The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptation and possible ex situ conservation in a subtropical region of the Partridge coloured Hungarian (PH), a native Hungarian chicken breed, by monitoring and comparing the performance of two PH flocks reared in parallel in Hungary (HU) and Vietnam (VN). The high survival rate (95.0–96.5%), overall productivity and reproductive ability of the VN flock confirmed the adaptation potential of PH chickens to subtropical climates. A relatively good bodyweight (1412 13.8 g) and slaughter yield (75.6 0.02% eviscerated carcass and 28.2 0.12% deboned thigh meat) in male VN birds at 12 weeks of age was obtained. Moreover, it was found that benefits such as the number of eggs (112 eggslayer in 7 months) and egg mass (6.1 kglayer) alongside considerably higher fertility (85.9 2.9%) and hatchability (82.0 3.2%) of VN layers could outweigh their reduced egg size. As a result, the study confirms that the adaptation and maintenance of populations in subtropical regions is a promising agroecological way to protect native Hungarian chicken breeds and improve their involvement in production.
CSIRO PUBLISHING Animal Production Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AN15767 In situ and ex situ assessment of a native Hungarian chicken breed for its potential conservation and adaptation in the subtropics K D T Dong Xuan A,B, T N Lan Phuong A,B,D, P D Tien C, P T M Thu C, N Q Khiem C, D T Nhung C, NT Muoi C, NT K Oanh C, P T K Thanh C and I T Szalay A,B A Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation (HaGK), H-2100 Godollo, Hungary Association of Hungarian Small Animal Breeders for Gene Conservation (MGE), H-2100 Godollo, Hungary C Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Centre (POREC), Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam D Corresponding author Email: phuong@hagk.hu B Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptation and possible ex situ conservation in a subtropical region of the Partridge coloured Hungarian (PH), a native Hungarian chicken breed, by monitoring and comparing the performance of two PH flocks reared in parallel in Hungary (HU) and Vietnam (VN) The high survival rate (95.0–96.5%), overall productivity and reproductive ability of the VN flock confirmed the adaptation potential of PH chickens to subtropical climates A relatively good bodyweight (1412 Ỉ 13.8 g) and slaughter yield (75.6 Æ 0.02% eviscerated carcass and 28.2 Æ 0.12% deboned thigh meat) in male VN birds at 12 weeks of age was obtained Moreover, it was found that benefits such as the number of eggs (112 eggs/layer in months) and egg mass (6.1 kg/layer) alongside considerably higher fertility (85.9 Ỉ 2.9%) and hatchability (82.0 Ỉ 3.2%) of VN layers could outweigh their reduced egg size As a result, the study confirms that the adaptation and maintenance of populations in subtropical regions is a promising agro-ecological way to protect native Hungarian chicken breeds and improve their involvement in production Additional keywords: animal production, subtropical, tropical poultry production Received November 2015, accepted 19 February 2016, published online June 2016 Introduction In Hungary, seven native chicken breeds, including the Partridge coloured Hungarian chicken (PH), are officially registered by the Hungarian breeding authority and conserved under the Association of Hungarian Small Animal Breeders for Gene Conservation (MGE) The majority of these stocks are kept by Hungarian academic institutions as in vivo gene banks (Spalona et al 2007; Szalay et al 2009) In spite of a long breeding history, the registered gene bank stocks of PH were established not long ago, succeeding an effective gene rescue program of the Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation (HaGK) (Szalay 2002, 2015) PH, just like all other local Hungarian chickens, was reported to have not only excellent meat quality regardless of hot or cold weather temperatures (Baldy 1954), but also relatively good eggproducing capability in the continental climate (Lan Phuong et al 2014) However, it is becoming the most popular local chicken among rural farmers due to its colourful and fine appearance Following a period of increased use of chicken breeds selected for high performance and mass production, which has resulted in a decline in the breeding of old Hungarian chickens in the Carpathian Basin (Szalay et al 1992, 1995), the Journal compilation Ó CSIRO 2016 trend is now changing and some old local breeds are regaining recognition in special conservation programs elaborated for the Hungarian countryside (Szalay et al 2009; Szalay 2015) At the same time, the adaptation and maintenance of live populations of rare farm animal breeds outside of their native environment has been suggested as a possible ex situ conservation method (FAO 1992; Dong Xuan et al 2008), and has been effectively implemented by various studies in indigenous poultry conservation (Tien et al 2010; Zanetti et al 2010; Rusfidra et al 2015) Considering conservation principles and practices, MGE and KATKI (the predecessor of HaGK) introduced local Hungarian landrace guinea fowl and turkey breeds into both subtropical and tropical regions of Vietnam for experimental purposes between 2002 and 2007, based on transnational scientific and technological collaborative projects with the Vietnamese Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Centre (POREC) As expected, these breeds have successfully adapted and reproduced efficiently (Dong Xuan et al 2008, 2015), similar to other exotic chicken breeds such as Luong Phuong chickens of Chinese origin (Thuan 2003; Doan and Thanh 2011) and Fayoumi chickens originating from Egypt (Nhan et al 2010; Tuyen et al 2010) Previous adaptation studies suggest that the introduction of PH chickens into Vietnam can www.publish.csiro.au/journals/an B Animal Production Science K D T Dong Xuan et al only be favourable if cautious consideration of local conservation approaches (Dong Xuan and Szalay 2003; Dong Xuan et al 2006) and demands for sustainable agriculture (Szalay and Dong Xuan 2007) are considered Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the adaptability of PH chickens (strictly separated from other local breeds) in a subtropical region (North Vietnam), by monitoring and comparing the performance of two PH flocks of the same origin in parallel in Hungary and Vietnam to feed and clean water Mortality, individual bodyweight of birds and feed intake of each pen were measured monthly (at 4, and 12 weeks of age) At the end of the 12th week, experimental birds were sexed based on their appearance to define the sex ratio Although feed conversion ratio (FCR, kg feed/kg bodyweight gain) is calculated according to the number of live birds recorded monthly in each pen, corrected feed conversion ratio (cFCR, kg feed/kg bodyweight gain) is a predicted value when the number of males and females in a pen is equal FCR Materials and methods ¼ In this study, 500 chicks that were offspring of HaGK in vivo gene bank stock were hatched in Hungary, whereas another 500 chicks of the same origin were hatched from eggs directly imported by POREC, Vietnam The two experimental flocks were reared in parallel, one at the poultry farm of HaGK, Hungary (HU) and the other one at POREC, Vietnam (VN) Differences in some basic climatic parameters between Hungary (Budapest station) and Vietnam (Hanoi station) are shown in Table Growth was monitored from May (hatching day) to July 2010 and egg production from November 2010 to May 2011 The same husbandry technology described by MGE was applied in both locations (MGE 2009) During the meat production trial, birds were allocated to 20 pens (10 pens at POREC and 10 pens at HaGK) with 50 birds/pen Initially, birds were kept in closed cages (5 birds/m2, concrete floor with 5–6-cm-deep bedding made from shavings and 25 cm of perch space per bird) In the first weeks of rearing, birds were fed with commercial mixed feed (starter type) Later, feedstuffs were changed to grains that were locally available and additional protein requirement was supplemented by soybean meal and processed infertile, broken or substandard eggs from the hatchery Although the types of feed and premix used for the VN and HU flocks were not identical, it was ensured that feed diet, calculated on the basis of chemical feed composition (Table 2), was the same at both locations From weeks of age, birds were released in a running area of m2/bird during the day, which was closed at night Lighting and prophylactic programs are described in Table All birds had free access Feed intake per pen ðkgÞ Number of live birds · Average bodyweight gain kgị cFCRat sex ratio of ẳ FCR Recorded sex ratio Following sexing, 10 males from each pen with average bodyweight were slaughtered to investigate the weights of eviscerated carcass, deboned breast meat and thigh meat, the percentages of which were calculated as below: Percentage of eviscerated carcass Weight of eviscerated carcass gị ; ẳ Liveweight gị Percentage of deboned breast meat Weight of deboned breast gị ; ẳ Weight of eviscerated carcass ðgÞ Percentage of deboned thigh meat Weight of deboned thigh gị : ẳ Weight of eviscerated carcass ðgÞ At 20 weeks of age, 200 females and 20 males of both the HU and VN flocks were moved to four laying pens (50 females and males per pen) The total number of intact eggs produced daily was recorded throughout the 1st laying period To avoid disturbance, the bodyweight and feed intake of layers were not monitored Eggs were collected twice a day Egg production Table Difference in climatic parameters between North Vietnam (VN; recorded at Hanoi station, according to the General Statistic Office of Vietnam) and Hungary (HU; recorded at Budapest station, according to Orszagos Meteorologiai Szolgalat of Hungary) Trials Months Growing May June July Egg laying November December January February March April May Temperature (C) VN HU Humidity (%) VN HU Sunshine duration (h) VN HU Rainfall (mm) VN HU 27 29 30 16 19 21 76 80 77 61 61 59 138 127 151 234 250 271 149 395 254 62 63 45 25 17 18 21 22 23 29 2 12 17 76 67 81 80 78 85 81 78 80 79 74 66 59 61 104 79 38 15 57 138 67 48 62 93 137 177 234 31 51 80 55 149 53 43 37 29 30 42 62 Adaptability of Hungarian chickens in subtropics Animal Production Science C Table Average chemical feed composition used for adaption study of Partridge coloured Hungarian chicken calculated at the Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation in Hungary (HU) and at Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Centre in sub-tropic climatic zone of North Vietnam (VN) Composition Energy Dry matter Crude protein Fat Fibre Lysine Methionine Methionine + Cysteine Threonine Tryptophan Arginine Isoleucine Leucine Valine Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Vitamin A Vitamin D3 Vitamin E Unit 1–3 weeks of age 4–19 weeks of age 20–22 weeks of age >22 weeks of age MJ/kg % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % IU/kg IU/kg mg/kg 12.2 87.0 21.6 4.0 3.5 1.0 0.42 0.70 0.82 0.24 0.11 0.08 0.16 0.11 0.92 0.65 0.12 12 000 4000 35.0 11.7 86.9 20.5 0.11 4.0 1.1 0.40 0.66 0.79 0.24 0.09 0.06 0.12 0.08 1.0 0.65 0.12 12 000 4000 35.0 11.1 86.9 16.9 3.3 4.1 0.76 0.33 0.57 0.62 0.19 0.15 0.10 0.21 0.14 2.7 0.56 0.13 12 000 4000 35.0 10.8 87.2 16.7 3.7 4.2 0.75 0.32 0.56 0.61 0.18 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.10 3.92 0.65 0.13 12 000 4000 35.0 Table Lighting and prophylactic programs used for adaption study of Partridge coloured Hungarian chicken reared in parallel at the Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation in Hungary (HU) and at Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Centre in sub-tropical climatic zone of North Vietnam (VN) Age Lighting duration (h) Irradiance (W/m2) day old 24 week old weeks old 23 21 3 weeks old 19 weeks old weeks old weeks old weeks old weeks old 17 15 14 13 12 1 1 weeks old 11 10 weeks old 11 weeks old 12 weeks old 10 1 18 weeks old Prophylactic measures percentage on a daily basis (EP) was calculated using the following formula: EP ¼ To measure egg weight, egg yolk, egg white and egg shell weight, as well as egg length and egg width, 30 randomly selected eggs produced by 36-week-old layers were used Egg index was calculated as follows: Vaccination against Marek disease 1st vaccination against Gumboro disease 1st vaccination against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis – – – – 2nd vaccination against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis 2nd vaccination against Gumboro disease – – Vaccination against infectious avian encephalomyelitis Vaccination against Newcastle disease, bronchitis and Gumboro-Small pox Number of eggs produced on a daily basis · 100: Number of birds available in the flock Egg index ¼ Egg length : Egg width The same incubating technology was used in both study stations Fertile eggs and embryonic deaths were identified by egg candling on the 7th day of incubation Fertility as the percentage of fertile eggs, hatchability as the percentage of hatched eggs, number of substandard hatchlings and standard hatchlings were recorded The research was approved by the local ethics committees of HaGK and POREC Data were subjected to Levene’s test to examine the homogeneity of variance If variances were equal across groups (significant values in Levene’s test are higher than 0.05), a t-test was applied to determine the significance of the difference of two datasets Otherwise, Welch’s test (unequal variances t-test) was used All the tests were operated by SPSS software (IBM CORP 2011) Results The survival rate of birds was relatively high, both at 12 weeks of age (92.0% for HU and 96.2% for VN), and during the laying period (between 24 and 54 weeks of age, 93.5% for HU and D Animal Production Science K D T Dong Xuan et al Table Summary of result on survival rate, meat production at the age of 12 weeks, egg production and egg quality of Partridge coloured Hungarian chicken reared in parallel at the Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation in Hungary (HU) and at Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Centre for adaptation study in subtropical climatic zone of North Vietnam (VN) *, P < 0.05 **, P < 0.01 n.s., not significant Parameters HU mean ± s.e VN mean ± s.e Significance Survival rate at 12 weeks of age (%) between 24 and 54 weeks of age (%) 96.2 ± 0.76 93.5 ± 1.7 95.0 ± 0.80 96.5 ± 1.3 t-test, n.s t-test, n.s Bodyweight of male birds at 12 weeks of age (g) of female birds at 12 weeks of age (g) 1429 ± 12.2 1198 ± 12.7 1412 ± 4.4 1093 ± 2.3 t-test, n.s t-test, ** Feed conversion ratio at 12 weeks of age (kg feed/kg bodyweight gain) Eviscerated carcass percent at 12 weeks of age (%) Deboned breast meat per cent of male birds at 12 weeks of age (%) Deboned thigh meat percent of female birds at 12 weeks of age (%) 3.6 ± 0.01 75.8 ± 0.08 17.0 ± 0.01 27.9 ± 0.15 3.4 ± 0.01 75.6 ± 0.06 16.7 ± 0.12 28.2 ± 0.04 t-test, ** t-test, n.s Welch test, * Welch test, n.s 24 29–30 44 24 29–30 34 – – – 83.3 ± 0.16 58.3 ± 1.4 4.9 ± 0.11 16.4 ± 0.74 36.0 ± 0.73 5.9 ± 0.22 5.8 ± 0.10 4.3 ± 0.03 1.3 ± 0.02 112 ± 0.05 54.9 ± 0.63 6.1 ± 0.07 16.2 ± 0.26 30.3 ± 0.14 6.8 ± 0.31 4.8 ± 0.06 4.2 ± 0.03 1.1 ± 0.01 t-test, ** t-test, n.s t-test, ** Welch test, n.s Welch test, ** t-test, n.s t-test, ** t-test, n.s t-test, ** Weeks of age when 1st egg was laid egg production reached 30% egg production reached 50% Number of produced eggs/layer/7 months Egg weight (g) Egg mass/layer/7 months (kg) Egg yolk weight (g) Egg white weight (g) Egg shell weight (g) Egg length (cm) Egg height (cm) Egg index 100 90 VN HU 80 70 60 EP% 96.6 for VN) No significant difference in survival rate was obtained The results of growth performance revealed that difference in bodyweight between the HU and VN flocks was negligible in the first months of rearing (4 and weeks of age) However, at the age of 12 weeks (recommended earliest age for slaughtering in Hungary), whereas male birds of both the HU and VN flocks had comparable bodyweight, HU females were significantly heavier than VN females Furthermore, compared with the VN flock, the HU flock had a significantly higher FCR Regarding slaughter results, place of rearing had little effect on the percentages of eviscerated carcass and deboned thigh meat However, it led to significant differences in the percentage of deboned breast meat (Table 4) Regarding egg production, eggs produced by HU layers were of greater weight compared with eggs produced by VN layers However, VN layers laid 28 more eggs, thus, their calculated egg mass per hen was markedly superior (Table 4) The percentage of egg white and egg shell was significantly different between the two flocks (HU: 61.8 Ỉ 0.68%, VN: 55.3 Ỉ 0.61%, t-test, P < 0.01 for egg white and HU: 10.3 Æ 0.39%, VN: 12.3 Æ 0.60%, t-test, P < 0.05 for eggshell) However, no significant difference was found when comparing the percentage of egg yolk between the two flocks (HU: 28.1 Ỉ 0.91%, VN: 29.6 Ỉ 0.31%) Furthermore, variation in the size of eggs among the two flocks was noticeable (Table 4) Results of estimated egg index suggested that the eggs of HU hens were rounder than those of VN hens Figure demonstrates the egg-producing patterns of the two flocks Their EP was comparable in the first months of 50 40 30 20 10 Months of egg production Fig Egg-producing patterns (EP%) of the first egg laying period, started in November, of Partridge coloured Hungarian chicken reared parallel at the Research Centre for Farm Animal Gene Conservation in Hungary (HU) and at Thuy Phuong Poultry Research Centre for adaptation study in subtropical climatic zone of North Vietnam (VN) laying In the 3rd month, differences became significantly apparent (HU: 44.8 Æ 3.6% and VN: 53.5 Æ 9.9%, Welch test, P < 0.01) From that point onwards, the EP of HU hens gradually increased and reached the highest point in the 7th month (58.7 Ỉ 2.5%) In contrast, the EP of VN hens Adaptability of Hungarian chickens in subtropics peaked in the 4th month (69.3 Ỉ 4.1%) and was persistently greater than 50% until the 7th month Fertility, hatchability and the percentage of standard hatchlings of eggs produced by the two flocks were relatively commensurate (HU: 96.7 Ỉ 0.50%, VN: 96.0 Æ 0.99%, for fertility; HU: 84.6 Æ 5.2%, VN: 85.9 Æ 2.9%, for hatchability and HU: 80.2 Æ 5.4%, VN: 81.9 Ỉ 3.2%, for substandard hatchlings) Nonetheless, it was noted that HU eggs showed less cases of embryonic disorders than VN ones (8.4 Ỉ 1.3% vs 10.1 Ỉ 2.6%, t-test, P < 0.05) Discussion With the same husbandry employed at both locations, the high survival rate, overall productivity and reproductive ability of the VN flock confirmed the adaptative potential of PH chickens to subtropical climates The comparable bodyweight and slaughtering yield (eviscerated carcass and deboned thigh) of male birds makes the involvement of PH chickens in subtropical poultry production promising The advantages of increased number of eggs and total egg mass produced per layer, with considerably high fertility and hatchability, outweigh the drawback of reduced egg size The present study is in accordance with former results found for guinea fowl and turkeys taken to Vietnam as old Hungarian poultry breeds for adaptation studies (Dong Xuan et al 2008; Tien et al 2010; Dong Xuan et al 2015) Noticeably, in comparison with the HU flock, the higher egg production of the VN flock tended to associate with smaller, lighter and relatively longer eggs This variation may be explained by climatic factors, as identified when collating sunlight duration data and egg production results For instance, the longer the sunlight duration, the higher the number of eggs produced by HU layers Furthermore, in the case of the VN flock, the shortest sunlight duration was recorded in the 3rd month of egg production (January 2011) This stimulus might have led to a sudden drop in VN egg production in the following month (4th month of egg production, February 2011) Additionally, the heavier egg shells produced by the VN flock may also result from a positive reaction to the different climate Heavier eggshell indicates better protection again deleterious environmental factors Although this type of study 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Xuan KDT, Szalay IT, Tien PD, Thu PTM, Vang ND (2008) Adaptation of old Hungarian poultry breeds in Southeast Asia – An alternative way of conservation In ‘Proceeding of the 7th rare breed international... against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis – – – – 2nd vaccination against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis 2nd vaccination against Gumboro disease – – Vaccination against infectious... Nga NT, Dan BTT, Dong Xuan KDT, Szalay I (2010) Traditional Hungarian Turkey breeds in Southeast-Asia: Overview of the adaptation studies in Vietnam Journal of Animal Welfare Ethology and Housing