Fundamentals of HVAC systems SI edition hardbound book

www.TheSolutionManual.com Fundamentals of HVAC Systems www.TheSolutionManual.com SI Edition www.TheSolutionManual.com This page intentionally left blank Fundamentals of HVAC Systems SI Edition Prepared by Robert McDowall, P Eng www.TheSolutionManual.com Engineering Change Inc American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • • London • New York Singapore • Sydney • • Oxford Tokyo Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc and Elsevier Inc Published by Elsevier 2007 All rights reserved The right American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc and Elsevier Inc to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining Permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN–13: 978-0-12-373998-8 ISBN–10: 0-12-373998-5 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our web site at http://books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in Great Briatin 06 07 08 09 10 10 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org www.TheSolutionManual.com No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Contents ix Introduction to HVAC Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Brief History of HVAC 1.3 Scope of Modern HVAC 1.4 Introduction to Air-Conditioning Processes 1.5 Objective: What is your system to achieve? 1.6 Environment For Human Comfort The Next Step Summary Bibliography 1 3 9 Introduction to HVAC Systems 11 Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Introducing the Psychrometric Chart 2.3 Basic Air-Conditioning System 2.4 Zoned Air-Conditioning Systems 2.5 Choosing an Air-Conditioning System 2.6 System Choice Matrix The Next Step Summary Bibliography 11 11 12 12 20 24 27 30 31 31 33 Thermal Comfort 34 Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 3.1 Introduction: What is Thermal Comfort? 3.2 Seven Factors Influencing Thermal Comfort 3.3 Conditions for Comfort 3.4 Managing Under Less Than Ideal Conditions 3.5 Requirements of Non-Standard Groups The Next Step Summary Bibliography 34 34 34 35 38 41 42 43 43 44 www.TheSolutionManual.com Foreword Contents Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality 45 Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Air Pollutants and Contaminants 4.3 Indoor Air Quality Effects on Health and Comfort 4.4 Controlling Indoor Air Quality 4.5 ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality The Next Step Summary Bibliography 45 45 45 46 47 49 Zones 62 Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What is a Zone? 5.3 Zoning Design 5.4 Controlling the Zone The Next Step Summary 62 62 62 63 63 68 69 69 Single Zone Air Handlers and Unitary Equipment 71 Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Examples of Buildings with Single-Zone Package Air-Conditioning Units 6.3 Air-Handling Unit Components 6.4 The Refrigeration Cycle 6.5 System Performance Requirements 6.6 Rooftop Units 6.7 Split Systems The Next Step Summary Bibliography 71 71 72 72 73 78 83 85 88 89 89 91 Multiple Zone Air Systems 92 Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Single-Duct, Zoned-Reheat, Constant-Volume Systems 7.3 Single-Duct, Variable-Air-Volume Systems (VAV) 7.4 Bypass Box Systems 7.5 Constant-Volume, Dual-Duct, All-Air Systems 7.6 Multizone Systems 7.7 Three-Deck Multizone Systems 7.8 Dual-Duct, Variable-Air-Volume Systems 7.9 Dual-Path Outside-Air Systems 54 59 59 60 92 92 93 94 96 98 99 102 103 104 105 www.TheSolutionManual.com vi vii The Next Step Summary 105 106 Hydronic Systems 108 Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Natural Convection and Low Temperature Radiation Heating Systems 8.3 Panel Heating and Cooling 8.4 Fan Coils 8.5 Two-Pipe Induction Systems 8.6 Water Source Heat Pumps The Next Step Summary Bibliography 108 108 109 Hydronic System Architecture 122 Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Steam Systems 9.3 Water Systems 9.4 Hot Water Systems 9.5 Chilled Water Systems 9.6 Condenser Water The Next Step Summary Bibliography 122 122 123 123 125 129 133 134 137 137 138 10 Central Plants Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 10 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Central Plant Versus Local Plant in a Building 10.3 Boilers 10.4 Chillers 10.5 Cooling Towers The Next Step Summary Bibliography 11 Controls Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 11 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Controls Basics 11.3 Typical Control loops 11.4 Introduction to Direct Digital Control (DDC) 11.5 Direct Digital Control of an Air-Handler 110 113 114 117 118 120 120 121 139 139 139 140 140 142 145 148 151 152 153 154 154 154 155 156 161 163 168 www.TheSolutionManual.com Contents Contents 11.6 Architecture and Advantages of Direct Digital Controls The Next Step Summary Bibliography 12 Energy Conservation Measures Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 12 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Energy Considerations For Buildings 12.3 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 12.4 Heat Recovery 12.5 Air-Side and Water-Side Economizers 12.6 Evaporative Cooling 12.7 Control of Building Pressure The Final Step Summary Bibliography 13 Special Applications Instructions Study Objectives of Chapter 13 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems 13.3 Thermal Storage Systems 13.4 The Ground as Heat Source and Sink 13.5 Occupant-Controlled Windows with HVAC 13.6 Room Air Distribution Systems 13.7 Decoupled and Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems Summary Your Next Step Bibliography Epilogue Index 172 175 176 177 178 178 178 179 179 183 186 190 192 194 194 195 196 197 197 197 198 198 201 211 212 213 217 220 222 223 223 225 www.TheSolutionManual.com viii ... Fundamentals of HVAC Systems www.TheSolutionManual.com SI Edition www.TheSolutionManual.com This page intentionally left blank Fundamentals of HVAC Systems SI Edition Prepared... need different design considerations Let us very briefly consider some specific design situations and the types of performance requirements for HVAC systems 6 Fundamentals of HVAC Example 4: Preserving... Conditioning (HVAC) is a huge field HVAC systems include a range from the simplest hand-stoked stove, used for comfort www.TheSolutionManual.com Contents of Chapter Fundamentals of HVAC heating,