidation, 710 sulfur hexafluoride, 271 sulfur trioxide, 135 sulfuric acid, 125, 401, 402, 413 sulfuric acid, anhydrous, 130 sulfurous acid, 125, 402 sulfuryl dihalides, 412 superacid, 135 superacids, 142 superbases, 142 superconducting elements, 619 superconducting oxides, 620 superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), 249 superconductivity, 630, 672 superconductor, 101, 338, 356, 417, 429 superexchange, 613, 649 superfluid, 442 superfluid carbon dioxide, 363 superlattice, 672 supernova, superoxides, 295, 300 supertetrahedral clusters, 638 supramolecular assembly, 676 supramolecular chemistry, 666 surface acid, 143 surface area, 704 surface metal sites, 706 surface migration, 708 surface plasmons, 655 surface sites, 705, 708 Suzuki coupling, 702 symmetric cleavage, 331 symmetry adapted linear combination See SALC symmetry element, 179 symmetry operation, 179 symmetry species, 185 synchrotron radiation, 226 syndiotactic, 715 synthesis of solids, 602 synthetic diamonds, 355 synthetic element, tacticity, 715 talc, 354, 369 Tanabe–Sugano diagram, 495 tangential orbitals, 339 taxol, 421 Td, 183, 204, 479 technetium, technetium in medicine, 776 teflate, 412 Teflon, 437 tellurite, 411 tellurium, 398 dioxide, 402, 411 extraction, 405 Index 823 halides, 400 hyride, 407 occurrence, 400 oxides, 411 oxohalides, 412 polycations, 416 polytellirides, 402 polytellurides, 416 trioxide, 402, 412 TEM See transmission electron microscopy templated synthesis, physical vapour deposition, 663 temporary hardness, 319 terbium, 582 term symbol, 490 ternary phase, 81 tethered catalyst, 719 tetraborane(10), 331, 341 tetracarbonylnickel, 534 tetracyanoplatinate(II) complexes, 648 tetraethyllead, 372 tetrafluorethane, 421 tetrafluoridoborate, 334 tetrafluoridonickelate, 617 tetrafluoroborate, 433 tetrafluoroethene, 437 tetragonal, 67 tetrahalomethanes, 353, 360 tetrahedral complex, 204, 210, 479 tetrahedral hole, 71, 77 tetrahedral oxoanions, 631 tetrahydridoalanates, 640 tetrahydridoborate, 327, 332, 640 tetramethylammonium ion, 431 tetraphenylborate, 347 tetrasulfurtetranitride, 402, 416 tetrathionate, 402, 415 thallium, 325, 327, 329, 345, 733 extraction, 330 monohalide, 345 monohalides, 328 peroxide, 346 sulfides, 346 trihalides, 344 uses, 330 thermal analysis, 247 thermal decomposition, 92 thermal stability, 92 thermodynamic acidity parameters, 140 thermoelectric device applications, 631 thermoelectric, 630 thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 247, 303 thionyl dihalides, 412 thiosulfate, 124 824 Index thiosulfate ion, 415 thiosulfuric acid, 414 thorium, 595 thorocene, 596 three-dimensional nanostructures, 675 thulium, 582 tight-binding approximation, 102 time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, 244 tin, 350 allotropes, 351 halides, 361 hydride, 353 occurrence, 351 organometallic compounds, 371 oxide, 352, 353 oxides, 365 stannane, 359 titanium (IV) oxide, 225 titanium compounds as anti-cancer drugs, 774 titanium dioxide, 643, 672 titanium monoxide, 613 titanium(IV) oxide, 80 titanosilicates, 637 Tolman cone angle, 520 tooth decay, 425 topaquinone, 754 topotactic reactions, 629 trace elements, 723 trans effect, 514, 569 trans influence, 514 transcription factor, 734, 770, 771 transferrin, 736, 737 transition allowed, 499 charge-transfer, 497 forbidden, 499 transition element, 449 transition state effect, 514 translational symmetry, 66 transmetallation reaction, 307 transmission electron microscopy, 658 transporters, 731 tricarboxylic acid cycle, 751 trichloromethane, 136 triclinic, 67 trifluoromethanesulfonate, 433 trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 429 www.elsolucionario.net trifluoromethylsulfonic acid, 124 trigonal bipyramidal complex, 205 trigonal prism, 206 trigonal prismatic complex, 206 triiodide ion, 136, 431 trimethylaluminium, 342 trimethylamine, 342, 410 triply degenerate orbital, 53 tritium, tube furnace, 603 tungsten, 68, 73 tungsten carbide, 76, 368 tungsten in biology, 763, 764, 778 tunnelling, 742 turnover frequency, 693, 747 turnover number, 693 two-equivalent process, 526 Type I superconductor, 618 Type II superconductor, 618 type-A zeolite, 370 tyrosinase, 757 ultramarine, 643 ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, 45, 242 ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, 228 uncertainty principle, ungerade, 46 uniform catalyst, 704 unit cell, 66 unit cell parameters, 66 unsymmetrical cleavage, 332 uranium, 7, 595 uranium(VI) hexafluoride, 429 uranocene, 596 uranyl ion, 595 UV spectroscopy, 228 valence band, 104 valence electron configurations, 257 valence shell, 21 valence-bond theory, 39 valinomycin, 306, 731 van Arkel, A., 60 van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle, 60 van der Waals complexes, 447 van der Waals diameter, 370 van der Waals force, 355 van der Waals gap, 355 van der Waals interaction, 89 vanadium monoxide, 613 vapour-phase synthesis nanoparticles, 661 plasma synthesis, 661 vaterite, 319 Vegard’s rule, 99 vermilion, 642 vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), 249 vitamin B12, 760 vitreous, 623 volcano diagram, 708 VSEPR, 286, 419, 423, 430, 443 Wackenroder’s solution, 415 Wacker process, 700 Wade’s rules, 338 Wade–Mingos–Lauher rules, 565 Wadsley defects, 605 Walsh diagram, 56 water, 400, 406 as a reductant, 157 as an oxidant, 158 stability field of, 158 structure of ice, 285 water softener, 297, 303 water splitting, 282 water treatment, 686 wavefunction, 9, 43 wave–particle duality, weak acid, 115 weak base, 115 weak-field case, 476 weak-field ligand, 475 white pigment, 643 Wilkinson’s catalyst, 696 Wurtz coupling, 323 wurtzite, 346 wurtzite structure, 79, 311 XANES (X-ray near edge structure), 243 xenodeborylation, 445 xenon clathrates, 442, 447 coordination compounds, 446 extraction, 442 fluorides, 441, 442 hydrides, 442, 445 insertion compounds, 445 magnetic resonance imaging, 443 nitrogen compounds, 444 occurrence, 440 organoxenon compounds, 445 oxides, 441 oxofluorides, 441, 445 perxenates, 444 radioactivity, 442 use, 442 xenodeborylation, 445 xenon compounds, 90 xenotime, 580 XMET, 696 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 242 X-ray diffraction, 58, 71, 77, 83, 223, 623 X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis method, 247 X-ray fluoresence (XRF), 247 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 242 ytterbium, 582 yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), 620 yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ), 609 Y-type zeolite, 370 Zachariasen rules, 623 Zeise’s salt, 534 zeolite, 354, 353, 369, 632, 641, 710 zeolite-Y, 711 zeotypes, 637 zero-point energy, 231 Ziegler–Natta catalyst, 713 Ziegler–Natta polymerization, 347, 591 zinc, zinc blende, 346 zinc carbonyl mechanism, 746 zinc finger, 734 zinc hydroxide, 746 zinc in biology, 734, 735, 746, 748, 771, 778, 779 zinc oxide, 80, 106 zinc sensor, 771 zinc sulfide, 84 zinc-blende structure, 79 Zintl phase, 76, 301, 305, 330, 347 ZSM-5, 369, 711 ... fifth edition of Shriver and Atkins? ?? Inorganic Chemistry is to provide a comprehensive and contemporary introduction to the diverse and fascinating discipline of inorganic chemistry Inorganic chemistry. .. involved H and He nuclei and a complicated fusion cycle catalysed by C nuclei (The stars that formed in the earliest stages of the evolution of the cosmos lacked C nuclei and used noncatalysed H-burning... properties matched those predicted by Mendeleev The longest-lived isotope of technetium (98Tc) has a half-life of 4.2 million years so any produced when the Earth was formed has long since decayed Technetium