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University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Oxford University Press 2016 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer CIP data is on file at the Library of Congress ISBN 978–0–19–046589–6 (pbk) ISBN 978–0–19–046588–9 (hbk) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paberback printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America v CONTENTS Foreword vii Mary A Kato and Francisco Ordóđez List of Contributors xiii Microparametric variation in Spanish and Portuguese: The null subject parameter and the role of the verb inflectional paradigm Maria Eugênia Duarte and Humberto Soares da Silva The null subject parameter revisited: The evolution from null subject Spanish and Portuguese to Dominican Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese 27 José Camacho On the notion of partial (non-) pro-drop in Romance 49 Andrés Saab Rebel without a Case: Quantifier floating in Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish 78 Renato Lacerda Subject and topic hyper-raising in Brazilian Portuguese: A case study on reference sets for economy computations 107 Jairo Nunes constructions in Portuguese: The case of 135 Madalena Colaỗo and Anabela Gonỗalves Inflected infinitives and restructuring in Brazilian Portuguese 157 Marcello Modesto The null object in Romania Nova 177 Sonia Cyrino The external possessor construction in European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese 204 Maria Aparecida Torres Morais and Heloisa Maria Lima-Salles vi 10 Agreement and DOM with impersonal se: A comparative study of Mexican and Peninsular Spanish 236 Francisco Ordóđez and Esthela Treviđo 11 Some syntactic and pragmatic aspects of WH-in-situ in Brazilian Portuguese 259 Maria Cristina Figueiredo Silva and Elaine Grolla 12 Pseudo-clefts and semi-clefts: An analysis based on Portuguese 286 Mary A Kato and Carlos Mioto 13 From [o[que]] to [o que] in Brazilian Portuguese Free Relatives: A diachronic view 308 Paulo Medeiros Junior 14 A study of truncated nominal forms in Brazilian Portuguese: Their derivation and their relation to nonverbal form classes 332 Ana Paula Scher Name Index 355 Subject Index 361 Language Index 365 [ vi ] Contents vii FOREWORD MARY A KATO AND FR ANCISCO ORDĨĐEZ The papers published in this book resulted from a project called Romania Nova, launched in 2005, in Monterrey, Mexico, and coordinated by the guest editors and authors of this Foreword Romania Nova was part of the Associaỗóo de Linguớstica e Filologia da America Latina (ALFAL), and its purpose was to compare Romance languages in Europe with those in Latin America and eventually compare the Romance varieties in Latin America1 among themselves by using the common theoretical tools launched by the Principles and Parameter (P&P) theory (Chomsky 1981).2 That framework was the first serious attempt made in Generative Grammar to understand the patterns of variation found in natural languages It provided a formal and explicit theory of patterns of variation by proposing the notion of parameters, that is, principles subject to choice in natural languages This change of focus in generative grammar—to study syntactic variation in a formal and explicit way through the study of parameters—has had a major impact to this day One early consequence of the P&P theory was that variation became fundamental, not a side problem; and it needed to be tackled to understand our language faculty Through the study of what is different and similar, we better understand the limits of variation As a result, specific conferences and collections comparing traditional language families are now rather frequent The second consequence of the P&P theory was the revival of diachronic studies In studying Brazilian Portuguese (BP), linguists often resorted to internal changes to explain aspects of the grammar distinct from European Portuguese (EP) (cf Duarte 1995; Cyrino, 1995, among others) In the future the intention is also to expand Romania Nova to compare Quebec French with the French spoken in Europe Our research group also held meetings in Monterrey, Mexico (2005), Maceió, Brazil (2006), Montevideo, Uruguay (2008), Campos Jordão, Brazil (2010), Alcalá de Henares, Spain (2011), Natal, Brazil (2013), and Buenos Aires, Argentina (2014) viii One fundamental question in the P&P perspective is to what degree the languages being compared are different It is obvious that the differences in syntax between BP and, say, Chinese are greater than the differences between EP and BP Which is the right level of difference to examine? The answer depends on the focus of research Baker (1996, 2009) provides advantages of examining large differences in the architecture of language by comparing radically different languages like English and Mohawk However, Kayne (2000) has advocated comparing closely related languages or varieties of the same language According to these two positions we might talk of macroparamters as in Baker’s work or microparameters in Kayne’s approach This volume presents a series of works in comparative syntax ascribed more closely to the microparametric view in the area of the Romance languages in Latin America, which is the mission of Romania Nova The extension and variability of the Romance languages in the Americas makes them the ideal scenario to understand how variation occurs or is restricted among closely related languages and varieties of languages For instance, the comparison of BP and EP in the distribution of null subjects has been crucial to providing an adequate formulation of the null subject parameter (see Kato and Negrão 2000) Also, the discussion about the distribution of subjects in Caribbean Spanish (Ordóđez and Olarrea 2006; Toribio, 2000) has been fruitful in the study of what the correct characterization of the structure of wh-questions is in natural languages Moreover, Romania Nova permits us to discover new dialectal differences not studied before In fact, BP, EP, Caribbean Spanish, and Peninsular Spanish are all labels that hide further syntactic distinctions None of these macrovarieties are uniform syntactically Of course it is likely that the Portuguese spoken, in, say, Salvador and São Sao Paulo differ less from each other than either with respect to Lisbon Portuguese Nevertheless, there are syntactic and morphological differences between Salvador and São Paulo that may be significant for the understanding of limits of variation as well By the same token, Caribbean Spanish encompasses the Spanish spoken in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and possibly the shore of Colombia and Venezuela Nevertheless, there are notable syntactic differences between the Spanish spoken in these areas, some unexplored or even within supposed national varieties for that matter Labels like “Brazilian Portuguese,” “European Portuguese,” and “Caribbean Spanish” in this book are used for simplicity, but we not want to ascribe any particular theoretical meaning to them; we not want to convey the idea that BP, Argentinian Spanish, or Mexican Spanish are uniform systems We want to encourage the idea that discovering differences internal to these varieties is important because it makes our task richer and also more challenging Also, we think that the division between Spanish and Portuguese itself is part of a continuum of varieties There is no good reason why one should limit one’s studies to Spanish varieties or Portuguese varieties alone As a matter [ viii ] Foreword ix of fact, studies on cleft sentences or pro-drop in this book show that BP and Caribbean Spanish might have a lot of common properties, which makes them different from other varieties of Spanish or Portuguese spoken in Europe, for example With all this in mind, we decided to unite the group of researchers working mostly on Spanish in Latin America and Portuguese in Brazil This volume contains good examples of the type of study advocated for earlier The chapters either compare varieties of Portuguese and Spanish spoken in the Americas or explore a specific property of one of these varieties The topics studied in the 10 years of the history of Romania Nova include subjects, objects, impersonal se constructions, wh-constructions, floating quantifiers, control and infinitives, and one topic on morphology In the domain of subjects, Duarte and Soares da Silva present a meticulous study of the occurrences of null subjects in Italian, BP, EP, Argentinian Spanish, Peninsular Spanish, and Caribbean Spanish Their work shows the importance that inflection plays in the distribution of null subject Camacho also studies null subjects in BP and Caribbean Spanish and concludes that inflectional paradigms in these varieties are losing their referentiality Camacho employs the Minimalist program to render this intuition in terms of feature composition of the inflection Saab’s work is an original contribution to the understanding of the so-called partial (non-) pro-drop languages in Romance, which he claims is a nonuniform phenomenon He starts by assuming that nominative subjects are deleted at PF in consistent null subject languages through head ellipsis One type of partial null subject language he considers is the Northern Italian dialects, which he sees as null subject languages with some subjects phonetically realized for the same reason as other cases of multiple copy realization Another type is BP, which he considers a non-null subject language, with some null subjects that are not the result of head ellipsis but relate to the impoverishment of verbal agreement in this language, making the EPP impossible to satisfy morphologically Also in the domain of subjects, Lacerda’s chapter presents a comparative study of floating quantifiers in BP and Spanish He proposes that the differences in both languages follow from case and the differences in focalization strategies between BP and Spanish Thus he proposes different cartographic structures for each language Hyper-raising is the topic of discussion in Nunes’s contribution to the domain of subjects His chapter discusses its peculiarities and distribution with respect to constructions with topics that can trigger agreement with the verb in BP In order to tackle the question of optionality of this agreement, Nunes presents an analysis in which agreement is triggered depending on the subarrays compared Hyper-raising is also discussed in the chapter by Colaỗo and Gonỗalves in their study of coordinated structure DP V-and-V in BP and EP They contend that the availability of this construction in BP and EP is due to hyper-raising However, the differences in this construction in these two varieties are due Foreword [ ix ] 354 Mattoso Câmara, J.Jr (1970) Estrutura da Língua Portuguesa Petrópolis: Vozes McCarthy, John J., and Alan S Prince (1986/1996) Prosodic Morphology Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series University of Massachusetts, Amherst McCarthy, John J., and Alan S Prince (1988) Quantitative transfer in reduplicative and templatic morphology In Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.), Linguistics in the Morning Calm Seoul: Hanshin, 3–35 Mester, Armin (1990) Patterns of truncation Linguistic Inquiry 21: 478–485 Scher, Ana Paula (2011) Formas truncadas em português brasileiro e espanhol peninsular:Descriỗóo preliminar Revista Virtual de Estudos da Linguagem:ReVEL www.revel.inf.br Scher, Ana Paula (2012) Formas truncadas em português brasileiro e espanhol peninsular:Casos de formaỗóo de palavras a partir da raiz In D da Hora and E V Negrão (eds.), Estudos da linguagem: Casamento entre temas e perspectivas João Pessoa: Editora Universitária Scher, Ana Paula (2013a) Concatenative affixation in Brazilian Portuguese truncated nominals: A distributed morphology account In N Goto, K Otaki, A Sato and K Takita (eds.) Proceedings of GLOW in Asia IX 2012 Mie University, Japan http://faculty.human.mie-u.ac.jp/~glow_mie/glow_IX_index.html Scher, Ana Paula (2013b) A distributed morphology analysis for truncated forms in Brazilian Portuguese In A P. Q Gomes, A B Medeiros, and S Cavalcanti (eds.), Proceedings of the IX Workshop on Formal Linguistics Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Weeda, Donald (1992) Word truncation in prosodic morphology Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Austin [ 354 ] The Morphosyntax of Portuguese and Spanish in Latin America 355 NAME INDEX Abels, Klaus, 84 Agbayani, B., 322, 328 Aissen, J., 238 Akmajian, A., 291 Alamillo, A. R., 189 Alcântara, C. da C., 334, 338–342, 344, 350–351 Alexiadou, A., 30–31, 42, 50–51, 67, 160, 215, 253 Ambar, M., 163, 292 Anagnostopoulou, E., 30–31, 42, 50–51, 67, 253 Andersen, H., 309 Andrade, A., 107 Arnaiz, A., 136–137 Assis, M., 226 Avelar, J., 94, 96, 107, 110, 129–131 Bobaljik, J., 15, 84 Boeckx, C., 166, 293–295 Boneh, E., 212 Bonet, E., 212 Borer, H., 31, 157, 208, 210 Borges Neto, J., 4 Bošković, Ž., 41, 84, 97, 102, 150, 158, 271, 293–294 Bosque, I., 287, 297–298 Bouchard, D., 157 Bowers, J., 158, 166 Brandi, L., 49, 57–58 Bresnan, J., 158 Bresnan, J. & Grimshaw, J., 311, 313 Britto, H., 107 Brucart, J., 53, 245 Burzio, L., 167 Baker, M. C., 78, 191, 208 Barbosa, A., 30–31, 49–50, 60–61, 64, 68–69 Barbosa, P., 4, 7, 10, 13, 22, 30–31, 35–38, 42–43, 49–50, 60, 64–65, 68, 72 Barrie, M., 161 Barros, E., 225–227 Barshi, I., 204 Bastos-Gee, A., 83, 89, 107 Belchor, A. P V., 337, 345, 347 Belletti, A., 81–82, 91, 94, 273–274, 294, 299–300 Benua, L., 333 Berlinck, R., 222 Bhatt, R., 161 Bianchi, V., 126 Biberauer, T., 2 Cable, S., 279 Cabrera, M., 9, 32–34 Calabrese, A., 7 Camacho, J., 27–28, 30–31, 38–40, 50–51, 136–137, 297–299 Campos, H., 177–178, 187, 189 Canỗado,M.,89 Caponigro, I.,313 Caravedo, R.,187 Cardinaletti, A., 30, 34, 40, 42, 58, 64, 159, 163, 167 Carstens, V., 108 Cavalcante, S., 2, 21 Ćavar, D., 150 Cerqueira, V., 226 Cheng, L., 259–260, 271, 279 Chierchia, G., 158 Choi, J. K., 184 356 Chomsky, N., 2–4, 9, 23, 27–28, 30, 42, 50, 66, 84, 97, 109–110, 112, 115–118, 120–121, 123, 129, 131, 150, 152, 157–158, 178, 212, 217, 228, 238, 320 Cinque, G., 122, 148, 159, 161–162, 167, 220, 248–249 Citko, B., 313 Colaỗo, M., 135136 Cole, M., 3031,177 Comớnguez, J.P.,34,44 Cordin, P., 49, 57–58 Corrêa, V. R., 227 Costa, J., 5, 151, 182, 287, 290, 299 Cresti, E., 5 Creus, S., 182 Cruz, M. L. S., 9 Cuervo, C., 206, 210–211, 213, 215, 230, 238 Cummins, S., 187–188 Cyrino, S., 17, 94, 177, 180, 182–183, 185–188, 190–191, 193–196, 199, 227 D’Alessandro, R., 249, 253 Deal, A-R , 217–218 De Granda, G., 183 Demonte, V., 206, 211 Den Dikken, M., 290, 296 Depiante, M., 52 De Vos, M., 138, 143 de VRIES, M., 310, 315, 320 Diercks, M., 108 Donati, C., 315 Doron, E., 177 Dowty, D., 158 Duarte, I., 148, 150, 260 Duarte, I. & Brito, A. M., 325 Duarte, M. E L., 4–5, 7, 9–10, 13–14, 16–17, 19–23, 30–31, 35–38, 40, 42–43, 49–50, 60–61, 64–65, 68, 91, 93, 108, 182, 190, 225 Embick, D., 54–56 Fábregas, A., 238 Fanselow, G., 150 Farrell, P., 177–179 Fernández-Ordóđez, I., 240, 242 Fernández Soriano, O., 10, 240, 242 [ 356 ] Name Index Ferreira, M., 60, 62–64, 93, 108, 111–112, 126–127, 151 Fiengo, R., 183, 193–194 Figueiredo Silva, M. C., 126, 224, 259, 280 Floripi, S., 222 Freire, G., 222 Fujii, T., 112 Fukuda, S., 161 Galves, C., 107, 110, 122, 127, 129–131, 163, 177, 179, 222 Georgala, E., 218 Goldberg, L., 178 Gomes, C.,222 Gonỗalves, A., 136, 148150,154 Gonỗalves, C.A V., 333, 337, 345–347 Goodall, G., 30 Grano, T., 159–160, 162–163, 167, 171–172 Grohmann, K., 84, 116, 273 Grosu, A., 108 Guéron, J., 206, 210, 215, 220 Gutiérrez-Bravo, R., 34, 251 Hagemeijer, T., 142–143 Hale, K., 208 Halle, M., 332 Halle, M. & A. Marantz, 56, 332, 338 Hankamer, J., 291 Harley, H., 208 Harley, H. & R. Noyer, 332 Harris, A. & Campbell, L., 309 Harris, J. W., 244, 334, 338–341, 351 Hasegawa, N., 177 Haspelmath, M., 204 Heap, D., 34 Henríquez Ura, P., 32 Herzog, M., 3 Higgins, F. R., 290 Hinterhölzl, R., 159 Hinzelin, M.-O., 32 Hirshnühler, P. & Rivero, M. L., 312 Holmberg, A., 31, 32, 50–51, 53, 61, 63–64, 66, 68–69, 71–72, 281 Hopper, P., 135 Hornstein, N., 116, 157–159, 166, 172, 273 Horvath, J., 108 Huang, C-T J., 177–178 357 Iatridou, S., 159 Ito, J., 333 Luján, M., 43, 167 Lunguinho, M., 107 Jackendoff, R., 208 Jaeggli, O., 29, 31 Jelinek, E., 31, 50 Jiménez Sabater, M., 32 Johns, C., 72 Madeira, A. M., 163–164 Maling, J., 93 Manzini, M. R., 51, 157 Marantz, A., 56, 208, 213, 218–219, 230, 332, 338 Marins, J., 3, 5–8, 10–11, 14, 20 Marques, M. L. G., 9 Martin, R., 158–159, 218 Martins, A. M., 108, 110–111, 113, 129, 151–152, 186 Masullo, P. J., 52, 184 Matos, G., 185, 194–195, 198 Matsuda, Y., 286, 303 Mattoso Câmara Jr J., 346 McCarthy, J. J & Prince, A. S., 333 McDaniel, D., 59 McFadden, T., 165, 216 McIntyre, A., 216 McShane, M. J., 177 Medeiros Junior, P., 308, 313, 315, 318– 319, 325–326, 329 Mendikoetxea, A., 249 Menuzzi, S., 32, 182, 226 Merchant, J., 51–53 Mester, A., 333 Miguel, M., 148, 150, 212, 214–215, 220 Miller, D. G., 163 Mioto, C., 262, 286–287, 289, 291, 294, 296, 298–299 Miyagawa, S., 78 Modesto, M., 37, 151, 157–158, 160, 164–165, 222, 280, 290 Moneglia, M., 5 Morgan, T., 184 Muller, A.-L , 226 Müller, G., 66 Munhoz, A., 107 Murguia, E., 51, 53 Kany, C., 183 Kapetangianni, K., 159 Kato, M. A., 4–5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22–23, 30–31, 35–38, 42–43, 49–50, 60, 62–65, 68, 91, 107, 152, 177, 179, 186, 188, 190, 222, 228, 273–275, 278–279, 281, 283, 290, 296–297, 299–300 Kato, M. & Nunes, J., 310 Kayne, R., 2, 157, 167, 206, 216, 226, 244, 246, 254, 273, 294, 300, 319 Keyser, S., 208 Klee, C., 184 Koopman, H., 30, 313 Koster, J., 157 Kowaluk, A., 177 Krapova, I., 159, 220 Kratzer, A., 194, 208, 249 Kroch, A., 4 Labov, W., 3, 4, 20 Lacerda, R., 78, 89, 95, 97 Lakoff, G., 138, 143 Lamiroy, B., 204 Landau, I., 72, 157–163, 166, 172, 209– 210, 217, 220 Larson, R., 43, 208, 312 Lasnik, H., 28, 95, 157–158 Lebeaux, D., 157 Lee-Schoenfeld, V., 216–217, 219 Levin, B., 208 Lightfoot, D., 157, 163, 226, 310, 322–323 Lipski, J., 34, 183 Lizardi, C., 34 Lobato, L., 107 Lobeck, A., 194 Lopes, C. R S., 2, 21, 193, 196 Lopes-Rossi, M. A., 260, 290 López, L., 238 Lozano, C., 39 Naro, A. J., 6 Nascimento, M. F., 9, 91 Naves, R., 107 Nayudu, A., 61, 68 Negrão, E., 107, 163, 226, 263, 291 Nicolle, S., 138 Noyer, R., 54–56, 332 Name Index [ 357 ] 358 Nunes, J., 52, 59, 61, 89, 107–108, 110–116, 118–119, 123–124, 127, 129, 150–152, 222, 273, 277, 310, 315 Olarrea, A., 34–35, 40, 44 Oliveira, M., 1 Omena, N. P., 182 Ordóđez, F., 6, 30–31, 34–35, 40, 44–45, 50, 69, 74, 91, 98–99, 236–237, 240, 242, 249, 302 Otheguy, R., 33 Panagiotidis, P., 64 Papadopoulou, D., 177 Payne, D., 204 Pereira, M. G D., 182 Perlmutter, D., 28, 31, 50, 161 Pesetsky, D., 38, 148, 150 Pintzuk, S., 6 Pires, A., 163, 265–266, 268–270, 283 Platzack, C., 191–193, 197–199 Poletto, C., 57 Pollard, C., 157–158 Pontes, E., 5, 23, 107 Pujalte, M., 69–70, 72, 74 Pullum, G., 135, 138–139, 142 Pylkkänen, L., 208–211, 218, 220, 230 Quer, J., 194 Quicoli, A. C., 163 Ramchand, G., 192 Ramos, J., 225 Raposo, E., 163–164, 177–179, 301 Rappaport-Hovav, M., 208 Reich, U., 290 Reig, A., 189 Resenes, M. S., 290–292, 295 Rivero, M. L., 72, 311–312, 327–329 Rizzi, L., 3, 6, 28, 30, 49–50, 57–58, 80, 83, 88–89, 91, 159, 167, 177, 300 Roberge, Y., 178, 187–188 Roberts, I., 2, 31, 50, 53, 59, 66, 212, 309 Roberts, I. & Roussou, A., 325 Rochete, A., 161 Rodrigues, C., 60–62, 64, 151, 165, 226 [ 358 ] Name Index Rooryck, J., 151, 271, 279, 313 Rooth, M., 181, 194 Rosen, S., 159 Ross, J. R., 93, 194 Rosselló, J., 194 Saab, A., 31, 44, 49–53, 59–60, 68–70, 72–73, 279, 281 Safir, K., 31, 57–58, 85, 97, 163 Salles, H. M., 204, 210, 212, 221–223, 226 Samper Padilla, J., 9 Savoia, L., 51 Scher, A. P., 332, 336–337 Scherre, M. M P., 21, 222–223 Schütze, C., 81 Schwenter, S., 178, 182–184, 189 Sheehan, M., 32, 39, 61, 68 Shlonsky, U., 30, 85, 159, 163, 167 Sigurðsson, H. Á., 31, 93 Silva, G., 1, 5, 7, 9–10, 15, 20–21, 127, 224, 226, 259, 280 Simpson, A., 315 Soares da Silva, H., 5, 7, 9–10, 15, 20–21 Soledade, C., 182 Sportiche, D., 30, 81, 249, 253 Stahlke, H., 138 Stalnaker, R., 266 Starke, M., 34, 40, 42, 58, 64 Stefanowitsch, A., 135, 137 Stowell, T., 85, 97 Suñer, M., 29–30, 34–35, 184 Tarallo, F., 4, 311 Tescari Neto, A., 92 Tomioka, S., 64 Toribio, A. J., 22, 32–34, 43–44, 286–287, 298 Torrego, E., 38, 148, 150, 239, 246, 249 Torres Morais, M. A., 204, 210, 212, 221–223 Treviño, E., 30–31, 236–237, 249 Troya Déniz, M., 9 Tsimpli, I. M., 177 Ura, H., 108 Uriagereka, J., 116, 167, 294, 300 359 Vallduví, E., 281 Vallejo, D. C M., 299 Valmala, V., 80–81, 90, 98, 100 Vangsnes, Ø A., 102 van Riemsdijk, H., 313 Vergnaud, J.-R , 204, 206, 215, 220–222 Vicente, H. G., 83, 85, 88–89 Viotti, E., 107, 226 Vogel, R., 313 Weeda, D., 333 Weinreich, U., 3–4 Wheeler, D., 286–287, 290, 298 Wurmbrand, S., 84, 159, 161–163, 167, 171–172 Yépez, M. V., 183–184 Zeller, J., 108 Zocca, C., 52 Zubizarreta, M. L., 91, 167, 204, 206, 208, 215, 220–222, 300, 304 Name Index [ 359 ] 360 361 SUBJECT INDEX ACD (Antecedent Contained Deletion), 170–172 address form, 10, 14 adjacency, 53, 55, 73 affectedness, 210, 215–217, 221, 229 agree, 4, 27–28, 38–39, 41, 42, 44, 50, 72, 92, 109, 118–120, 123, 125–126, 130, 152, 191, 212, 245, 251, 253, 255, 279, 289–291 agreement verbal, 62, 107, 122, 125, 128, 171, 183, 237, 289–290 animacy, 12, 16, 183, 190–191, 199, 247 antilocality, 41, 44, 84–88, 99, 101, 103 applicative high, 208–209, 217–219 low, 206, 208–214, 216, 218–220, 228, 230 approach constructivist, 208 lexicalist, 208 argument(s) null, 246–248 cartography, 91, 148 case abstract, 91, 103 default, 81, 95, 111–112, 121, 125, 297 inherent, 112, 123–124, 212, 246, 248–249, 251, 296–297 nominative, 94–95, 151–153, 238, 248–249, 251 Caseless position, 81–82, 97, 102–103 checking theory, 311, 315, 320 clefts pseudo-cleft (PC), 286 semi-cleft (SC), 286 clitic(s) climbing, 141, 167, 172 doubling, 225–226, 241–242, 244, 246, 253–254, 256, 294, 302 Common Ground, 266–267 complement(s) finite, 149, 160–163 nonfinite, 158–159, 165, 167, 170, 172 tensed, 162 untensed, 162 concatenative affixation, 333 concord, 81, 289, 291 connectivity effect, 292–293 constraints social, 16 structural, 138 construal relation, 294 control exhaustive, 157, 159 partial, 157, 159, 171 coordination, 137–138, 143–146, 153 copy theory, 279 co-reference, 12 dativization, 244 derivational economy, 110, 117 determiner phrase, 2, 23, 79, 204, 313 dialectal variation, 115, 299 Differential Object Marking (DOM), 183, 193, 238, 243 discourse prominence, 23 Distributed Morphology, 53, 219, 332, 338 362 ECM (Exceptional Case Marking), 161, 238 ellipsis, 49–56, 60–61, 63–67, 73, 179–180, 183, 185–187, 190, 193–199, 224, 272, 281–283 evaluative category, 342–343 head, 335, 342, 351 event structure, 208, 230 Extended Projection Principle (EPP), 27–28, 30–31, 35, 38, 40–42, 66–68, 70–73, 93, 116–120, 125, 129–130, 148, 152–153, 253–255, 300 external possessor, 204–210, 212, 215–222, 226, 228, 230 extraction, 28, 82, 86–88, 97, 100, 103, 121, 127–128, 131, 141, 143, 214, 264, 294, 305 features EPP, 129, 300 , 136–149, 151–154 Progression, 148, 152–153 focalization, 82–83, 85, 88–89, 99–100, 103, 298–300, 304–305 focus contrastive, 3, 297, 305 informational, 280–281, 305 Free Relatives, 308, 310–316, 318–319, 322, 325–329 functional head, 66, 148, 152, 159, 162, 172, 209, 212, 218, 246, 281, 315, 321–322 hierarchy, 17, 159, 162, 169, 172, 190 item, 159, 297 predicate, 162–163, 167 grammaticalization, 21, 138, 325–326 head incorporation, 314–315, 326, 328 impersonal se, 68–70, 72, 236–250, 256 inflectional paradigm, 1, 14, 21, 28, 36, 41, 52 information structure, 103 Innateness Hypothesis, 308 language change, 3–5, 309–310 left dislocation, 241 [ 362 ] Subject Index left peripher(ies), 30, 33, 82, 88, 91–92, 95–98, 100–101, 269, 274, 300, 303 lexicalization of T, 149, 153 local economy, 115 matching effect, 296, 312 microparameter, 3 negation, 35, 140, 142, 145, 167–168, 172, 271 nonfinite inflection, 157–158, 163–166, 171–172 nonverbal words, 338–339, 341, 351–352 noun phrase, 79, 262 NPI (Negative Polarity Item), 167–168, 172 null subject parameter, 1–3, 6–16, 18–23, 27–29, 31–33, 35, 37–40, 49–51, 53, 55–56, 59–69, 72–73, 93, 165, 177, 262, 264, 278–280, 283 object double object construction, 208–210, 213, 218–219, 246 indirect, 206, 209, 211–212, 214, 219, 222, 244, 275 null, 5, 126–127, 177–190, 193–194, 196–199, 277 passive, 94, 209, 237, 240, 245–247 Phase Impenetrability Condition, 84, 110, 152 possessive phrase, 80 pragmatic licensing condition, 283 preposition dative, 100 genitive, 213, 221 Primary Linguistic Data, 228, 308–310, 322–323, 325 Progression feature, 152–153 pronominal reanalysis, 222 system, 2, 60, 222, 228, 251 pronoun dative, 222 null, 29, 37, 177, 179–180 strong, 34–35, 40 weak, 31, 34–35, 42, 44, 58, 64–66, 190 363 quantifier floating, 79, 81, 88, 92–94, 96–97, 103 phrase, 82 raising hyper-, 107–115, 117, 120–121, 124, 127, 129, 148, 151, 154 reading/interpretation sloppy, 180–181, 183, 189–190, 194, 196, 199 strict, 180–181 reanalysis, 28, 59, 222, 231, 309, 320, 322, 325, 329, 345–347 reference animate, 11–12, 16, 64, 180–183, 189–190, 193, 196–198, 216, 222, 228, 238, 242, 246–248, 251 definite, 2, 183 generic, 2 human, 12 inanimate, 12, 14, 21–22, 37, 42, 64, 228, 246–247, 248 relative weight, 6–9, 12, 15–16, 18–19, 267 remnant movement, 34, 98, 278, 294–295, 300–301, 303–305 restructuring, 157, 159–163, 167, 172, 326 scattered deletion, 150 schooling, 5, 184, 228 scope, 146, 167, 170–171, 271–272, 288 sentence predicational, 291–292 specificational, 291–292 subarrays, 110, 115–117, 119–121, 125, 128, 131 subject left-dislocated, 91 non referential, 249 null, 1–3, 6–16, 18–23, 27–29, 31–33, 35, 37–40, 49–51, 53, 55–56, 59–69, 72–73, 93, 165, 177, 262, 264, 278–280, 283 overt, 1, 6, 9–10, 13–14, 16, 18, 21–22, 28, 30, 32–33, 37, 39–42, 44, 64, 73, 139, 148, 160–163, 165, 236 position, 30, 34, 56, 79–80, 89, 94, 99, 102, 107, 117–118, 120, 127, 148, 162, 290, 317 postverbal, 30, 33–34, 57, 91, 93–94, 99, 103, 147, 290, 298–299, 304 preverbal, 30, 34, 37, 99, 153, 298–299 pronominal, 3–5, 14, 16, 19, 21, 29, 32–33, 35, 66 topic-like, 23, 69 subjunctive, 1, 14, 159–161, 163 Subset Principle, 332 syntactic cues, 310, 322–323 thematic position(s), 96–97, 100–101, 216–218 suffix, 337–339, 341–344, 347–348, 351 theta-roles, 149, 199 topicalization, 88–89, 303 topics, 5, 80, 95, 107, 113, 121–122, 128–129, 271, 337 transparency effects, 167 truncated nominal forms, 332, 337, 352 truncation, 333, 335, 346, 352 T-to-C movement, 148 turn-taking, 6, 11 Universal Grammar, 210, 308 VARBRUL, 9, 11–12, 14, 16, 18, 20 verb auxiliary, 141, 149, 264, 295 dynamic, 206, 229–230 serial, 137–138, 142, 153 stative, 207, 211, 215–216, 229–230 vocabulary item, 332, 339, 341–342, 344, 347–349, 352 VP-shell, 298–299, 302 wh- in-situ, 259–263, 265–266, 268–279, 281, 283 movement, 28–29, 59, 93, 124, 141, 255, 262–263, 265, 271, 278, 294, 320 questions, 33–34, 37, 260–261, 266– 267, 269, 271, 274, 278, 317 Subject Index [ 363 ] 364 365 LANGUAGE INDEX Bantu, 208 Bulgarian, 150, 220 Catalan, 206 Chinese, 37, 177, 260 English, 2–3, 22, 28, 30–32, 39, 54–55, 60, 71, 84, 97, 112, 118–119, 124, 135, 137–138, 148, 159–160, 162, 185, 190, 193, 208–210, 216, 226, 230, 260, 265–266, 290–291, 302, 326, 333 Australian, 333 French, 2, 22, 60, 167, 180, 187, 207, 215–216, 302 Galician, 206 German, 59, 159, 163, 169, 185, 204, 216, 218, 230, 256, 333 Germanic, 185, 204, 216 Greek, 2, 162, 218, 219 Hebrew, 85, 209–210, 217, 220 Italian, 1–3, 5–7, 9–11, 13–14, 16, 20–22, 28–29, 31, 39, 49, 58, 81, 177, 180, 206, 244, 253 Northern, 2, 49 Japanese, 78, 209, 260, 303, 348 Korean, 209 Nez Perce, 217–218 Portuguese, 1–2, 9, 11–12, 16, 18, 19, 22, 27–28, 30, 32, 35–36, 49, 61–62, 65, 78, 82, 88, 103, 107, 129, 135–137, 139, 143, 147, 151, 153–154, 157, 163, 177–178, 180, 185, 204–205, 225, 259–260, 264, 266, 286–287, 290–293, 298–300, 302, 308, 310–311, 313–320, 322–329, 332, 336, 338–339, 345–346 Brazilian, 16, 18–19, 22, 27–28, 32, 35–36, 49, 62, 78, 82, 103, 107, 129, 136, 154, 157, 204–205, 225–227, 259, 286–287, 290, 308, 310–311, 313, 315, 317–318, 320, 322, 324–326, 332, 336, 338–339 Classic, 311, 315–316, 318, 320, 322–324, 326, 329 European, 1, 2, 9, 12, 22, 32, 35, 49, 61, 65, 88, 129, 136, 177, 204–205, 260, 325, 326 Serbo-Croatian, 84 Spanish, 1–3, 5, 9–10, 14–15, 20, 22, 27–28, 30, 32, 34–34, 38–40, 42, 49–51, 57, 61, 65, 68–72, 78, 80, 82, 90–94, 98–100, 103, 136–137, 177–178, 180, 183–184, 186–190, 192, 199, 206–207, 210–211, 236–246, 248–249, 251–256, 279, 286–287, 291, 298–299, 304, 311, 327–329, 332, 334, 338 American, 35, 61, 178, 183, 186–190, 192, 199, 241 Argentinian, 1, 2, 20, 22 Caribbean, 34, 38, 286 366 Spanish (Cont.) European, 1, 2, 9, 22 Mexican, 236, 238, 240–241, 243–246, 251–253, 255–256 Peninsular, 186, 236, 240–243, 246, 251, 256, 332 [ 366 ] Language Index Puerto Rican, 1, 2, 15, 22, 34 Rioplatense, 241–243, 246, 253, 255 Warlpiri, 78 West African, 138, 287 367 368 ... properties of DS reflect two coexisting and competing grammars [ 32 ] The Morphosyntax of Portuguese and Spanish in Latin America 33 In their study of recently-arrived immigrants in New York, Otheguy,... forms of singular in the imperfect of indicative and in the tenses of subjunctive in Romance NSL, as shown by Oliveira (2000) for Italian It can also occur in the beginning of a process of change;... clitic for the probe in the inflection In the domain of wh-constructions, wh-questions and the distribution of WH-? ?in- situ is the topic of the chapter by Figueiredo Silva and Grolla They give