The engineering of chemical reactions lanny d schmidt 1st edition

www.elsolucionario.org TOPICS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING A Series of Textbooks and Monographs Series Editor Keith E Gubbins, Cornell University Associate Editors Mark A Barteau, University of Delaware Edward L Cussler, University of Minnesota Douglas A Lauffenburger, University of Illinois Manfred Morari, ETH W Harmon Ray, University of Wisconsin William B Russel, Princeton University Receptors: Models for Binding, Trafficking, and Signalling D Lauffenburger and J Linderman Process Dynamics, Modeling, and Control B Ogunnaike and W H Ray Microstructures in Elastic Media N Phan-Thien and S Kim Optical Rheometry of Complex Fluids G Fuller Nonlinear and Mixed Integer Optimization: Fundamentals and Applications C A Floudas Mathematical Methods in Chemical Engineering A Varma and M Morbidelli The Engineering of Chemical Reactions L D Schmidt Analysis of Transport Phenomena W M Deen THE ENGINEER,NG OF CHEAilCAL REAC’TIONS LANNY D SCHMIDT University of Minnesota Oxford New York OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1998 www.elsolucionario.org OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmidt, Lanny D., 1938The engineering of chemical reactions / Lanny D Schmidt p, cm.-(Topics in chemical engineering) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN O-19-510588-5 (cloth) Chemical reactors I Title II Series: Topics in chemical engineering (Oxford University Press) TP157.S32 9 97-39965 66o dc2 CIP Cover Photos: The upper-photo shows a view across the Mississippi River of the Exxon refinery in Baton Rouge, Louisiana This is one of the largest refineries in the world, converting over 400,000 barrels per day of crude oil into gasoline and diesel fuel This refinery also produces petrochemicals for products such as polymers and plastics The lower photo shows three new types of products made by chemical engineers These are foods (Cheerios), pharmaceuticals (aspirin), and microelectronics (memory chips) The skills which have been developed in petroleum and petrochemicals have enabled chemical engineers to expand into new processes such as these 9816543 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS PREFACE xi PART I: FUNDAMENTALS INTRODUCTION Chemical Reactors Chemical Reaction Engineering What Do We Need To Know? Industrial Processes Modeling Sources 10 72 References 14 REACTION RATES, THE BATCH REACTOR, AND THE REAL WORLD Chemical Multiple Reaction Reactions Reactions Rates Approximate Rate 21 27 25 26 Reactions Coefficients 29 30 Elementary Reactions Stoichiometry 32 31 Reaction Rates Near Equilibrium Reactor Mass Balances The Batch Reactor 378 34 37 V www.elsolucionario.org vi Contents Variable Density Chemical 47 Reactors 57 Thermodynamics and Reactors 53 Adiabatic Reactor Temperature Chemical Equilibrium 57 53 Petroleum Refining 60 Polyester from Refinery Products and Natural Gas 68 “What Should I Do When I Don’t Have Reaction Rates?” Reaction-Rate Summary Data 73 ’ 74 80 SINGLE REACTIONS IN CONTINUOUS ISOTHERMAL REACTORS Continuous Reactors 86 The Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 86 Conversion in a Constant-Density CSTR The Plug-Flow Tubular Reactor 89 92 Conversion in a Constant-Density PFTR 94 Comparison between Batch, CSTR, and PFTR The l/r Plot 700 Semibatch Reactors Variable-Density 707 Reactors 707 Space Velocity and Space Time Chemical Reactors in Series Autocatalytic 97 99 109 712 Reactions 715 Reversible Reactions 776 Transients in Continuous Reactors Some Important Single-Reaction Processes: Alkane Activation Synthesis Gas Reactions Staged Reactors 726 The Major Chemical Companies 127 134 Reactor Design for a Single Reaction Notation 134 MULTIPLE REACTIONS IN CONTINUOUS REACTORS The Petrochemical industry Olefins 719 779 146 146 749 Mass Balances 151 752 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yield Complex Reaction Networks Series Reactions Parallel Reactions 156 757 768 Multiple Reactions with Variable Density 776 180 Approximate Rate Expressions for Multiple-Reaction Systems Real Reaction Systems and Modeling 187 86 Contents Simplified Reactions Reaction Mechanisms 182 189 Collision Theory of Bimolecular Reactions Activated Complex Theory 793 Designing Reactors for Multiple Reactions NONISOTHERMAL REACTORS 795 207 Heat Generation and Removal Energy Balance 192 in a CSTR 208 271 212 Energy Balance in a PFTR Equations To Be Solved 214 Heat Removal or Addition to Maintain a Reactor Isothermal Adiabatic Reactors 218 Trajectories and Phase-Plane Plots 229 231 Trajectories of Wall-Cooled Reactors Exothermic versus Endothermic Reactions Other Tubular Reactor Configurations 233 234 The Temperature Profiles in a Packed Bed 238 MULTIPLE STEADY STATES AND TRANSIENTS Heat Generation and Removal in a CSTR Adiabatic CSTR 245 245 248 Stability of Steady States in a CSTR 250 Observation of Multiple Steady States 253 Transients in the CSTR with Multiple Steady States Other Reactions in a CSTR Variable Coolant Temperature in a CSTR 260 Designing Reactors for Energy Management 261 CATALYTIC REACTORS AND MASS TRANSFER Catalytic Reactions 273 274 Transport and Reaction 276 Mass Transfer Coefficients 280 283 External Mass Transfer Pore Diffusion 284 Temperature Dependence of Catalytic Reaction Rates The Automotive Catalytic Converter The Catalytic Wall Reactor Langmuir-Hinshelwood 268 268 Catalytic Reactors 270 Surface and Enzyme Reaction Rates Porous Catalysts 256 257 291 295 Kinetics 298 A Summary of Surface Reaction Kinetics Designing Catalytic Reactors 311 310 290 216 vii VIII www.elsolucionario.org Contents Electrochemical Reactors Real Catalytic Reactors 312 314 375 Bioreactors 376 The Human Reactor PART II: APPLICATIONS Designing a Chemical Reactor and Introduction To Applications Stages of Design 327 NONIDEAL REACTORS, BIOREACTORS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING 330 330 The “Complete” Equations 333 Reactor Mass and Energy Balances Residence Time Distribution 335 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactors 339 347 Dispersion in Tubular Reactors 344 Recycle Reactors 347 CSTRs in Series 347 Diagnosing Reactors Modeling the Environment 349 355 Cell Cultures and Ecological Modeling Summary 360 REACTIONS OF SOLIDS 367 367 Reactions Involving Solids Chemical Vapor Deposition and Reactive Etching Solids Reactors 371 Reaction Rates of Solids 382 Dissolving and Growing Spheres Diffusion through Solid Films Transformation of Spheres Summary 377 378 Dissolving and Growing Films Electrical Analogy 368 372 Films, Spheres, and Cylinders 373 Macroscopic and Microscopic Solids 10 325 386 389 391 393 CHAIN REACTIONS, COMBUSTION REACTORS, AND SAFETY Chain Reactions 399 406 Characteristics of Chain Reactions Autooxidation and Lab Safety 408 Chemical Synthesis by Autooxidation Combustion 474 417 399 Contents Hydrogen Oxidation 414 416 Chain Branching Reactions Alkane Oxidation 418 Thermal Ignition 420 Thermal and Chemical Autocatalysis Premixed Flames Diffusion Flames Energy Generation Combustion of Liquids and Solids Solid and Liquid Explosives 434 436 Summary 11 426 437 433 Explosions and Detonations Reactor Safety POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS AND REACTORS Ideal Addition Polyolefins Polymerization 445 452 Free-Radical Catalytic Polymerization 454 457 Polymerization Condensation 460 465 Polymerization Fisher Tropsch Polymerization Polymerization 467 Reactors 468 Forming Polymers Integrated Polymer Processing Crystallization 12 422 422 424 425 469 469 MULTIPHASE REACTORS 476 Types of Multiphase Reactors 476 478 478 481 Mass Transfer Reactors Mass Balance Equations lnterfacial Surface Area Mass Transfer between Phases 481 Multiphase Reactor Equations 483 484 Equilibrium between Phases 484 488 Membrane Reactors Falling Film Reactor Bubble Column Reactors 493 Falling Film Catalytic Wall Reactor 499 Trickle Bed Reactor 501 Multiphase Reactors with Catalysts Other Multiphase Reactors Analysis of Multiphase Reactors Reactor-Separation Catalytic Distillation Integration 508 502 503 506 507 443 iX www.elsolucionario.org X Contents Chromatographic Reactors Iron Ore Refining The Petroleum Refinery Summary 509 572 513 515 Appendix A Integrating Differential Equations Appendix B Notation 524 Appendix C Conversion Factors Index 531 528 527 Appendix A 523 Next, enter the following values in the INITIAL AND FINAL VALUES window: to=0 a,=1 b,=O c,=l tf=5 Next choose SOLVE from the PROBLEM window Finally, use the NEW command from the GRAPH menu to create graphical output for the problem or create tabular output for more accurate numerical solutions The following simple BASIC program will integrate simultaneous differential equations to find Ci(t) Just type it into any PC or Mac with BASIC, and it will draw a grid and find concentrations in A + B + C Honest! Use “Print Screen” to make a hard copy of your graphs '****INTEGRATION PROGRAM FOR MACINTOSH**** 'ENGINEERING OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 'GRAPH GENERATION 'SET SIZE AND ORIGIN IX=1OO:SX=45O:IY=2O:SY=23O 'ORIGIN AND STEP SIZE IN X ANDY TMIN=O:TMAX=l 'DRAW GRAPH AND TICK MARKS LINE (IX+SX,SY+IY)-(IX,SY+IY):LINE -(IX,IY) FOR I=0 TO LINE (IX,SY*I/lO+IY)-(IX+lO,SY*I/l0+IY) NEXT I FOR T=TMIN TO TMAX STEP l X=(T-TMIN)/(TMAX-TMIN) LINE (IX+SX*X,SY+IY)-(IX+SX*X,SY+IY-10) NEXT T 'FATE COEFFICIENTS AND INITIAL K1=5:K2=5:XO=1:YO=0:ZO=O:T=O 'INTEGRATION STEP SIZE DT=.005 CONCENTRATIONS 'DOCUMENTATION AND COMMENTS LOCATE 2.30:PRINT “CHE 5301, YOUR NAME&DATE" LOCATE 3,30:PRINT "A->B->C, TMAX=";TMAX LOCATE 17,35:PRINT "TIME" LOCATE 9,2:PRINT "Concentration" 'INTEGRATE DX/DT=-KX 10 X=X0-Kl*XO*DT Y=YO+Kl*XO*DT-K2*YO*DT Z=l-X-Y T=T+DT TON=(TO-TMIN)/(TMAX-TMIN) TN=(T-TMIN)/(TMAX-TMIN) 'DRAW LINES ON GRAPH LINE (IX+SX*TON,IY+SY*(l-X0) )-(IX+SX*TN,IY+SY*(l-X)1 LINE (IX+SX*TON,IY+SY*(l-YO))-(IX+SX*TN,IY+SY*(l-Y)) LINE (IX+SX*TON,IY+SY*(l-ZO))-(IX+SX*TN,IY+SY*(l-Z)) XO=X:YO=Y:ZO=Z:TO=T 20 IF T>TMAX THEN GOT0 20 'PAUSE GOT0 10 www.elsolucionario.org Appendix rF==- @iiB - B NOTATION cl A superscript indicates phase o in a multiphase reactor area AC surface area between a reactor and coolant At cross-sectional area of a tube ad subscript indicates adiabatic reactor aj activity of species j b subscript indicates bulk value of a quantity superscript indicates phase /I in a multiphase reactor order of an irreversible reaction with respect to species j order of forward reaction with respect to species j order of reverse reaction with respect to species j order of ith reaction with respect to species j subscript signifies core or catalyst 524 CA concentration of key reactant species with stoichiometric coefficient VA = - cj concentration of species j, usually in moles/liter CP heat capacity per unit weight D diameter of a reactor DA diffusion coefficient of species A in a bulk fluid DA diffusion coefficient of species A in a pore diameter of a pore E activation energy of an irreversible reaction Ef activation energy of forward reaction Appendix B F activation energy of reverse reaction total molar flow rate f(x) function of variable x Fj F molar flow rate of species j total molar flow rate G free energy G(T) dimensionless rate of heat generation in a reactor Eb 525 subscript signifies gas g GHSV gas hourly space velocity Bfj order of reverse reaction with respect to species j H enthalpy f-k heat of reaction heat of the ith reaction fki h heat transfer coefficient Z electrical current k” k rate coefficient of surface reaction per unit area reaction-rate coefficient for the forward reaction in a single-reaction system k’ rate coefficient of surface reaction per weight catalyst kb reaction-rate coefficient for the back or reverse reaction in a single-reaction system kf reaction-rate coefficient of forward reaction keff K-3 effective rate coefficient equilibrium constant Ki equilibrium constant of ith reaction ki reaction-rate coefficient for the ith reaction ko pre-exponential factor of single reaction k ob pre-exponential of reverse reaction koi pre-exponential of ith reaction KT equilibrium constant at temperature T kT thermal L length of tubular reactor h eigenvalue e length of a pore or half-diameter or a porous catalyst slab c subscript signifies liquid conductivity LHSV liquid hourly space velocity Mj molecular weight pj N chemical potential of species j total moles in a system www.elsolucionario.org 526 Notation n Nj order of a reaction number of moles of species j vj stoichiometric coefficient of species j in the reaction c Vj Aj NU Nusselt number n subscript always signifies reactor feed parameters product P(X) function of variable x partial pressure of species j, Pj/RT = Cj for ideal gases Q Q heat generation in a process R heat generation per mole gas constant R position in a sphere or cylinder or number of reactions in a multiple-reaction system R(T) dimensionless rate of heat removal P density r Y reaction rate of a single reaction in moles/volume time /I reaction rate of a surface reaction in moles/area time r’ reaction rate of a surface reaction in moles/weight catalyst time rb rate of back reaction Re Reynolds number rf ri rate of forward reaction reaction rate of the ith reaction in a multiple-reaction system Rk electrical resistance of kth resistor in series or parallel RO radius of a sphere or cylinder s entropy or number or species in a reaction system c summation s subscript signifies solid or surface Sh Sherwood number selectivity of formation of species j sj sj ST SV differential selectivity of species j r residence time in a constant-density reactor t rk space time in a continuous reactor space velocity (l/ST) in a continuous reactor time residence time in the kth reactor in series V average velocity in plug-flow tubular reactor reactor volume, usually in liters V volumetric flow rate, usually in liters/time u Appendix B vk voltage of kth resistor W, shaft work XA fractional conversion of key species A xj fractional conversion of reactant species j 527 x fractional conversion of the ith reaction position perpendicular to the direction of flow z in a reactor or the position down a pore x variable of integration xj mole fraction ofjth species in a liquid mixture Y variable of integration rj yield of species j Yj mole fraction of jth species in a gas mixture z position along a tubular reactor Xi www.elsolucionario.org Appendix C onversion Factors ec - Length cm = 10m2 meter = 0.3937 inch = 0.03281 foot = 6.214 x lo-6 mile Weight g = 10-j kg = 0.002205 lb = 0.03527 oz = 1.102 x 1O-6 ton = 1O-6 metric ton Volume liter = lo3 cm3 = lo-3 m3 = dcm3 = 0.008386 barrel (U.S liquid) = 0.03532 ft3 = 61.02 in.2 = 0.2642 gal Energy cal = = = = = = 528 10-3 kcal 4.186 joule 4.186 x lo7 erg 1.163 x lo-6kWh 3.968 X iO-3 BTU 1.559 hp h Appendix C Power watt = joule/set = 0.7376 ft lb/set =3.413 BTU/h = 0.001341 hp Pressure atm = = = = = 1.013 bar 1.013 x lo5 Pascal 760 Torr 14.7 psi 2116.3 pounds per square foot Some important quantities R = 1.9872 Cal/mole K = 8.31 J/mole K = 0.082059 liter atm/mole K = 82.059 cm3 a&mole K = 0.7302 ft3 atm/lb mole F = 1.9872 BTU/lb mole F kB = R/N, = 1.38x lo-23 J/molecule K electron = 1.602 x lo-19 coulomb N, = 6.023 x 1023 molecules/mole 529 www.elsolucionario.org Index A accidents, 434 acetaldehyde, 186, 197,399 acetic acid, 119, 121,315 acetone, 119,413 acetonitrile, 453 acetylene, 131, 148,433 acid rain, 35 activated complex, 193 activation energy, 30 addition polymerization, 445 adiabatic flame temperature, 53,218 adiabatic reactors, 53, 218, 248, 262 adipic acid, 413,462 adsorption, 300 adsorption isotherm, 302 adsorption rate, 300 aerosol, 35 air pollution, 35 alkane oxidation, 119,419 alkylation, 62,67,514 amino acids, 317,462 ammonia synthesis, 12 ammonium nitrate, 434,438 amphetamines, 18 antioxidants, 411 approximate rate expressions, 29,73, 107, 181 Arrhenius expressions, 30,76,207 ascorbic acid, 18 aspirin, 6, 18 autocatalytic reactions, 112, 350,402 automotive catalytic converter, 291 autooxidation, 408,411 B backmix reactor, 86 batch reactor, 38,75,96,334 BET isotherm, 303 Bhopal, 435 bimolecular reactions, 23 biological reactions, 315,355 bioreactor, 15 block copolymers, 468 blow molding, 468 boundary layer, 280 bubble column reactor, 277,493 bubbles, 373 burning, 414 C caffeine, 18 531 www.elsolucionario.org 532 Index calcium carbide, 13 1, 148 candle, 424 carbon, 267,275 cash flow, 156,333 catalyst particle, 274 catalytic cracking, 61 catalytic distillation, 323, 377, 508 catalytic polymerization, 457 catalytic reactions, 269 catalytic reactors, 268 catalytic reforming, 65,514 catalytic wall reactors, 295 cellulose acetate, 130 ceramics processing, 368 chain branching, 417 chain length, 445 chain reactions, 300,355,399,450 chaos, 360 charcoal, 275,427 chemical companies, 128 chemical vapor deposition, 368 chiral molecules, 15 chloralkali, 131,331 chlorine, 131,314,354 chlorophyll, 18 chromatographic reactor, 477,509 cigarettes, 358,436 citric acid, 18 coal, 133, 147,427,428 coffee maker, 18 coke, 427 collision theory, 192 combustion, 115,317,399,414,428 complex reactions, 156 computer chips, 368 computer program, 521 concentration, 26 condensation polymerization, 460 continuous reactors, 86 conversion, 33, 152, 176 cooled reactor, 23 countercurrent flow, 237,480 cross flow reactors, 202 crude oil, 60,63 crystallization, 469,477,505 CSTR, 86 cumene, 16, 119,413 cyclohexane, 73, 119,462 D Damkohler number, 343 data acquisition, 78 data analysis, 75, 180 DDT, 18 design, 3, 134, 195,261,311, 325 detergent, 18 detonation, 433 differential reactor, 77 diffusion coefficient, 386 diffusion through films, 386 diffusion flames, 424 dimensionless variables, 247 dioxin, 18, 133 dispersion in reactors, 341 dissolution, 378 Dow Chemical, 131 drops, 373,428 DuPont, 128 dyes, 133 E economics, 155, 333 ecosystem, 355 effectiveness factor, 287 eigenvalue, 16 1,252 elastomers, 443,459 electrical analogy, 39 electrochemical reactors, 312,369,397 elementary reaction, 31 emulsion reactor, 477,504 end group analysis, 464 energy balances, 60 energy sources, 60 engine reactions, 65,291,419 enthalpy, 34 environment, 330 enzyme reactions, 114, 189,269,273,316 epitaxy, 369 equilibrium, 34,228 equilibrium step approximation, 182 etching, 368 ethane, 69 ethanol, 71, 81 ethylene, 69,7 1,204,453 ethylene glycol, 69,7 1, 127 Index ethylene oxide, 69,7 1, 199 explosions, 433 explosives, 125, 128,421,431 exponential growth, 458 extent of reaction, 33 external mass transfer, 283 extinction, 252,458 HFCS, 24,303,315 history, 5,60 honeycomb catalyst, 288 human reactor, 316 hydrogen oxidation, 14 hydrogen peroxide, 411 hydrogen synthesis, 119 hydroprocessing, 62,575 F I falling film reactor, 488 Faraday, 12 fat, 18 feed cooling, 238 fermentation, 114,203 films, 373 Fisher Tropsch synthesis, 465 flame arrestor, 421 flames, 422 flammability, 426 flow rate, 88 fluidized bed reactor, 64,272 fluidized catalytic cracking, 64,512 foods, 370,412 fractional conversion, 33, 152, 176 free energy, 34 free radical polymerization, 454 french fries, 136 fructose, 18,24, 303 industrial processes, initiation, 403,406 injection molding, 468 insecticide, 18 integration, 52 interfacial area, 48 interstage cooling, 234, 262 iron ore, 147,512 irreversible reaction, 22,26 isobutylene, 412 isomerization, 22 isomers 22 J jacketed reactors, 236,260 L G GHSV, 102 glucose, 18,24 graphical solutions, 226,248 greenhouse effect, 354 growth of solids, 379, 383 lab safety, 408 lake, 349 laminar flow, 339,425 Langmuir Hinshelwood, 298,303,373 Langmuir isotherm, 302 LHSV, 108 linear differential equation, 158,25 linear polymers, 443 H Haber process, 12 heat of adsorption, 302 heat capacity, 210 heat generation, 208 heat transfer, 209,282, 350 herbicides, 18,435 heroin, 18 M marijuana, 18 mass balances, 38,331 mass transfer, 268,270,280, materials processing, 367 Mathematics, 523 maximum yield, 164 381,478 533 www.elsolucionario.org 534 Index mechanism of reactions, 189 membrane reactor, 477,484 memory chips, 367 metallocenes, 459 methane, 68, 119 methanol synthesis, 121, 124, 235, 242 methylisocyanate, 435 Michaelis Menten, 269,303 microelectronics processing, 367 modeling, 10, 180, 348 molecular weight distribution, 45 I momentum balances, 33 monodisperse polymers, 45 monolayer, 298 monomers, 453,461 morphine, 18 moving bed reactor, 477,5 11 multiphase reactors, 377,476 multiple reactions, 25 multiple steady states, 245 N NaCl, 131,314 NaOH, 127, 131,314 naphtha, 70, 150 natural convection, 332 natural gas, 68, 119 nitration, 125 nitric acid, 22, 184, 199, 292 nitric acid synthesis, 85, 123 noble metal catalysts, 276 nonideal flow, 330 nonisothermal reactors, 207 notation, 526 NO,, 85, 184,293,299,35 numerical solution, 226,228, 420, 521 Nusselt number, 282 Nylon, 73,430,461 octane number, 66 olefins, 22, 149 order of reaction, 30 oscillations, 252, 360 Ostwald process, 85, 123 oxidative coupling, 243 ozone, 353 P packed bed reactor, 270 parallel reactions, 168 partial fractions, 46, 194 partial oxidation, 485 PCB, 18 Peclet number, 343 penicillin, 18 peroxides, 408 pesticides, 350, 435 petrochemicals, 9, 146 petroleum refining, 60, 148, 13 PFTR, 51,92 pharmaceuticals, phase plane plots, 229 phenol, 119,413 phosgene, 127,188 photoreactions, 352, 354 plasmas, 369 plating, 369 PMMA, 469 pollution, 291,490 polyamids, 46 polycarbonates, 46 1,473 polyesters, 68, 72, 461 polyethers, 461 Polymath, 523 polymerization, 443 polymerization reactors, 467 polymers, 443 polyolefins, 149,453 polyurethanes, 84, 127, 202,461 pore diffusion, 284 porous catalysts, 274, 288 power law kinetics, 30 preexponential factor, 30 premixed flames, 422 pressure drop, 107, 331 prices of chemicals, 14 production rate, 155 profit, 155 promoters, 403 propagation steps, 403 propylene, 453 Index propylene oxide, 412 proteins, 317,462 pseudo homogeneous rate, 273,372 pseudo steady state, 183, 402 pyrolysis, 426,437 R radial mixing, 341 radiation, 425 rate limiting step, 487 rates of reaction, 26 reactor stability, 250 recycle, 154, 344 references, 12 residence time, 88, 102 residence time distribution, 335 return on investment, 333 reverse reaction, 28 reversible reaction, 28 Reynolds number, 280 riser reactor, 63, 273 river, 349 rotary kiln, 477 s safety, 434 scavengers, 406 Schmidt number, 280 Schultz Flory distribution, 458 selectivity, 153 semibatch reactor, 100 separation, 3, 155, 195, 505 series reactions, 157 series reactors, 108,347 SEVIN, 435 sex, 18,363 shaft work, 208, 210 Sherwood number, 280 shrinking core model, 374 simplified reactions, 182 slurry reactor, 272,477 smelting, 147, 12 smog, 352,365 soap, 18,80 solids processing, 367 space time, 107 space velocity, 107 sparger reactor, 477,500 spills, 348 spoilage of food, 410 spray tower reactor, 477,494 stable steady state, 250 staged processes, 68, 126, 195 startup, 100 statistical analysis of data, 77 statistical mechanics, 194 steady state, 250 steam cracking, 149,437 steam reforming, I19 sterilization, 83 stoichiomettic coefficient, 22 stoichiometry, 22, 32 stratosphere, 353 styrene, 12,453 sucrose, 18,317 supported catalysts, 276 surface area, 274 surface reaction, 273 swing reactors, 68 syngas, 119 T terephthalic acid, 69 termination, 403 theory of reactions, 190 thermal ignition, 420,433 Thiele modulus, 287 TNT, 125, 129,431 toluene, 125, 203, 431 tracer injection, 336 trajectories, 229, 231 transient behavior, 116,245, 257 transport, 276,278 trickle bed reactor, 501 troposphere, 353 turbulence, 270, 34 1,425 U unimolecular reaction, 22, 190 Union Carbide, 13 unstable steady states, 250 535 www.elsolucionario.org 536 Index V Valium, 18 variable density reactor, 47, 101, 176, 179 velocity, 235, 331 vinyl acetate, 119 vinyl chloride, 453 vitamin C, 18 void fraction, 274 wind energy, 60 wood 60 x xylene, 69, 72 Y yield, 154 W water gas shift, 120, 324 water pollution, 348 wetted wall reactor, 488 whale oil 60 Z zeolites, 275 Ziegler Natta catalysts, 457 ZSMS, 72 ... 12 the principles of operation of these reactors will have been developed Then throughout the book the reactions and reactors of the petroleum and commodity chemical industries are reintroduced... also examined in detail the analysis of kinetic data and its application in reactor design The notion of mathematical modeling of chemical reactors and the idea that they can be considered in a systematic... definitions of standard state and activity are somewhat arbitrary, but they are uniquely related by the definition of unit activity in the standard state Once the standard state is defined, the