Preview Objective Chemistry for NEET Vol I by A.K. Singhal, U. K. Singhal (2017)

Preview Objective Chemistry for NEET Vol I by A.K. Singhal, U. K. Singhal (2017) Preview Objective Chemistry for NEET Vol I by A.K. Singhal, U. K. Singhal (2017) Preview Objective Chemistry for NEET Vol I by A.K. Singhal, U. K. Singhal (2017) Preview Objective Chemistry for NEET Vol I by A.K. Singhal, U. K. Singhal (2017) Preview Objective Chemistry for NEET Vol I by A.K. Singhal, U. K. Singhal (2017)

OBJECTIVE CHEMISTRY for NEET s u de Incl T 2017 NEEolved S pe r Pa N AT I O N A L E L I G I B I L I T Y C U M E N T R A N C E T E S T Includes Solved Previous Years’ Papers for Practice Structured as per NCERT curriculum 3000+ MCQs included chapter-wise VOLUME I A.K Singhal U.K Singhal About Pearson Pearson is the world’s learning company, with presence across 70 countries worldwide Our unique insights and world-class expertise comes from a long history of working closely with renowned teachers, authors and thought leaders, as a result of which, we have emerged as the preferred choice for millions of teachers and learners across the world We believe learning opens up opportunities, creates fulfilling careers and hence better lives We hence collaborate with the best of minds to deliver you class-leading products, spread across the Higher Education and K12 spectrum Superior learning experience and improved outcomes are at the heart of everything we This product is the result of one such effort Your feedback plays a critical role in the evolution of our products and you can contact us – reachus@pearson.com We look forward to it   ■  iii OBJECTIVE CHEMISTRY for NEET (National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test) and Other Medical Entrance Examinations Volume I Dr A.K Singhal U.K Singhal Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education Services Pvt Ltd Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly known as TutorVista Global Pvt Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time ISBN 978-93-325-8620-8 eISBN 978-93-528-6228-3 Head Office: 15th Floor, Tower-B, World Trade Tower, Plot No 1, Block-C, Sector 16, Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India Registered Office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City, TS-140, Block & 9, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060 Website: in.pearson.com, Email id: companysecretary.india@pearson.com Dedicated to My Grand Parents, Parents and Teachers Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xii About the Examination xiii Trend Analysis from 2007-2017 xiv Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Chemistry and its Importance Physical Quantities and their Measurements Matter Laws of Chemical Combinations Avogadro’s Law Mass Mole Concept Equivalent Weight Mole Fraction Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions Modern Periodic Law Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number > 100 Trends in Periodic Properties of Elements 3.1 3.5 3.6 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 Chapter 2 Structure of Atoms Atom and Atomic Theory Thomson’s Atomic Model Rutherford’s Atomic Model Electronic Structure of Atoms Spectrum Bohr’s Atomic Model De Broglie Equation and Dual Nature Theory Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Schrodinger Wave Equation Quantum Numbers Aufbau Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity Pauli Exclusion Principle Chapter 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity Properties 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.13 2.13 Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Valency Chemical Bond Ionic or Kernel Bond Covalent Bond Coordinate or Semi-polar Bond Hydrogen Bond Metallic Bonding Resonance Hybridization Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory Molecular Orbital Theory 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.11 4.16 Chapter States of Matter General Properties Gas Laws Kinetic Theory of Gases Ideal and Real Gases Van Der Waals Equation Critical Phenomenon and Liquefaction of Gases General Properties 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Chapter 6 Thermodynamics and Chemical Energetics Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Process 6.1 6.2 viii  ■  Contents Thermodynamic Equilibrium Heat Work Internal Energy First Law of Thermodynamics or Law of Conservation of Energy Second Law of Thermodynamics  Entropy Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Third Law of Thermodyanmics Gibbs Free Energy  Thermochemistry Heat or Enthalpy of Reaction Sources of Energy Conservation of Energy 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.10 6.11 Chapter 7A Chemical Equilibrium Types of Reactions Equilibrium 7.1 7.2 Chapter 7B  Ionic Equilibrium Types of Substances Arrhenius Theory Ostwald Dilution Law Ionic Product of Water Buffer Solution Solubility and Solubility Product Salt Hydrolysis Acid and Base 7.33 7.33 7.34 7.34 7.36 7.36 7.37 7.38 Chapter Hydrogen and its Component Rogue Element or Hydrogen (11H) Resemblance of Hydrogen with Alkali Metals (Ia) Resemblance with Halogens Types of Hydrogen Methods of Preparation of Dihydrogen Hydrides Water Hard and Soft Water Heavy Water or Deuterium Oxide D2O Hydrogen Peroxide (Auxochrome) H2O2 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.6 8.9 8.11 8.12 8.13 Chapter The s-block Elements s-Block Elements Alkali Metals [Ia] Sodium (11Na23) Compounds of Sodium Sodium Oxide (Na2O) Sodium Peroxide (Na2O2) Caustic Soda or Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Sodium Carbonate or Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10H2O) Sodium Bicarbonate or Baking Soda (NaHCO3) Micro Cosmic Salt (Na(NH4) HPO4.4H2O) Potassium (19K39)  Potassium Super Oxide (KO2) Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Potassium Chloride (KCl) Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) Potassium Iodide (KI) Potassium Sulphate (K2SO4) Potassium Bicarbonates (KHCO3) Biological Role of Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) Alkaline Earth Metals and their Compounds [IIa (ns2)] Chemical Properties And Compounds Magnesium (12Mg24) Compounds of Magnesium Magnesia (MgO) Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) Magnesium Sulphate or Epsom Salt or Epsomite [MgSO4 7H2O] Magnesium Hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)  Magnesium Bicarbonate Mg(HCO3)2 Calcium (20Ca40) Calcium Oxide Or Quick–Lime (CaO) Calcium Hydroxide or Slaked Lime Ca(OH)2 9.1 9.1 9.6 9.8 9.9 9.9 9.11 9.12 9.14 9.14 9.15 9.15 9.16 9.16 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.21 9.25 9.27 9.27 9.28 9.28 9.29 9.29 9.29 9.30 9.31 Contents  ■  ix Calcium Oxide or Marble or Lime Stone (CaCO3) Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate or Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) Plaster of Paris (CaSO4 ½ H2O) or [(CaSO4)2 H2O] Bleaching Powder CaOCl2 or Ca(OCl)Cl Cement Biological Role of Mg and Ca 9.32 9.32 9.32 9.33 9.33 9.34 Chapter 10A The p-Block Element Boron Family IIIa (ns2 np1) Boron Compounds of Boron Borax or Tincal (Na2B4O7 .10H2O) Boric Acid or Ortho Boric Acid (H3BO3 or B(OH)3) Hydrides of Boron Diborane (B2H6) Boron Nitride (BN) Aluminium (9AI27) Aluminium Chloride AlCl3 or Al2Cl6 Aluminium Oxide or Alumina Al2O3 Alums Potash Alum (K2SO4Al2(SO4)3 24H2O) Ultra Marine (Na5Al3Si3S3O12) 10.1 10.5 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.10 10.12 10.13 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.18 10.19 Chapter 10B The p-Block Element Carbon Family IV (ns2 np2) or Group 14 Carbon Compounds of Carbon Carbon Dioxide O = C = O or CO2 Carbon Disulphide (CS2) Carbides Fuels Silicon and its Compounds Silicon Compounds of Silicon Carborundum (Silicon Carbide) (SiC) 10.33 10.37 10.40 10.42 10.44 10.45 10.46 10.47 10.48 Silicones Silicates Glass Tin and its Compounds Tin (Sn) Properties of Tin Compounds of Tin Stannous Oxide (SnO) Stannic Oxide (SnO2) Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) Stannic Chloride (SnCl4) Lead and its Compounds Lead or Plumbum (Pb) Properties of Lead Lead Mono Oxide or Litharge or Plumbous Oxide or Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Plumbic Oxide or Lead Dioxide or Lead (IV) Oxide (PbO2) Red Lead or Tri Lead Tetra-Oxide (Pb3O4) Lead (II) Sulphide (PbS) Lead (II) Halides or Plumbous Halides (PbX2) Lead Chloride or Plumbous Chloride (PbCl2) Lead (IV) Halides or Plumbic Halides (PbX4) Lead Tetrachloride or Plumbic Chloride (PbCl4) Lead Acetate or Sugar of Lead (CH3COO)2Pb Basic Lead Carbonate or White Lead 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 10.49 10.50 10.52 10.53 10.55 10.57 10.57 10.57 10.58 10.58 10.60 10.62 10.62 10.63 10.63 10.63 10.64 10.64 10.64 10.64 10.65 Chapter 11A Organic Chemistry – I Organic and Inorganic Compounds Homologous Series Hybridization IUPAC System Functional Group Preference Table 11.1 11.4 11.4 11.7 11.9 xvi  ■  Important Chemical Compounds Groups containing higher no of gaseous elements Most electrovalent compound Bad conductor of electricity Lightest radio isotope Group 18 (Noble gases) CsF Mica Tritium (1H3) Compound with maximum covalent nature First noble prize in chemistry Softest form of carbon Latest allotrope of carbon H2, N2, O2, Cl2 (diatomic gases) Van’t Hoff Lamp black fullerene or bucky ball Strongest acid Most reactive form of P Least reactive form of P Purest form of silica Most ductile metal HSO5F 90 % SbF5 called magic acid White Red Quartz Gold IMPORTANT CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT ORES Fe Magnetite Limonite Iron Pyrite Haematite Copper Pyrite Spathic Iron Cu Cuprite or   Ruby copper Copper Glance Malachite Azurite Pb Galena Anglesite Stolzite Cerrusite Wulfenite Ag Argentite or   Silver Glance Pyragurite Proustite Horn Silver Mg Magnesite Carnalite Kiesserite Schonite Fe3O4 Fe2O3.3H2O FeS2 Fe2O3 CuFeS2 FeCO3 Cu2O Cu2S Cu(OH)2.CuCO3 Cu(OH)2.2CuCO3 PbS PbSO4 PbWO4 PbCO3 PbMnO4 Ag2S Ag2S Sb2S3 3Ag2S As2O3 AgCl MgCO3 MgCl2 KCl 6H2O MgSO4 H2O Dolomite Epsomite Kainite Olivine Spinel MgSO4 K2SO4.6H2O MgCO3.CaCO3 MgCO3.7H2O MgSO4 KCl 3H2O Mg2SiO4 Mg2Al2O4 Al Corundum Diaspore Bauxite Cryolite Felspar Talc Asbestos Mica Kaolinite Turquoise Al2O3 Al2O3.H2O Al2O3 2H2O Na3AlF6 KAlSi3O8 Mg3 H2 (SiO3)4 CaMg3 (SiO3)4 K Al Si3 O10 (OH)2 Al(OH)4 Si2O5 AlPO4.Al(OH)3 H2O Alum Stone K2SO4 Al2(SO4)3  or Alunite  4Al(OH)3 Be Beryl Cryso beryl 3BeO Al2O3.6SiO2 or Be3Al2Si6O8 2BeO SiO2 or Be2SiO4 BeO Al2O3 Ca Anhydrite Dolomite CaSO4 CaCO3 MgCO3 Phenacite Fluorapatite Gypsum 3Ca3 (PO4)2 CaF2 CaSO4.2H2O Sr Strontionite Celestite SrCO3 SrSO4 Ores of Ba Barytes BaSO4 Whitherite BaCO3 Ores of Ra Carnotite K2O, U2O3, (VO4)2 3H2O Pitch blende Uranium oxide Ores of Zn Zinc blends or  Sphalerite Zincite or Red  zinc Calamine or   Zinc spar Franklinite Willemite Hg Cassetirite or   Tin Stone Rutile Ilmenite Beryl Florapatite ZnS ZnO ZnCO3 ZnO.Fe2O3 Zn2SiO4 HgS (Cinabar) SnO2 TiO2 FeOTiO2 3BeO.Al2O3 6SiO2 3Ca3 (PO4)2 CaF2 Important Chemical Compounds  ■  xvii SOME IMPORTANT ALLOYS  1.  Alclad It is an alloy of aluminium and used in making sea planes  2.  Alnico  It is an alloy of steel (77%), nickel (2%), aluminium (20%) and cobalt (1%) It is used in making permanent magnets  3.  Aluminium bronze  It is an alloy of 90% copper and 10% aluminium It is used in making coins, trays and picture frames  4.  Aluminium bronze  contains 90% Cu and 10% Al phosphor bronze consisting of 94% Cu, 5% Sn and 1% P is hard, elastic and used for pump rods, valves, axle bearing and certain other equipments These are malleable, corrosion resistant and suitable for cold working  5.  Babbit metal It is an alloy of Sn (8890%), Sb (7-4%) and Cu (3-7%) Hard babbit composition is (a) Sn 91%, Pb 4.5% and Sb 4.5% and (b) Sn 83%, Cu 8.5% and Sb 8.5% It is used as bearing metal  6.  Bell metal It is an alloy of Cu and Sn having 80% Cu and 20% Sn It is hard, brittle and sonorous It is used for fabricating machine parts and bells, gongs etc  7.  Brass  It is an alloy of 70% copper and 30% zinc It is used in making utensils etc  8.  Britania metal or pewter It is an alloy of Sn (85-95%), Sb (6-10%), and Cu (1-3%) It is used for making cups, mugs and other utensils  9.  Bronzes These are mostly the alloys of copper and tin and contain 75–90% Cu and 25–10% Sn These bronzes are mainly used for making coins, statues an special type of utensils 10.  Constantan  It is an alloy of nickel (40%) and copper (60%) It is used in electrical work such as for making resistance boxes and thermo couples etc 11.  Delta metal  It is an alloy of Cu (55%), Zinc (41%) and Fe(4%) It is used in making ships, bearing, and properllers 12.  Duralumin It is an alloy of Al(95.5%), Copper(4%), Mg(0.5%) and Mn(0.5%) It is used in making aeroplanes parts 13.  Dutch metal  It is an alloy of copper and Zinc and is used in gold coverings 14.  Electron  It is an alloy of Mg and Zn with small amounts of Al, Cu and Mn It is a hard metal alloy used for making propellers of engines and air-crafts 15.  Ferro alloys – Ferro molubdenum  is an alloy of Mo Usually the percentage of Mo is less than 1%, but about 1.5-2% Mo has been used for high speed steel and 5% Mo in resisting steels 6-10% Mo is used for preparing special steels Ferro silicon has a composition of Si 90-95%, C 0.15%, S 0.01% and P 0.05% 16.   Ferro manganese or Spiegeleisen has average composition Mn 78-82%, C 7.5%, P 0.35%, S 0.5% and Si 1.25% 17.  Ferro nikel  contains Ni 2.5-5% It is hard, tough and rustless It is used in the manufacture of cables Propeller shaft, armor plates etc 18.  Ferro titanium  has a composition of Ti 38-45%, C 0.1-6%, Si 15-25% and Al 9-10%, Ferro tungsten is hard and strong and contains W 14-20% It is used in the manufacture of high speed tools 19.  Ferro vanadium has composition V 30-40%, C 3.5%, P 0.25%, S 0.4%, Si 13% and Al 1.5% It has high tensils strength and is used for making springs, axles, shafts etc Both tungsten and vanadium make steel hard Such hard steel is used for making high speed tools 20.  German silver or Nickel silver  These are Cu –Zn – Ni alloys containing about 50% Cu, 25% Zn and 25% Ni Nickel is used for fancy articles, forks, spoons, cigarette cases etc 21.  Gun metal  It is an alloy of Cu, Sn and Zn It contains 88% Cu, 10%Sn and 2%Zn It is used in making guns Gears and bearings 22.  Invar  It has 64% Fe, 35% Ni and some traces of Mn, C It is used in making pendulum rods 23.  Magnalium  It is an alloy of 90% Al and 10% Mg It is used in making balance beams 24.  Monel metal  It is an alloy of 30% Cu, 67%Ni and 3%Mn or Fe It is used for the construction of household sinks and containers and alkali-resisting equipments 25.  Nichrome It is an alloy of Ni(60%), Cr(15%) and Fe(25%) and is used in making electrical resistance 26.   Nickel coinage alloy for coinage purpose, an alloy of Ni(25%) and Cu (75%) is used Another coinage alloy is silver coinage which contains 5% nickel 27.  Pewter  It is an alloy of 24% Pb and 76% Sn and used for making utensils 28.  Rose metal It is an alloy of Bi(50%), Pb(25%) and Sn(25%) It is used in making stereo metal in printing and safety Plugs in boilers 29.  Silicon Bronze  contains upto 4% Si and upto 1% Fe, Mn Zn and Al, but does not contain Sn They have strength like mild steel, excellent corrosion resistance and also have welding prop 30.  Solder  It is an alloy of 67% Sn and 33% Pb It is used in soldering Soft solder contains 3-80% Pb and 97-20% Sn This tin-lead alloy is used for joining metal parts because of its low melting point 31.  Stainless steel It contains Cr (about 11%) and Ni (about 7%) It is used in making utensils and surgical instruments 32.  Sterite  It is an alloy of chromium, tungsten and nickel and is used for the manufacture of high speed tools and cutlery This alloy is also used for making surgical instruments 33.  Tiscor  It contains maximum 0.1% carbon, Mn 0.1 - 0.4% (maximum), Cr 0.7 – 1.1%, Cu 0.3 - 0.5%, Si 0.5 – 1.0% , P 0.1 – 0.2 % and S 0.05% These two alloys (Tiscorn and Tiscor) are high strength engineering steels prepared by Tata Iron and Steel company in India 34.  Tiscorn  It contains maximum 0.3% carbon, Mn 0.5-1.3%, Cr 1.00%, Ca 0.25-0.6%, Si 0.3% (maximum), P 0.05% (maximum) and S 0.05% (maximum) 35.  Type metal It is an alloy of Pb(82%), Sb(15%) and Sn(3%) and is used for making type for printing 36.  Wood metal It is alloy of Pb(25%), Sn (12.5%), Cd (12.5%) and Bi (50%) It is used as automatic sprinkles It melts in hot water as its melting point is 688C xviii  ■  Important Chemical Compounds IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS   1. Agate is silicon dioxide, SiO2   2.  Ammonal is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and Al powder (NH4NO3 Al) It is used as an explosive   3. Alum is (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O It is used as mordant by dyers of clothes Potash alum is K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 24H2O   4. Aqua fortis is nitric acid, HNO3   5.  Antichlor is sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 5H2 O It is also called Hypo   6. Aqua-Regia is a mixture of conc HNO3 and conc HCl in the ratio of : It is also known as kingly water   7.  Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3   8. Barytes is barium sulphate, BaSO4   9. Brine is sodium chloride (NaCl) solution 10.  Blue vitriol is copper sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O 11. Bone ash is mainly calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 12.  Borax is the name of sodium tetraborate hydrate Na2B4O7.10H2O Borax (Na2B4O7) is also called tincal 13. B(OH)3 is an acid 14. Brown Ring is of FeSO4.NO 15. Butter of tin is SnCl4 5H2O 16. B.O.D is biological oxygen demand 17. Cuprite is Cu2O 18. Calomel is Hg2Cl2 19. Caustic potash is KOH 20.  Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide, NaOH 21. Chile saltpeter is sodium nitrate, NaNO3 22. Cinnabar is HgS 23.  Carbonic acid is hydrogen carbonate, H2CO3 24. Carbolic acid is phenol, C6H5OH 25. Carborundum is silicon carbide, SiC 26. Copper glance is Cu2S 27. Carbogen is a mixture of 1% CO2 and O2 It is used as antidote for for CO poisoning 28. Corrosive sublimate is mercuric chloride, HgCl2 29. Corundum is aluminium oxide, Al2O3 30. Chromyl chloride is CrO2Cl2 31. Cream of tartar is KHC4H4O6 32. Cyanogen is C2N2 33. Dead burnt plaster is anhydrous CaSO4 34. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide (CO2) 35. Epsom salt is the name of magnesium sulphate, MgSO4 7H2O 36. Energy is a mixture of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 37. Eka aluminium is gallium 38. Fluorspar is CaF2 39. Freon is CCl2F2 40. Formalin is 40% formaldehyde (HCHO) 41.  Fremy’s salt is potassium hydrogen fluoride KHF2 42. Foul air is nitrogen, N2 It is also called azote 43. Fischer’s salt is potassium cobalt nitric K3[Co(NO2)6] 44. Fowler’s solution is NaAsO2 solution 45. Fusion mixture is Na2CO3 K2CO3 46. Fluorine is called super halogen 47. Fulminating gold is Au(NH2) NH 48. Grain alcohol is ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH 49. Grape sugar is dextrose, C6H12O6 50. Glauber’s salt is the name of sodium sulphate, Na2SO4.10H2O 51.  Gypsum is calcium sulphate, CaSO4.2H2O 52.  Green vitriol is ferrous sulphate, FeSO4.7H2O 53.  Gammexane is benzene hexachloride (BHC), C6H6Cl6 54.  Gun powder is a mixture of sulphur, charcoal and nitre 55. Graham’s salt is (NaPO3)3 56. Hydrolith is calcium hydride, CaH2 57. Halite is common rock salt (NaCl) 58. Horn silver is AgCl 59. Hair salt is Al2(SO4)3.18H2O 60. Hypo is Na2S2O35H2O 61. King of chemicals is H2SO4 62. Kali : Germans used the word ‘Kali’ for Potash 63. Limestone is calcium carbonate, CaCO3 64. Lunar caustic is silver nitrate, AgNO3 65. Laughing gas is nitrous oxide, N2O It is also known as laughing grites 66. Lithia water is aqueous solution of lithium bicarbonate (LiHCO3) 67.  Lapis Lazuli is blue coloured mineral used as semi-precious stone It is sodium alumino silicate 68. Milk of magnesia is magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 69.  Marshall’s acid is persulphuric acid, H2S2O8 70.  Milk of lime is calcium hydroxides, Ca(OH)2 It is also called slaked lime 71. Magnesite is MgCO3 72. Microscopic salt is Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O 73. Mica is KH2Al2(SiO4)3 74. Magnesia is MgO 75. Mosaic gold is SnS2 76. Marsh gas or fire damp is CH4 77.  Mohr’s salt is FeSO4.(NH4)2 SO4.6H2O 78. Muriatic acid is hydrochloric acid, HCl 79. Nessler’s reagent is K2HgI4 It contains HgCl2, KI and NaOH The ions present in it is HgI42- 80. Nitre Cake is NaHSO4 81. Nitrolim is CaCN2 C (graphite) 82. Norweigian saltpetre is basic calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 83. Oxone is sodium peroxide, Na2O2 84. Oil of vitriol is sulphuric acid, H2SO4 85.  Oleum is fuming sulphuric acid, concentrated H2SO4 SO3 86. Oil of mirbane is C6H5NO2 87. Oil of winter green is methyl salicylate 88.  Plaster of paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrate, CaSO4 1/2 H2O 89. Philosopher’s wool is zinc oxide, ZnO 90. Phosgene is carbonyl chloride, COCl2 91. Picric acid is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol 92.  Paris green is double salt of copper acetate and copper arsenate 93. Pearl white is BiOCl and is used as a pungent 94. Prussian blue is Fe4 [Fe(CN)6]3 95. Pearl ash is K2CO3 96. Perhydrol is 30% H2O2 97. Prussic acid HCN 98. Quick lime is calcium oxide, CaO 99. Quartz is silicon dioxide, SiO2 100. Quick silver is mercury, Hg 101. Realgar is As2S3 102.  Rectified spirit is 95% ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH 103. Reagar is As4S4 104. Red lead is lead tetroxide, Pb3O4 It is also called Minium 105.  Red liquor is aluminium acetate, (CH3COO)3 Al 106.  Rochelle salt is sodium potassium tartrate, NaKC4H2O6 107. Rock salt is NaCl 108. Ruby or sapphire or Emery is Al2O3 109. Salt cake is sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 110. Sand is silicon dioxide, SiO2 111. Scheeb’s green is CuHAsO3 112. Selidlitz powder is NaHCO3 113. Smelting salt is (NH4)2CO3 114. Soda lime is a mixture of NaOH and CaO 115. Soda ash is sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 116. Sodamide is NaNH2 117. Spirit of wine is C2H5OH 118. Spirit of salt is HCl Important Chemical Compounds  ■  xix 119. Sterling silver is a solution of Cu and Ag 120. Stranger gas is xenon (Xe) 121.  Sugar of lead is lead acetate, (CH3COO)2Pb 122. Super phosphate of lime contains Ca (H2PO4).H2O and 2CaSO4.2H2O 123. Syvine is KCl 124.  Tartar emetic is potassium antimony tartrate, K(SbO)C4H4O6 125. TNT is trinitrotoluene, an explosive 126. Tear gas is chloropicrin, CCl3NO2 127. TEL is tetra ethyl lead, Pb(C2H5)4 128.  Thomas slag is calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 129. Tincture of iodine is I2 and KI solution in alcohol 130.  Thermite is a mixture of iron oxide (Fe3O4) and Al powder 131. Tinstone or Cassiterite is SnO2 132. Vinegar is dilute acetic acid, CH3COOH 133. Washing soda is Na2CO3 134. Water glass is sodium silicate, Na2SiO3 135. White lead is Pb(OH)2.2PbCO3 136. Wackenroder’s liquid is H2SO4 H2S 137.  White vitriol is Zinc sulphate, ZnSO4.7H2O 138. Wood spirit is CH3OH 139. Verdigris is the name of basic copper acetate, (CH3COO)2 Cu Cu(OH)2 140.  Yellow ammonium sulphide is (NH4)2Sx 141. Zincite is ZnO WATER SOLUBILITY OF SOME COMMON INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1. All Na1, K1 and NH41 compounds are soluble 2.  All nitrates, nitrites and acetates are soluble 3.  All chlorides, except AgCl, PbCl2 and Hg2Cl2 are soluble PbCl2 is soluble in hot water 4. All bromides, except AgBr, PbBr2, Hg2Br2 and HgBr2 are soluble 5. All iodides, except AgI, PbI2, Hg2I2 and HgI2 are soluble 6.  All sulphates except BaSO4, CaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4 and Ag2SO4 are soluble 7. All carbonates except those of group elements and (NH4)2CO3 are insoluble 8. All hydroxides except those of group elements, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 and Sr(OH)2 are insoluble 9. All sulphides except those of group & elements and (NH4)2S are insoluble 10. All phosphates except those of group elements and (NH4)3PO4 are insoluble 11. All sulphites, except those of group elements and (NH4)2SO3 are insoluble ACTION OF HEAT ON SOME SALTS ZnCO3 (white) ZnO CO2 (yellow-hot; white-cold) CuCO3 (green) CuO CO2 (black) CaCO3 CaO CO2 2Ag2CO3 4Ag 2CO2 O2 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 CO2 H2O NH4HCO3 NH3 CO2 H2O 2FeSO4 Fe2O3 SO2 SO3 2CaSO4.2H2O 393K 2CaSO4 /2 H2O 3H2O (Plaster of paris) CuSO4.5H2O (blue) CuSO4 5H2O (white) CuSO4 CuO SO3 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (orange) NH4NO2 N2 2H2O 2AgNO3 2Ag 2NO2 O2 2Cu(NO3)2 (brown) 2CuO 4NO2 O2 2Zn(NO3)2 (white) 2ZnO 4NO21 O2 yellow-hot white-cold (brown) 2Ca(NO3)2 2CaO 4NO2 O2 2Pb(NO3)2 (white) 2PbO 4NO2 O2 (yellow) (brown) 2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO 4NO2 O2 NH4NO3 N2O 2H2O 10. Baeyer’s or Serpeck’s process Al 11. Hoope’s process Al (Purification) 12. Hall, Heroult Process Al 13. Gold schmidt     crocess Thermite Welding 14. Carter’s process White lead 15. Haeber’s process NH3 16. Deacon’s process Cl2 17.  Contact, Lead Chamber process  H2SO4 18. Berkland-Eyde, Ostwald  HNO3, NO 19. Kaldo, L.D steel 20. Corey – House Alkane 21. Oxo R – OH 22. Dow’s process Mg 23. Pidgeon Mg 24. Cyanamide NH3 25. IMI Ti 26. frash ‘S’ 27. Siemene, Basemer Thomass Steel 28. Lane’s process H2 29. Gossage process NaOH N2 Cr2O3 4H2O (green) 2KMnO4 K2MnO4 MnO2 O2 2KClO3 2KCl 3O2 4K2Cr2O7 4K2CrO4 2Cr2O3 3O2 (COO)2Fe FeO CO CO2 (black) 2Ag2O 4Ag O2 2HgO (red) 2Hg O2 (silver deposit) 2Pb3O4 (red) 6PbO O2 (yellow) 2PbO2 (brown) 2PbO O2 (black) 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 O2 IMPORTANT PROCESSES 1. Bosch process H2 2. Down, Castner Na 3. Nelson, Castner – Kellner, Solvey Droney, Lowing NaOH 4. Ammonia soda process (Solvay process) Na2CO3, NaHCO3 5. Leblanc, Pretch process K2CO3 6. MacArthur forest or Cyanidation  Ag, Au 7. Perk, Pattinson Ag 8. Cupellation Ag (Purification) 9. Mund’s process Ni (Purification) IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS ADP Adenosine diphosphate AMP Adenosine monophosphate amu (u) Atomic mass unit ANTU Alpha naphthyl thiurea ATP Adenosine triphosphate b.p Boiling point BCC Body centred cubic BHC Benzene hexachloride BO Bond order BOD Biological oxygen process BOP Basic oxygen process CAN Calcium ammonium nitrate CCP Cubic close packing DDT Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DNP Dihydroxy phenylhydrazine DOPA Dihydroxy phenylalanine EDTA Ethylene diammine tetra acetic acid EMF Electro motive force EPM Electron probe microanalysis EPR Ethylene-propylene rubber ESR Electron spin resonance FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide FCC Face centred cubic FP Freezing point GAW Gram atomic weight GMV Gram molecular volume GSC Gas-solid chromatography GTP Guanosine triphosphate HCP Hexagonal close packing HEED High energy electron diffraction Ie Ionisation energy IP Ionization potential IR Infrared IUPAC International union of pure and applied chemistry Kcal Kilocalories LAH Lithium aluminium hydride LD Linnz-Donnewitz process Process LEED Low energy electron diffraction LNG Liquid natural gas LPF Liquefied petroleum gas LR Laboratory reagent LSD Lysergic acid diethylanide LTA Lead tetra acetate m Molality M Molarity m.p Melting point MEK Methyl ethyl ketone MeV Mega electron volt MMH Monomethyl hydrazine MO Molecular orbital NAA Neutron activation analysis NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NHE Normal hydrogen electrode NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance NPK Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium NTP Normal temperature and pressure OR Optical rotation ORD Optical rotatory dispersion PCTFE Polymono chloro tri fluoro ethylene ppb Parts per billion ppm Parts per million PTEE Polytetra fluoroethane PVC Polyvinyl chloride rms Root mean square RNA Ribonucleic acid STP Standard temperature and pressure TCA Tricarboxylic acid TEL Tetraethyl lead TLC Thin layer chromatography TNM Tetranitro methane TNT Trinitro toluene UDMH unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine UV Ultraviolet VBT Valence bond theory VSEPR Valence shell electron pair repulsion WC Tungsten carbide MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTURE Mineral (Formula) Augite [(Ca, Na) (Mg, Fe, Al) (Al, Si)2 O6 ] Bornite [Cu5FeS] Colour Crystal System Uses and Their Properties Black Monoclinic Square or 8-sided cross section Tetragonal Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) Chromite (FeCr2O4) Bronze, tarnishes to dark blue, purple Brassy to golden yellow Black or brown Copper (Cu) Copper red Cubic Corundum (Al2O3) Colourless, blue, brown, green, white, pink, red Colourless, white to gray, green and yellow Hexagonal Source of copper; called “Peakcock ore” due to its purple shine when it tarnishes Main ore of copper Ore of chromium, stainless steel, metallurgical bricks Pipes, coins, gutters, wire, cooking utensils, jewellery, decorative plaques; malleable and ductile Gemstones; ruby is red, sapphire is blue, industrial abrasive Insoluble in acids, used in the manufacture of porcelain Feldspar (orthoclase) (KAlSi3O8) Tetragonal Cubic Monoclinic Minerals with Metallic Lusture  ■  xxi Mineral (Formula) Crystal System Colour Uses and Their Properties Feldspar (plagioclase) (NaAlSi3O8) (CaAl2Si2O8) Gray, green white Triclinic Used in ceramics; striations present on some faces Fluorite (CaF2) Colourless, white, blue, green, red, yellow, purple Gray Cubic Cubic Gold (Au) Deep yellow-red, green, black Pale to golden Used in the manufacture of optical equipment, glows under ultraviolet light Source of lead, shields for X-rays, fishing equipment sinkers, used in pipes Used in jewellery, also used as an abrasive Graphite (C) Black to grey Hexagonal Haematite (Fe2O3) Black or reddish brown Hexagonal Hornblende [Ca Na (Mg, Al, Fe)5 (Al, Si)2 Si6 O22 (OH)2] Green to black Monoclinic Limonite (hydrous iron oxides) Magnetite (Fe3O4) Yellow, brown, black Black Cubic Source of iron, weathers easily colouring matter of soils Source of iron, naturally magnetic, called lodestone Olivine [(Mg, Fe)2 SiO4] Olive green Gemstones, refractory sand Pyrite (FeS2) Light, brassy, yellow Orthorhombic Cubic Pyrrhotite (FeS) Bronze Hexagonal Quartz (SiO2) Colourless, various colorus Silvery white, tarnishes to black White, pink yellow, pale blue, colourless Hexagonal Often found with pentlandite, an ore of nickel; may be magnetic Used in glass manufacture, electronic equipment, radios, computers, watches, gemstones Coins, jewellery, silverplate, fillings for teeth, wires, malleable and ductile Valuable gemstone Bauxite (hydrous aluminium compound) Gray, red, white, brown - Source of aluminum; used in paints, aluminium foil, and airplane parts Biotite [K(Mg,Fe)3 AlSi3O10 (OH)2] Black to dark brown Monoclinic Occurs in large flexible plates Calcite (CaCO3) Colourless, white pale, blue Hexagonal Fizzes when HCl is added; used in cement and other building materials Dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] Colourless, white, pink, green, gray, black Hexagonal Concrete and cement, used as an ornamental building stone Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) Colourless, gray, white, brown Monoclinic Used extensively in the preparation of plaster of paris, alabaster, and dry wall for building construction Halite (NaCl) Colourless, red, white, blue Cubic Salt; very soluble in water; a preservative Kaolinite [Al4Si2O5(OH)4] White, red, reddish brown, black Triclinic Clays; used in ceramics and in china dishes; common in most soils; often microscopic sized particles Muscovite [KAl3Si3O10(OH)2] White, light gray, yellow, rose, green Monoclinic Occurs in large flexible plates, used as an insulator in electrical equipment, lubricant Sphalerite (ZnS) Brown Cubic Main ore of zinc; used in paints, dyes, and medicine Sulphur (S) Yellow Orthorhombic Used in medicine, fungicides for plants, vulcanisatoin of rubber, production of sulphuric acid Talc [Mg3(OH)2 Si4O10] White, greenish Monoclinic Easily cut with fingernail; used for talcum powder; soapstone is used in paper and for table tops Galena (PbS) Garnet (Mg, Fe, Ca)3 (Al2Si3O12) Silver (Ag) Topaz [(Al2SiO4) (F, OH)2] Cubic Cubic Cubic Orthorhombic Medicines, jewellery, money, gold leaf, fillings for teeth, does not tarnish Pencil lead, rods to control some small nuclear reactions, lubricants for locks, battery poles Source of iron; roasted in a blast furnace, converted to “pig” iron, made into steel Will transmit light on thin edges; 6-sided cross section Source of iron, “fools’s gold” alters to limonite xxii  ■  Minerals with Metallic Lusture Name Starting Material Reaction Condition Products conc NaOH KCN 180-2008C, PCl5 or P4O10 or SO2Cl2 or H2SO4 NaOH (in case of phenol), HCl (in case of aniline) NaOH aldol & ketol benzoin N-substituted acetamide Aldol condensation Benzoin condensation Beckmann rearrangement Aldehyde having a-hydrogen atom aromatic aldehyde aromatic ketoxime Coupling reaction C6H5NNCl phenol (or aniline) Claisen condensation Zn/Hg conc HCl CHCl3 NaOH aq KOH or alc KOH 1008C hydrocarbon carbylamine alcohol & acid cyclic addition product Diazotization Etard reaction (aldehyde, ketone or ester Containing a-hydrogen atom) (aromatic aldehyde or ketone) aldehyde or ketone primary amine aldehyde not having a-hydrogen atom a, b-unsaturated carbonyl compound conjugated diene aromatic primary amine toluene NaNO2/conc HCl, – 58C CrO2Cl2/Cs2 C6H5NNCl benzaldehyde Friedel-Craft reaction C6H6 RX (or RCOCl) anhy AlCl3 alkyl & acyl benzene Fitting reaction Gattermann-Koch reaction Gattermann reaction aryl halide Na/dry ether anhy AlCl3 diphenyl aromatic aldehyde halobenzene Hunsdiecker reaction Ag salt of carboxylic acid Br2 Hofmann mustard oil reaction primary aliphatic amine CS2 CCl4, 808C HgCl2 Hoffmann bromamide reaction acid amide Br2/NaOH Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction Br2/red P Haloform reaction carboxylic acid having a-hydrogen atom CH3CHO, methyl ketone Kolbe-Schmidt reaction C6H5OH Kolbe electrolytic reaction Libermann nitroso reaction Mendius reaction Meerwein-Ponndorf verley reduction Perkin condensation alkali metal salt of carboxylic acid secondary amine alkyl or aryl cyanide ketone aromatic aldehyde (CH3CO)2O CH3COONa, H1/H2O Rosenmund reduction Reamer-Tiemann reaction acid chloride phenol Stephen reaction Schotten-Baumann reaction alkyl cyanide (phenol or aniline or alcohol) C6H5COCl H2, Pd/BaSO4, S, Boiling xylene NaOH CHCl3 or CCl4, dil HCl SnCl2/HCl NaOH Sandmeyer reaction C6H5NNCl Sabatier-Senderens reaction Ullmann reaction Wurtz –Fitting reaction Williamson synthesis unsaturated hydrocarbon iodobenzene Cu alkyl halide aryl halide alkyl halide sodium alkoxide or sodium phenoxide Clemmensen reduction Carbylamine reaction Cannizzaro reaction n Diels-Alder reaction C6H6 CO HCl C6H5NNCl Azo dye unsaturated aro-matic aldehyde or ketone Cu powder HCl NaOH/X2 or NaOX CO2, 1258C, 4-7 atm, H1 electrolysis NaNO2/HCl Na/C2H5OH [(CH3)2CHO]3Al (CH3)2CHOH CuCl/HCl or CuBr/HBr or CuCN/ KCN, heat raney Ni/H2, 200-3008C heat Na/dry ether heat alkyl or aryl bromide C H 3C H 2– N C S (mustard oil) primary amine a-halogenated carboxylic acid haloform salicylic acid alkane, alkene & alkyne R2N – N O primary amine sec alcohol a, b-unsaturated aromatic acid aldehyde salicylaldehyde or salicylic acid aldehyde benzoylated product halo or cyano-benzene alkane diphenyl alkyl benzene ether INCREASING ORDERS 1. Decreasing ionic size Mg21< O22< Na1< F2 2. Increasing acidic property ZnO< Na2O2< P2O5< MgO 3. Increasing first ionization potential Mg< Al< Si< Na 4. Increasing bond length F2< N2< Cl2< O2 5. Increasing size Cl2< S 22< Ca21< Ar 6. Increasing acid strength HClO3< HClO4< HClO2< HClO 7.  Increasing bond strength HCl< HBr< HF< HI 8. Increasing oxidation number of iodine I2< HI< HIO4< ICI 9.  Increasing thermal stability HOCl< HOClO2< HOClO3< HOClO 10. Increasing bond enthalpy N2< O2< F2< Cl2 11. Increasing acidic character CO2< N2O5< SiO2< SO3 12.  Increasing ionic size N32< Na1< F2< O22< Mg21 13. Increasing basic character MgO< SrO< K2O< NiO< Cs2O 14.  Increasing extent of hydrolysis CCl4< MgCl2< AlCl3< PCl5< SiCl4 15. Increasing strength of hydrogen bonding (X….H–X) O< S< F< Cl< N 16. Increasing ionic radii in water Li1< Na1< K1< Rb1< Cs1 17. Increasing molar conductivity in water Li1< Na1< K1< Rb1< Cs1 18. Increasing reactivity with water Li< Na< K< Rb< Cs 19. Increasing reactivity with hydrogen Li< Na< K< Rb< Cs 20.  Increasing melting point Li< Na< K< Rb< Cs 21.  Increasing basic nature of hydroxides LiOH< NaOH< KOH< RbOH< CsOH 22. Increasing thermal stability of hydroxides LiOH< NaOH< KOH< RbOH< CsOH 23.  Increasing covalent character LiCl< LiBr< LiI 24.  Increasing ionic character CaCl2< BeCl2< MgCl2< BaCl2< SrCl2 25. Increasing solubility BeCO3< MgCO3< CaCO3< BaCO3 26.  Increasing solubility BeF2< MgF2< CaF2< BaF2 27.  Increasing solubility Be(OH)2< Mg(OH)2< Ca(OH)2< Ba(OH)2 28. Increasing basicity Be(OH)2< Mg(OH)2< Ca(OH)2< Ba(OH)2 29.  Increasing hydration of ions Be21< Mg21< Ca21< Sr21< Ba21 30.  Increasing reactivity with water Be< Mg< Ca< Sr< Ba 31.  Increasing reactivity towards air Be< Mg< Ca< Sr< Ba 32.  Increasing solubility BeSO4< MgSO4< CaSO4< SrSO4< BaSO4 33. Increasing ionic character BCl3< AlCl3< GaCl3 34. Increasing strength of Lewis acid wBF3< BCl3< BBr3 35. Increasing strength of Lewis acid AlCl3< GaCl3< InCl3 36.  Increasing reducing power GeCl2< SnCl2< PbCl2 37.  Increasing oxidizing power GeCl4< SnCl4< PbCl4 38. Increasing number of hybrid orbitals of C< Si< Sn 39. Increasing basic character NH3< AsH3< SbH3< PH3 40. Increasing thermal stability NH3< AsH3< SbH3< PH3 41. Increasing acidic strength HNO3 COH aldehydes >C=O 1° alcohols H2 >C=O clemmenson reduction oxidation ⎯CHO ⎯CH2 – > C = O carbonyl compounds acids oxidation >C=O ⎯CO– ⎯COOH >C=O ketones ⎯Cl acids NH2/OH ⎯COOH ⎯COOH PCl5/PCl3/SOCl2 R⎯NC ⎯CH2 – NH2 (⎯COO)2Ca COCl 1° amine reduction R⎯NH – CH3 Isocyanides 2° amine reduction ⎯NH2 nitro 1° amine ⎯NO2 = NOH reduction ⎯NH2 oximes ⎯NH2 = NOH Ca / Ca(OH)2 ⎯CO– or –CHO cyanides ⎯COOH aldehydes ⎯CONH2 heat reduction ⎯C ≡ N 2° alcohols ⎯CONH2 heat (⎯COO)2Ca > CHOH ketones ketones PCl5/ PCl3/ SOCl2/ HCl ⎯COONH4 ⎯CH2OH ⎯CHO ⎯COOH 2° alcohols ⎯CHO alkanes controlled oxidation ⎯CH2OH mild oxidizing agent 1° alcohols oxidation > CHOH H2 NH3 ⎯COOH ⎯X > CHO or ⎯CH oxidation X2 ketones ⎯H ⎯CH2OH ⎯H > NH ⎯CN cyanides 1° amine NaNO2 + HCl / HNO2 NaNO2 + HCl / HNO2 acid or alkaline hydrolysis ⎯OH ⎯N – N = O ⎯COOH acids IMPORTANT REAGENTS AND MIXTURES Ammonal Amatol Aqua regia Bordeaux mixture Black ash Al powder + NH4NO3 [used as an explosive] NH4NO3 (80%) + trinitrotoluene (20%) [used as an explosive] Conc HNO3 + conc HCl (1 : 3) [used as a laboratory reagent] A solution of CuSO4 + lime [used to kill moulds and fungi on plants] Na2CO3 + CaS [impure Na2CO3 obtained in Leblanc process] Benedict solution Baeyer reagent Baking powder Carbon oil A solution of CuSO4.5H2O NaOH + sodium citrate [used for detecting aldehydes] Alkaline KMnO4 solution [used for detecting ethylene and acetylene linkages] NaHCO3 + sodium potassium tartarate Vegetable oil + lime water [used for treatment of burns] Carbogen Coal gas Euchlorine Fusion mixture O2 (90-95%) + CO2 (5-10%) [used for artificial respiration] H2 (47%) + CH4 (32%) + CO (7%) + N2 (4%) + C2H4 (3%) + C2H2 (2%) + CO2 (1%) + other gases (4%) [used to produce reducing atmosphere in metallurgical operations] Cl2 + ClO2 Na2CO3 + K2CO3 [used as a laboratory reagent] Increasing Orders  ■  xxv Freezing mixture Fehling solution Fenton reagent Gun powder Granite Gobar gas Ignition mixture Lucas reagent Lithopone Lindlar catalyst Mortar Molish reagent NaCl + ice [used for lowering temperature] CuSO4.5H2O + NaOH + sodium potassium tartarate [used for detecting aldehydes] H2O2 + few drops of FeCl3 KNO3 (75%) + S (12%) + charcoal (13%) [used as an explosive] Mica + rock + clay + sand CH4 + CO + H2 [used as a domestic fuel] BaO2 + Mg + Al [used in aluminothermit process] Conc HCl + anhy ZnCl2 [used for distinguishing three types of alcohols] ZnS + BaSO4 [used as a white paint] Pd/BaSO4, S [used for hydrogenation of alkyne to alkene] (slaked lime + sand) (1 : in water) An ethanolic solution of a-naphthol [used for detecting carbohydrates] Milk of magnesia Methylated spirit Matte Nitrophos Nitrolim Nitro chalk Nessler reagent Oil gas Purple of cassius Producer gas Power alcohol An aqueous suspension of Mg(OH)2 [used as a antacid] Rectified spirit (85-90%) + CH3OH (10-15%) + pyridine + acetone [used as a solvent] Cu2S + FeS Ca(H2PO4)2 + Ca(NO3)2 [used as a fertilizer] CaCN2 + graphite [used as a fertilizer] NH4NO3 + CaCO3 [used as a fertilizer] A solution of K2HgI4 + KOH [used for detecting NH41 ion] H2 (50-55%) + CH4 (2530%) + CO (10-12%) + CO2 (3%) [used in laboratory] Colloidal sol of Au + Sn(OH)4 [used for colouring of glass and pottery red] N2 (52-55%) + CO (2230%) + H2 (8-12%) + CO2 (3%) [used as a fuel] (petrol + C2H5OH) (4 : 1) + little benzene [used as a motor fuel] Rectified spirit Super phosphate of lime Sublimated white lead Sorel’s cement Sodalime Soda bleach Schweitzer reagent Schiff’s reagent Thomas slag Tincture of iodine Thermite mixture Water gas C2H5OH (95.87%) + H2O (4.13%) [used as a solvent] Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4 [used as a fertilizer] PbO + PbSO4 + ZnO [used as a white paint] MgO + MgCl2 [used as a substitute for tiles] NaOH + Ca(OH)2 [used in decarboxylation of carboxylic acids] Na2O2 + HCl [used for bleaching of fabrics] [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 [used in the manufacture of artificial silk] An aqueous solution of rosaniline hydrochloride whose red colour has been discharged by SO2 [used for detecting aldehydes] Ca3(PO4)2 + CaSiO3 [used as a fertilizer] I2 + KI + C2H5OH + water [used as an antiseptic] Al powder + metal oxide [used in metallurgy] H2 (51%) + CO (41%) + N2 (4%) + CO2 (4%) [Wused for manufacture of CH3OH] IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Bosch process Manufacture of H2 Down process Manufacture of Na Birkeland-Eyde process Manufacture of HNO3 Dow process Manufacture of phenol Merck process Manufacture of H2O2 Bessemer process Manufacture of steel Deacon process Manufacture of Cl2 MacArthur-Forest process Manufacture of Ag Baeyer process Manufacture of Al Goldschmidt process Thermite welding Nelson process Manufacture of NaOH Cupellation process Purification of Ag Hoop process Purification of Al Ostwald process Hasenclever process Manufacture of bleaching powder Manufacture of HNO3 Contact process Manufacture of H2SO4 L D process Manufacture of steel Open hearth process Manufacture of steel Castner-Kellner process Manufacture of NaOH Parke process Manufacture of Ag Castner process Manufacture of Na Leblanc process Manufacture of K2CO3 Pattinson process Manufacture of Ag Solvay ammonia soda process Manufacture of Na2CO3 an NaHCO3 Carter process Manufacture of white lead (basic lead carbonate) Serpeck process Manufacture of Al Lead chamber process Manufacture of H2SO4 ELEMENTS, THEIR ATOMIC NUMBER AND MOLAR MASS Element Symbol Atomic Number Molar Mass/ (g mol-1) Element Symbol Actinium Ac 89 227.03 Hydrogen Aluminium Al 13 26.98 Indium H Atomic Number Molar Mass/ (g mol-1) 1.0079 In 49 114.82 I 53 126.90 Americium Am 95 (243) Iodine Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Fe 26 55.85 Argon Ar 18 39.95 Iron Arsenie As 33 74.92 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 La 57 138.91 Astatine At 85 210 Lanthanum Barium Ba 56 137.34 Lawrencium Lr 103 (262.1) Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Lead Pb 82 207.19 Beryllium Be 9.01 Lithium Li 6.94 Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 Lutetium Lu 71 174.96 Bohrium Bh 107 (264) Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Boron B 10.81 Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Bromine Br 35 79.91 Meitneium Mt 109 (268) Cadmium Cd 48 112.40 Mendelevium Md 101 258.10 Caesium Cs 55 132.91 Mercury Hg 80 200.59 Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Californium Cf 98 251.08 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 Carbon C 12.01 Neon Ne 10 20.18 Np 93 (237.05) Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Neptunium Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Nickel Ni 28 58.71 Nb 41 92.91 Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Niobium Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Nitrogen N 14.0067 No 102 (259) Copper Cu 29 63.54 Nobelium Curium Cm 96 247.07 Osmium Os 76 190.2 O 16.00 Dubnium Db 105 (263) Oxygen Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Palladium Pd 46 106.4 Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Phosphorus P 15 30.97 Erbium Er 68 167.26 Platinum Pt 78 195.09 Europium Eu 63 151.96 Plutonium Pu 94 (244) Fermium Fm 100 (257.10) Poonium Po 84 210 Fluorine F 19.00 Potassium K 19 39.10 Francium Fr 87 (223) Praseodymium Pr 59 140.91 Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Promethium Pm 61 (145) Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Protactinium Pa 91 231.04 Germanium Ge 32 72.61 Radium Ra 88 (226) Gold Au 79 196.97 Radon Rn 86 (222) Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Rhenium Re 75 186.2 Rh 45 102.91 Hassium Hs 108 (269) Rhodium Helium He 4.00 Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 164.93 Ruthernium Ru 44 101.07 Holmium Ho 67 (Continued) Elements, their Atomic Number and Molar Mass  ■  xxvii Element Symbol Atomic Number Molar Mass/ (g mol-1) Element Symbol Atomic Number Molar Mass/ (g mol-1) Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261) Thorium Th 90 232.04 Samarium Sm 62 150.35 Thulium Tm 69 168.93 Scandium Sc 21 44.96 Tin Sn 50 118.69 Seaborgium Sg 106 (266) Titanium Ti 22 47.88 Selenium Se 34 78.96 Tungsten W 74 183.85 Silicon Si 14 28.08 Ununbium Uub 112 (277) Silver Ag 47 107.87 Ununnilium Uun 110 (269) Sodium Na 11 22.99 Unununium Uuu 111 (272) Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Uranium U 92 238.03 Sulphur S 16 32.06 Vanadium V 23 50.94 Tantalum Ta 73 180.95 Xenon Xe 54 131.30 Technetium Tc 43 (98.91) Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 Tellurium Te 52 127.60 Yttrium Y 39 88.91 Terbium Tb 65 158.92 Zinc Zn 30 65.37 Thallium Tl 81 204.37 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 * The value given in paranthesis is the molar mass of the isotope of largest known half life LOGARITHMS TABLE N 10 0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 11 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 12 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 13 1139 1173 1206 1239 1271 14 1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 15 1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 16 2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 17 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 18 2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 19 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 3010 3222 3424 3617 3802 3979 4150 4314 4472 4624 4771 4914 5051 5185 5315 5441 5563 5682 5798 5911 6021 6128 6232 6335 6435 6532 6628 6721 6812 6902 3032 3243 3444 3636 3820 3997 4166 4330 4487 4639 4786 4928 5065 5198 5328 5453 5575 5694 5809 5922 6031 6138 6243 6345 6444 6542 6637 6730 6821 6911 3054 3263 3464 3655 3838 4014 4183 4346 4502 4654 4800 4942 5079 5211 5340 5465 5587 5705 5821 5933 6042 6149 6253 6355 6454 6551 6646 6739 6830 6920 3075 3284 3483 3674 3856 4031 4200 4362 4518 4669 4814 4955 5092 5224 5353 5478 5599 5717 5832 5944 6053 6160 6263 6365 6464 6561 6656 6749 6839 6928 3096 3304 3502 3692 3874 4048 4216 4378 4533 4683 4829 4969 5105 5237 5366 5490 5611 5729 5843 5955 6064 6170 6274 6375 6474 6471 6665 6758 6848 6937 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 0969 1004 1038 1072 1106 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765 2900 3118 3324 3522 3711 3892 4065 4232 4393 4548 4698 4843 4983 5119 5250 5378 5502 5623 5740 5855 5966 6075 6180 6284 6385 6484 6580 6675 6767 6857 6946 2923 3139 3345 3541 3729 3909 4082 4249 4409 4564 4713 4857 4997 5132 5263 5391 5514 5635 5752 5866 5977 6085 6191 6294 6395 6493 6590 6684 6776 6866 6955 2945 3160 3365 3560 3747 3927 4099 4265 4425 4579 4728 4871 5011 5145 5276 5403 5527 5647 5763 5877 5988 6096 6201 6304 6405 6503 6599 6693 6785 6875 6964 2967 3181 3385 3579 3766 3945 4116 4281 4440 4594 4742 4886 5024 5159 5289 5416 5539 5658 5775 5888 5999 6107 6212 6314 6415 6513 6609 6702 6794 6884 6972 2989 3201 3404 3598 3784 3962 4133 4298 4456 4609 4757 4900 5038 5172 5302 5428 5551 5670 5786 5899 6010 6117 6222 6325 6425 6522 6618 6712 6803 6893 6981 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 17 16 16 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 21 20 20 18 18 17 16 16 15 14 14 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 19 19 17 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 30 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 22 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 34 32 31 29 28 27 26 25 25 23 23 22 22 21 20 20 19 18 18 17 17 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 38 36 35 33 32 31 29 29 28 26 26 25 24 23 23 22 21 21 20 19 19 18 17 17 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 (Continued) Logarithms Table  ■  xxix LOGARITHMS TABLE N 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 6990 7076 7160 7243 7324 7404 7482 7559 7634 7709 7782 7853 7924 7993 8062 8129 8195 8261 8325 8388 8451 8513 8573 8633 8692 8751 8808 8865 8921 8976 9031 9085 9138 9191 9243 9294 9345 9395 9445 9494 9542 9590 9638 9685 9731 9777 9823 9868 9912 9956 6998 7084 7168 7251 7332 7412 7490 7566 7642 7716 7789 7860 7931 8000 8069 8136 8202 8267 8331 8395 8457 8519 8579 8639 8698 8756 8814 8871 8927 8982 9036 9090 9143 9196 9248 9299 9350 9400 9450 9499 9547 9595 9643 9689 9736 9782 9827 9872 9917 9961 7007 7093 7177 7259 7340 7419 7497 7574 7649 7723 7796 7768 7938 8007 8075 8142 8209 8274 8338 8401 8463 8525 8585 8645 8704 8762 8820 8876 8932 8987 9042 9096 9149 9201 9253 9304 9355 9405 9455 9504 9552 9600 9647 9694 9741 9786 9832 9877 9921 9965 7016 7101 7185 7267 7348 7427 7505 7582 7657 7731 7803 7875 7945 8014 8082 8149 8215 8280 8344 8407 8470 8531 8591 8651 8710 8768 8825 8882 8938 8993 9047 9101 9154 9206 9258 9309 9360 9410 9460 9509 9557 9605 9652 9699 9745 9791 9836 9881 9926 9969 7024 7110 7193 7275 7356 7435 7513 7589 7664 7738 7810 7882 7952 8021 8089 8156 8222 8287 8351 8414 8476 8537 8597 8657 8716 8774 8831 8887 8943 8998 9053 9106 9159 9212 9263 9315 9365 9415 9465 9513 9562 9609 9657 9703 9750 9795 9841 9886 9930 9974 7033 7118 7202 7284 7364 7443 7520 7597 7672 7745 7818 7889 7959 8028 8096 8162 8228 8293 8357 8420 8482 8543 8603 8663 8722 8779 8837 8893 8949 9004 9058 9112 9165 9217 9269 9320 9370 9420 9469 9518 9566 9614 9661 9708 9754 9800 9845 9890 9934 9978 7042 7126 7210 7292 7372 7451 7528 7604 7679 7752 7825 7896 7966 8035 8102 8169 8235 8299 8363 8426 8488 8549 8609 8669 8727 8785 8842 8899 8954 9009 9063 9117 9170 9222 9274 9325 9375 9425 9474 9523 9571 9619 9666 9713 9759 9805 9850 9894 9939 9983 7050 7135 7218 7300 7380 7459 7536 7612 7686 7760 7832 7903 7973 8041 8109 8176 8241 8306 8370 8432 8494 8555 8615 8675 8733 8791 8848 8904 8960 9015 9069 9122 9175 9227 9279 9330 9380 9430 9479 9528 9576 9624 9671 9717 9763 9809 9854 9899 9943 9987 7059 7143 7226 7308 7388 7466 7543 7619 7694 7767 7839 7910 7980 8048 8116 8182 8248 8312 8376 8439 8500 8561 8621 8681 8739 8797 8854 8910 8965 9020 9074 9128 9180 9232 9284 9335 9385 9435 9484 9533 9581 9628 9675 9722 9768 9814 9859 9903 9948 9997 7067 7152 7235 7316 7396 7474 7551 7627 7701 7774 7846 7917 7987 8055 8122 8189 8254 8319 8382 8445 8506 8567 8627 8686 8745 8802 8859 8915 8971 9025 9079 9133 9186 9238 9289 9340 9390 9440 9489 9538 9586 9633 9680 9727 9773 9818 9863 9908 9952 9996 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 ... ■  iii OBJECTIVE CHEMISTRY for NEET (National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test) and Other Medical Entrance Examinations Volume I Dr A.K Singhal U.K Singhal Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education... ‘All India Quota’ seats in the Medical and Dental Colleges in India The merit list of this entrance test is also used by state governments/universities/institutions for admission in the medical/dental... this examination Statistically, NEET is one of the toughest examinations in India During this examination, one must exercise clinical precision with speed since the average time available to 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