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Note: Thì quá khứ đơn được dùng với các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như: last week, last month, last year, yesterday, … II/ THE SIMPLE PRESENT: Thì hiện tại đơn Hình thức: Formation I, We , [r]
(1)THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE: (Thì quá khứ đơn) Formation: cách thành lập: a The affirmative form (Thể khẳng định) S + V (ed/ v2) + Objective Ex: I watched TV last night; I worked hard last week Note: việc thêm ED phải theo qui tắc sau: Nếu động từ tận cùng là e cần thêm d Ex : dance danced Notice noticed động từ tận cùng phụ âm, mà trước nó là nguyên âm thì phải gấp đôi phụ âm thêm ed Ex: stop stopped Nếu động từ tận cùng là Y, trước Y là phụ âm thì đổi Y thành I thêm ed Ex: study studied Marry married Cách đọc âm cuối ED : ED đọc / t / ed đứng sau âm điếc như: c, f, k, p, s, x, sh, ch Ex: stuffed , looked, stopped, massed, boxed, brushed, … ED đọc / id / : Khi ed đứng sau t, d Ex: divided, corrected ED đọc / d / loại trừ trường hợp trên: Ex: rubbed, travelled, tanned, buzzed, played, tried,… Dạng quá khứ động từ không theo qui tắc, xem bảng động từ bất qui tắc cột ( V2) Ex: eat – ate ; run – ran ; read – read ; put – put ; … b The Negative form ( Thể phủ định) Subject + didn’t + the Bare infinitive + Objective (the base form of the verb = Bare infinitive ) nghĩa là động từ nguyên mẫu không To.) Ex: He didn’t see any body; I didn’t watch TV last night c The Interrogative form (Thể nghi vấn): Did + Subject + the Bare infinitive + Objective ? Short answer: Yes, I did No, I didn’t Cách dùng: chúng ta dùng thì quá khứ đơn để nói : Những hoạt đông riêng lẽ quá khứ: Ex: - He locked the door and left the house - In those days I always went to restaurant for lunch Note: Thì quá khứ đơn dùng với các trạng từ thời gian như: last week, last month, last year, yesterday, … II/ THE SIMPLE PRESENT: (Thì đơn) Hình thức: ( Formation) I, We , You , They + Verb He, She, It , Lan, + Verb- S/ ES Cách dùng: diễn tả thói quen xãy thường xuyên ( câu thường có các trạng từ như: Everyday, often, usually, always, sometimes,…) Ex:- We come to school on time everyday - My mother always gets up early every morning Diễn tả thật hiển nhiên Ex: - The earth is round the sun - Two and two are four (2) III THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE: ( Thì tiếp diễn) Hình thức : (Formation) I + am We, You, They, + are Verb- ing He, She, It + is Cách dùng: Để diễn tả việc xãy (trong câu thường có các trạng từ như: (now, at the moment, at present,….) Ex: - My father is planting flower in the garden now - She is reading book in the library at the moment - Listening! Someone is knocking at the door Note: Động từ Be và các động từ cảm giác, tình cảm như: SEE, SMELL, LOVE, LIKE, TASTE, HEAR, THINK, KNOW, UNDERSTAND, HATE, PREFER, WANT, NEED, WISH, SEEM… thường thì không dùng các thì tiếp diễn IV THE PAST PROGRESSIVE / CONTINUOUS(Quá khứ tiếp diễn) Hình thức : (Formation) I, He, She, It + Was + Verb - ing We, You, They + Were Cách dùng: Để diễn tả việc xãy thời điểm xác định quá khứ Ex: What are you doing at one o’clock this afternoon ? I was watching football on the TV at that time Diễn tả việc diễn quá khứ thì việc quá khứ khác xãy Ex: When I was coming back home from, I met my friend Diễn tả hai hành động xãy cùng lúc quá khứ Ex: While Lam was reading a book, John was watching TV V THE PRESENT PERFECT (Thì hoàn thành) Hình thức : (Formation) I,We, You, They + Have + Past Participle He, She, It + Has (V – ed/ v3) Cách dùng: - Để diễn tả việc quá khứ mà thời điểm không xác định rõ; dùng với (already) Ex: I have already seen this film - Để diễn tả hành động vừa xãy ra, dùng với just Ex: My father has just come home from HCM City - Để diễn tả hành động bắc đầu quá khứ mà còn tiếp tục đến Trong câu thường có các giới từ SINCE và FOR Ex: We have learnt in this school for years My sister has been sick since yesterday Note: FOR ( thời gian): khoảng thời gian không xác định SINCE (kể từ khi, kể tư) Điểm thời gian xác định VI THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn) Hình thức : (Formation) I, We , You, They + HAVE + BEEN + V- ing He, She, It + HAS Cách dùng: Để nhấn mạnh hành đợng khởi quá khứ kéo dài và cịn tiếp tục đến tương lai Ex: - She has been waiting to see you since o’clock (She is still waiting) - These students have been studying English for four year now (3) VII THE SIMPLE FUTURE: (Thì tương lai đơn) Hình thức : (Formation) I, We + Shall + BARE INFINITIVE He, She, It, You, They + Will Cách dùng: Để diễn tả việc xảy tương lai Note: “WILL” đượcdùng cho các chủ ngữ I và We Ex: - I shall visit tomorrow - Will they go to the cinema next week? - We will see you at p.m tomorrow Note: Thì tương lai đơn dùng với các trạng ngữ thời gain như: next week, next month, next year, tomorrow,… “ Be going to” thường để diễn tả việc xảy ý định làm việc gì tương lai Ex: My parents are going to buy a new house Note: Thì Simple present dùng thay cho Thì Simple future các mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian (bắt đầu When, Before, Until,…) Ex: You will see him when he comes back tomorrow VIII THE PAST PERFECT: (Quá khứ hoàn thành) Hình thức : (Formation) Subject + HAD + Past Participle Cách dùng: Để diễn tả việc xảy quá khứ trước việc khác thời điểm quá khứ Ex: - He phoned me after he had passed the examination - The boy had died before he was brought to hospital - They had left for HCM City by o’clock this morming - The train had started before we arrived at the station IX THE PASSIVE VOICE: (Thể bị động) Qui tắc: Active voice: S + V + O + C Passive voice: S + (Be + PP- ed/ v3+) + C + (by) O a Bị động thì quá khứ đơn: S + was/ were + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Mr Smith taught English Passive: English was taught by Mr Smith b Bị động thì đơn: S + am/ Is / are + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray helps Tom Passive: Tom is helped by Dr Gray c Bị động tiếp diễn: S + am / is / are + Being + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray is helping Tom Passive: Tom is being helped by Dr Gray d Bị động thì quá khứ tiếp diễn S + was / were + being + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray was helping Tom Passive: Tom was being helped by Dr Gray e Bị động các động từ Modal verbs như: ( Can, Will, Should, Must, Ought, Have to, Might, May, be going to , ) S + Modal verbs + Be + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) (4) Ex: active: Dr Gray will help Tom Passive: Tom will be helped by Dr Gray Ex: active: My father can help Tom Passive: Tom can be helped by My father Ex: active: Dr Gray has to help Tom Passive: Tom has to be helped by Dr Gray f Bị động hoàn thành: S + (have/ has) + been + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray has helped Tom Passive: Tom has been helped by Dr Gray g Bị động quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + been + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray had helped Tom Passive: Tom had been helped by Dr Gray Chú ý việc bỏ tác nhân: Nếu câu chủ động là: We, They, people, someone thì sau đổi sang câu bị động tác nhân này bỏ Ex: Active: - People speak English all over the world Passive: - English is spoken all over the world.( bỏ by people) Ex: active: They told me that he had left Passive: I was told that he had left (bỏ by Them) X Dạng động từ ( Form of verbs): A Verb – ing (Động từ thêm đuôi Ing) sử dụng các trường hợp sau: + Sau số độngtừ : avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, would you mind, practice, stop,… + Sau các Phrase Verbs: to be used to, to looke forward to, to have good time, to spend, waste time, to be busy , how about, what about, suggest, + Sau các giới từ như: about, of, with, without… B To – INFINITIVE.(Động từ nguyên mẫu có To) Sử dung các trường hợp sau: + Sau các động từ: want, intend, decide, expect, hope, mean, offer, promise, refuse, wish… + Sau các tỉnh từ: glad happy, ready, kind, … + Sau các phó từ: Enough , too + Sau các đông từ sai khiến : ask, get, tell, advise, request + biểu đạt mục đích thay cho : “In order to / so as to” C) BARE INFINITIVE: (Động từ nguyên mẫu không có To) Sử dụng các trường hợp sau: + Sau các Modal verbs: can, may, must, will, shall, would, should, would rather , had better… + sau các động từ tri giác: See, hear, notice… XI ADVERB CLAUSE: 1.Adverb clause of reason: (Bởi vì) As / Since / Because + S + V Because of / due to + cụm danh từ S + be + Adj + that + S + V (là vì) (adj: afraid, angry, bad, certain, disappointed, glad, grateful, happy, helpful, hopeful, important, lucky, possible, sad, sorry, sure, thankful, true, wrong,…) 3.Adverb clause of result: (nên) S + V ., SO + S + V SO + S + V, S + V Ex: Everyone felt tired and hungry, so they sat down under the tree and had a snack Because everyone felt tired and hungry, they sat down under the tree and had a snack 4.Adverb clause of concession: (mặc dù) Although/ though/ Even though + S + V Inspite of/ Despite + cụm danh từ (5) Ex: Although the weather was bad, we finished the work on time Inspite of/ Despite the bad weather, we finished the work on time Adj + ly -> Adv (Note: good -> well, fast, hard, early, late,…) Linking verbs (be, feel, become, keep, make, look, sound, taste, appear, find,…) + adj Ordinary verbs (go, do, play, sing, drive, ) + adv Ex: Nam is good at English./ Nam learns English well XII Suggestions: Lời đề nghị I suggest How about + V +ING What about Let’s Shall we Why don’t we I think we should I suggest (that) + S + should XIII Relative clause: Chữ đứng trước Chức Chủ ngữ ( Subject ) Tân ngữ ( Object) Sở hữu (Possessive ) + V (bare infinitive) Chỉ người Chỉ vật WHO WHOM WHOSE WHICH WHICH OF WHICH (Whose) WHO: người, thay cho chủ ngữ, (thay cho he, she, it, they hay danh từ) Ex: I saw the woman She wrote the book S (người) who wrote the book I saw the woman who wrote the book WHOM: người, làm tân ngữ, (thay cho him, her, it, them hay danh từ) Ex: I know the man You want to meet him O (người) whom you want to meet I know the man whom you want to meet WHICH: vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ, thay cho it, them, they, danh từ) Ex: The pencil is mine The pencil is on the desk S (vật) which is on the desk The pencil which is on the desk is mine WHOSE … sở hữu vật/ người, thay cho his, her, there, the…of… Ex: The girl is my sister You took the girl’s picture whose picture you took The girl whose picture you took is my sister THAT: người/ vật .chủ ngữ/ tân ngữ, không thay danh từ riêng, thay danh từ chung/ so sánh WHERE nơi chốn, thay cho there/ here/ in that place Ex: Monday is the day We will come then (thời gian) when we will come (6) Monday is the day when we will come WHEN thời gian, thay cho then, in/ at that time, on that day, Ex: I never forget the village I was born there (nơi chốn) where I was born I never forget the village where I was born Note: who, which, whose sau danh từ riêng có dấu phẩy XIV Tag questions: * Nếu câu trần thuật thể khẳng định thì câu hỏi đuôi thể phủ định, và ngược lại S + V (khẳng định) , V (phủ định) + S? S + V (phủ định) , V (khẳng định) + S? Ex:You like watching sports, don’t you?/ You are a doctor, aren’t you ? I won’t go to the club tonight, will I?/ You aren’t a doctor, are you ? * Nếu động từ câu trần thuật là các trợ động tư:ø be, have, do, các trợ động từ phụ: can, could, may, must,… thì động từ câu hỏi đuôi là động từ đó Ex: He has got a car, hasn’t he ? / They couldn’t understand him, could they? * động từ câu trần thuật là động từ thường thì độngtừ câu hỏi đuôi là trợ từ Ex: You go to school today, don’t you ?/ She doesn’t eat meat, does she ? XV The Conditional sentences: có loại điều kiện a Điều kiện có thể (I) If clause Main clause - present tense (am/ is/ are Simple future (tương lai đơn) V(s/ es) Simple present ( Hiện đơn) Bare infinitive (nguyên mẫu- dạng mệnh lệnh) Ex: If I have time, I shall visit you If I have the money, I will buy a new car./ I will buy a new car If I have the money, If Tâm has enough time, he usually walks to school If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me Please call me if you hear from Jane b Điều kiện không thật tại: (II) If clause Main clause (Past subjunctive) quá khứ bàng thái Would, Như qúa khứ đơn động từ Be = Could, + Bare Infinitive WERE cho tất các ngôi Should, Might Ex: If I has the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend He would tell you about it if he were here If you practised English everyday, you could speak it fluently If I were you, I would not tell hihm about that What would you if you met an alien from outer space? c Điều kiện không tật Quá khứ: (III) If clause Main clause (Quá khứ hoàn thành) Would HAD + Past Participle Could + HAVE + Past Participle Might Ex: If yesterday had been a holiday, I would have gone to the movies If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life If you hadn’t stopped your car in time, you might have killed the child (7) XVI Dùng động từ “WISH”: Diễn tả (ước ao, mong ước) thường dùng để diễn tả ước muốn, tưởng tượng không có thật a Present Wish: (ước muốn tại) Subject + wish + (that) + Quá khứ bàng thái (Be) = were cho tất các ngôi Ex: I wish I were at the seaside now He wishes he could speak English fluently - I don’t have enough time I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework - He isn’t old enough We wish that he were old enough to come with us b Future Wish: (ước muốn tương lai) Could + Verb Subject + wish + (that) + Subject + Would + Ver Were + V- ing Ex: You can’t come We wish that you could come to the party tonight She is not coming with us She wishes that she were coming with us c Past Wish : (ước muốn quá khứ) Past perfect Subject + wish + (that) + Subject + (quá khứ hoàn thành) Could have + Quá k p từ Ex: I didn’t wash colthes I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday She couldn’t be there She wish that she could have been there We didn’t have more time We wish that he had had more time last night XVI Lời nói gián tiếp ( Reported speech) các loại câu bản: Loại câu phát biểu: Lưu ý đến thay đổi Ngôi, Thì , Trạng từ … Eg: Tom said: “I am feeling ill” => Tom said that he was feeling ill Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định: (He / She) + ordered/ told/ asked … + object + to infinitive Eg: I said to her, “ Please close the door” => I asked her to close the door Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định: (He / She) + ordered/ told/ asked … + object + not + to infinitive Eg: He said to them, “ Don’t be late tomorrow” He told them not to be late the next the day Cách đổi loại câu Yes / No question: ( He / She ) + asked … + O + if / whether + S + V Eg: “Are you hungry, John?” She asked She asked John (if /whether) he was hungry Cách đổi loại câu Wh - questions: (He / She) + asked … + O + question words + V Eg: What is her name?” Bill asked me Bill asked me what her name was Các dạng bài tập: I PRONUNCIATION: 1) Sound: pick out one word that has different sound from the others: A dump B junk C but /ʌ/ D Cute [kju:t] A fence B hedge C term [tə:m]D egg c A flow B rock C foam D row A country B fly C eycle D try A folk B joke C yolk D pollute d b a d (8) A yard B mass C trash D wrap a A spray B garbage C sewage D persuade a 8.7 A bill B drip C pipe D definite c 9.7 A bulb B nuclear C curb D urban b 10.7 A crack B install C standard D label b 11.7 A court B source C resource D solar a 2) Accent mark: Pick out noe word that has different accent mark from the others at the beginning: 8.6 A cover B pollute C prevent D provide a 9.6 A reduce B minimize C pesticide D dynamite a 10.6 A pollution B regularly C environment D destruction b 11.6 A disappointed B unpolluted C deforestation D unprotected c 12.7 A carpool B chopstick C conserve D faucet c 13.7 A hobby B receive C household D model b 14.7 A suggest B plumber C replace D quarter c 15.7 A recent B solid C appliance D energy c 16.7 A separate B category C ordinary D effectively d 17.7 A efficiency B profitable C infrastructure D regularly a 18.7 A electricity B innovation C ultimately D inability c II Group the following regular verbs according to the pronunciation of the ending “ED” /t/ / id / /d/ Pleased; prepared; pulled; pushed; lived; looked; opened; played; kicked; lighted; liked; listened; raised; remembered; heared; helped; finished; entered; thanked; used; checked; walked; washed; smoked; stayed; stopped; talked; organized; closed; cooked; counted; covered; watched; wiped; answered; asked; arrived; called; flipped; wanted; III Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D in the following sentences: The story about UFOs caught the ………… Of the whole class a imagine b imagination c imaginatively d imaginative b He is famous ………………………… a science b scientific c scientist d scientism c She has many ……………………… Projects a sciece b scientific c scientist d scientism b There are a lot of ………………… places in the world a interesting b interestingly c interest d interested a Do you think you will be able …………………………… a space trip ? a take b to take c taking d taken b If there were flying saucers, there ……… Traces of their landing a would be b will be c are d is a He won’t be happy if you ……………… come ! a didn’t b haven’t c don’t d won’t c It is said that he saw ……………………… saucers a fly b flying c flied d flight b IV: Complete the sentences with correct form of the verbs in the brackets: I enjoy (listen) to music Lam pretended (be ) asleep They discussed (get) a new car You seem (be) in a good today They admitted (take) the money I try (come) class on time everyday Its starts (rain) I’m sorry for (disturb) you (9) There (be) a big party here tomorrow 10 He always (write) with his left hand? 11 My father (not, drink) any beer at the farewell goodbye at the party last night 12 I (phone) you as soon as I arrive in Ho Chi Minh City 13 He ( live) with his parents until he went to Canada 14 I (graduate) from University in 2005 15 Lan prefers ( stay) at home to going out 16 I (fall) asleep while I was watching TV 17 We already ( finish) semester examination 18 The movie (start) at p.m this evening 19 I (have) a birthday party next Sunday Would you like (come) ? 20 You (be) away? Yes, I (go) to my friend’s country lask week 21 My sister (be) a student for three years 22 I (know) them for many years 23 My friend just (open) a new internet house on Tran Hung Dao street 24 You (see) Mrs Tuyet recently ? - Yes, I (see) her at the supermarket tow days ago 25 I (learn) in this school for five years 26 These students (learn) English since they (be) five 27 Kangaroo (can see) everywhere in Australia 28 Who (invent) telephone? 29 You (ever eat ) Chinese food? 30 I (not watch) TV last night I (read) an interesting novel 31 Nam is interested in (ask) questions 32 We have to stop (work) because of the noise 33 My father (drink) coffee every morning 34 This palace (build) a long time ago 35 The teacher told his students (not make) such noise in class 36 I wish today (be ) Sunday 37 What you (do) if you were me? 38 My brother (come) home late last night He (not get) up yet 39 We had a good time (hike) in the mountains 40 (Not make) such noise My father (sleep) 41 Nam (take) a train to Hanoi yesterday He (take) many trips there since he (start) his study in Hanoi three years ago 42 The teacher (explain) to you if you ask him 43 I (speak) to her about that matter several times already 44 A new text book (publish) by that company next year 45 Listen! Someone (knock) on the fornt door V Arrange these words in their correct orders: after / finished / their work / they / had / home / went / they such / interesting / it / was / an / that / book / twice / I / read / it bad / it / that / you / lost / bicycle / your / is / too difficult / is / arrange / to / a / was / date / it / which / for / convenient / everyone am / ashamed / I / that / have / better / nothing / you / to / offer a / cake / beautiful / mother’s birthday / her / on / Nga / made / celebrate / to (10) English / contest / speaking / the / prize / first / Hong / just / has / in / the / won March / in / is / late / or / April / early / Passover from / slavery / this / festival / freedom / on / people / celebrate 10 first / the / second / the / on / nights / of Passover / Jewish / families / a / eat / a / special / called / meal / the / Seder 11 assitant / it / cost / how / much / asked / the / shop / I 12 to / receive / letter / from / it / is / interesting / the / friends / aboard / from 13 many / how / festivals / celebrated / are / every / years ? 14 advised / to / use / computer / more / often / I / was 15 Lan / dance / as / well / as / doesn’t / Nga / does 16 the / most / game / played / have / ever / I / it / is / computer / interesting 17 information / the / all / school / of / the / in / computer / stored / is / now 18 send / and / receive / students / message / can / computers / by / using 19 useful / computer / is / in / our / very / life 20 I / can / quickly / type / more / than / I / last / month / did / to / computer / thank VI Rewrite these sentences, beginning with the words given: We spent three hours paiting this room It took You should arrange books into sections Books The house was cheap so we decied to buy it Because “ I live here with my parents” (Tom said to Nam) Nam sad to Nam that Parents ought to send their children to school Children “Please don’t talk in class” (Lan told us) Lan told us Everyday thousands of trees are cut down in the world Everyday people The red dress is more expensive than the blue one The blue dress isn’t My little sister likes to watch cartoons My litter sister enjoys 10 You must return this book to the library with in five days This book (11) 1) Sound: pick out one word that has different sound from the others: A dump B junk C but /ʌ/ D Cute [kju:t] A fence B hedge C term [tə:m]D egg [eg] c A flow B rock [rɔk] C foam [foum] D row [rou] A country ['kʌntri] B fly C eycle D try [trai] A folk [fouk] B joke C yolk D pollute [pə'lu:t] A yard [jɑ:d] B mass C trash D wrap [ræp] A spray [sprei] B garbage C sewage ['su:idʒ] D persuade A bill [bil] B drip C pipe [paip] D definite A bulb [bʌlb] B nuclear C curb D urban 10 A crack [kræk] B install C standard D label ['leibl] 11 A court [kɔ:t] B source C resource D solar ['soulə] 12 A ancient ['ein∫ənt] B acquaintance C angel D land [lænd] 13 A charity ['t∫æriti] B champion C champagne D chopstick d b a d a a c b ['nju:kliə] b [in'stɔ:l] a d c [∫æm'pein] VII Thay động từ gạch thành ngữ: a Who is going to take care of the children when you go shopping ? b It was very noisy Please switch off the casstte- player c Don’t waste time and continue your study d It was so dark Switch on the light e The police are searching for the thieves Keys: 1) to look after; 2) turn off ; 3) go on ; 4) turn on ; 5) are looking for VIII Hãy viết lại câu sau dùng động từ SUGGEST a “Shall we have dinner somewhere after the theatre?” Said Peter He suggested having b “Shall we go for a walk ?” said Peter He suggested going c “What about Tuesday?” said Peter Peter suggested Tuesday d Shall we meet here in my flat tomorrow ?” I said He suggested meeting e “Why don’t you move along a bit?” She said She suggested moving f “What about going for a drive instead?” An said An suggested going g “What about flying ?” he said He suggested flying h “why don’t you sak him ?” I said He suggested asking him i “Let’s buy some flour and make our own bread” said Mary He suggested buying j “Let’s not tell anyone,” said Tom He suggested not telling IX Combine each pair of sentences with who, which, that or whose (Nối lại các câu dùng mệnh đề quan hệ who, which, that or whose): a He is the man He painted my house who b What is the name of the boy? He phone you (12) who c What happened to the money? It was on my desk which d They are people They offered Sue a job who e The car has now been found It was stolen The car which was stolen has now been found f She’s the person She gives me a lift to work who g The lock has know been repaired It was broken The lock which was broken has know been repaired h Most of the people are nice They work in my office Most of the people who work in my office are nice i This is the sweater I bought it on Sunday which j The people have moved They used to live in that house The people who used to live in that house have moved k The old man is my grandfather He lives next door The old man who lives next door is my grandfather l Natalie is very friendly She is a friend of Emma’s Natalie, who is a friend of Emma’s is very friendly m We stayed at the My Tra Hotel Ann recommended it to us We stayed at the My Tra Hotel, which Ann recommened to us n The trousers are too small for me I bought them yesterday The trousers which I bought yesterday are too small for me o The man is a computer expert You were talking to him The man who you are talking to is a computers expert p This morning I met Dania I hadn’t seen her for ages This morning I met Diana, who I hadn’t met for ages q I saw a girl Her beauty took my breath away I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away r Mitsumi computers are very good They are made in Japan Mitsumi computers which are made in Janpan are very good s John is absent from school His mother’s in hospital John, whose mother’s in hospital, is absent from school t The boy is Jane’s brother He sat beside you at the party last night The boy who sat beside you at party last night is Jane’s brother X Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions: It’s time families to clean and decorate their homes New year’s Day is January 1st Family members who live apart try to be together Tet Auld Lang Syne is sung New Year Eve I congratulate Susan passing her exam All the students took apart the discussion I’m always proud my father and love him so much It took hours to free the victims the collapsed building You read stories and newspaper English 10 We have to learn heart all the new words and phrases 11 Let’s practise listening to English programs the radio 12 The questions are easy me I think 13 What aspect learning English you find difficult ? for on at on on in of From in by on for of (13) 14 How will you use English the future ? in 15 My brother works a national bank in Hanoi for 16 I saw your company’s advertisement today’s edition of Vietnam News in 17 I’m interested learning Vienamese in 18 I look forward hearing from my mother in Singapore To 19 Remember switch off the lights when leaving the room To 20 My father put down the newspaper take some tea then continued with his reading To XI Complete the following sentences with an appropriate from of the word in block capital The job sounds interesting I think I’d better write a letter of more details INQUIRE (inquiry) My friend is a She has written many book WRITE (writer) Many children are to me IMPORTANCE (important) This chair is more than that one CONVENIENCE (convenient) She is very FRIEND (friendly) They the piano every day PRACTICE (Practise) They about the new products which are going to sell at the market DISCUSSION (discuss) They the speaker on his speech CONGRATULATION (congratulated) It’s for us to solve this problem DIFFICULTY (difficul) 10 I am with the new decision.DISAPPOINT (disappointed) 11 is better than ccure PREVENT (privention) 12 This painting comes from his private COLLECT (collection) 13 I feel whenever I wear this shirt CONFIDENCE (confident) 14 She looks very beautiful in her costumes TRADITION (traditional) 15 Wearing uniforms helps students feel EQUALLY (equal) XII Phrasal Verbs: turn on, turn off, look for, look after, go on They asked us a bill to the money (look for) They conserving their customs and language (went on) The car dripping oil on the tarmac (went on) The whole household was the boy that morning (looking for) Did you a baby so that I could receive my letter? (look after) They could the country’s greatest resources (look for) My parents the lights to divide separate bedrooms (turned on) Have you been talking about recent events ? (going on) I couldn’t this ordinary (turn of) 10 Just your innovation (look after) XIII Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words from in the box: regular well hard careless clear badly Straight calm fluent early My sister has been working very recently Let’s see who can shoot the Long’s uncle got to work a few minutes than usual My tooth was aching than ever Quynh Uyen plays the piano than the other two girls Ngoc attends class of all the students Mr Chau explains things of all our teachers Thuy Vy speaks English off all the students (hard) (straightest) (earlier) (worse) (better) The most regularly The most laest The most fluently (14) Mr Lam never discusses the subject as Mr Tien As calmly 10 Ken always drives than his wife More carelessly XIV Complete the passage with the words given in the box: Around; launched; space; astronaut; land; returned; small; April The first man in (1) was the Russian, Yuri Gagarin, on the 12th (2) 1961 His spaceship was called Vostok His complete orbit (3) the Earth in the Vostok took one hour and 48 minutes People thought that it was impossible for a earth, he was in perfect health Eight years later, American scientists (5) Apollo 11 It was the first spaceship to (6) on the moon, in the Sea of tranquility, and the (7) Neil Amstrong was the first person to walk on the moon on Sunday 20th July 1969 His famous words were: “That is one (8) step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” Keys: 1: space; 2: April ; 3: around; 4: returned; 5: launched; 6: land; 7: astronaut; 8: small; XV Complete the passage with the words given in the box: Crust ; rock ; lava ; erupts; Magma:( vỏ trái đất, dung nham, đá nhão lòng đất A vocano is a place on the Earth’s surface (or any other planet’s or moon’s surface) where molten (1) and gases erupt through the Earth’s (2) Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure – some are cracks in the earth’s crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, or moutain-like structures with a crater at the summit (3) is molten rock within the Earth’s crust When magma (4) through the Earth’s surface, it is called (5) Keys: 1: rock; 2: crust ; 3: Magma; 4: erupts; 5: lava; XVI Read the following passage and answer the questions below: Tsunamis The earthquake which occurred on 26th December, 2004 in the Indian Ocean was the strongest for four decades (measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale) The quake which occurred on 28th March 1964 in Alaska registered 9.2 and was even larger than another earthquake Alaska had suffered just a few years previously, in 1959, which had registered 9.1 All of these earthquakes caused tsunamis Tsunamis occur when something happens to cause a large displacement of water in the sea a volcano erupting under the sea, for example Tsunamis are capable of traveling at speeds of over 900 kilometres an hour, at least in deep water However, they slow down as they near land and shallower water, becoming higher in the process and creating the wall of water effect Even so, tsunamis can still be traveling at speeds in excess of 50 kilometres per hour when they reach the beaches Questions: Is the earthquake which occurred on 26th December, 2004 in the Indian Ocean the strongest? What did all of these earthquakes cause ? What are tsunamis sometimes called? When tsunamis occur?? How fast are tsunamis capable of traveling? Where tsunamis travel faster, in deep water or shallow water? (15) Cách đánh dấu trọng âm: a Từ cĩ âm tiết: Trọng âm cĩ thể rơi vào âm tiết đầu âm tiết thứ hai - Danh từ và tính từ: - Trọng âm đặt vần đầu Ex: ‘table, ‘happy, ‘lucky, ‘weather…… - Một số danh từ cĩ trọng âm từ gốc Ex: de’sign, be’lief, ac’cept, de’mand……… - Danh từ tận cùng –OO hay –OON: trọng âm đặt trên vần này Ex: after’noon, bam’boo, bal’loon…… - Động từ: - động từ tận cùng –OW, -EN, -Y, -EL, -LE, -ISH: trọng âm vần thứ Ex: ‘follow, ‘finish, ‘carry, ‘suffer, ‘harden, ‘answer……… - động từ tận cùng –ATE: trọng âm đặt vần hai Ex: trans’late, cre’ate…… - Từ hai vần vừa là danh từ vừa là động từ: + Trọng âm đặt vần thứ chúng là danh từ Ex: ‘record, ‘object…… + Trọng âm đặt vần thứ hai chúng là động từ Ex: re’cord, ob’ject…… Note: Khơng phải tất các từ hai vần vừa là danh từ vừ là động từ theo qui tắt này - Một số từ cĩ trọng âm vần thứ nhất: purchase, promise, sorrow…… - Một số từ cĩ trọng âm vần thứ hai: regret, surprise, control…… - Giới từ: trọng âm đặt từ gốc Ex: be’hind, be’fore, a’bove…… - Từ ghép: - Danh từ: trọng âm thường đặt từ đầu Ex: ‘baseball, ‘schoolbag, ‘drugstore… - Tính từ: trọng âm thường đặt vần thứ hai Ex: good-‘looking, bad-‘tempered, old-‘fashioned - Đại từ phản thân: trọng âm đặt vần “self / selves” Ex: my’self, him’self, them’selves b Từ cĩ âm tiết: - Những từ cĩ hậu tố là: -ade, -ee, -ese, -ette, -ique, -eer, -ain thì trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết đĩ Ex: lemo’nade, ciga’rette, Vietna’mese, enter’tain … - Âm tiết liền trước các hậu tố -tion, thường nhận trọng âm Ex:, trans’lation - Từ tận cùng –ate thường đặt âm thứ tính từ cuối Ex: ‘generate, cer’tificate, cong’ratulate c Từ cĩ âm tiết trở lên: - Những từ tận cùng các hậu tố -ic, -ual, -ian, -ical, -ity, -graphy, -ics, -logy âm tiết liền trước nĩ thường nhận trọng âm Ex: eco’nomic, intel’lectual, mathema’tician, poli’tician, eco’nomical, uni’versity, ge’ography, mathe’matics soci’ology - Trọng âm đặt âm thứ trước các hậu tố -ize, -ary Ex: ‘modernize, ‘dictionary, i’maginary II Từ vựng: Cách nhận biết từ loại: a Cánh nhận biết danh từ: danh từ thường cĩ các hậu tố sau: (16) -TION/ -ATION -MENT -ENCE/-ANCE -NESS -ER (chỉ người) -OR (chỉ người) -IST (chỉ người) -AR/-ANT/-EE (chỉ người) -ING -AGE -SHIP -ISM (chủ nghĩa) -(I)TY (verb)-AL -TH prevention, invention, preservation, conservation, information development, employment, disappointment, instrument existence, difference, importance richness, happiness, business teacher, speaker, worker, writer, singer sailor, inventor, visitor, actor, editor physicist, typist, biologist, chemist, guitarist beggar, assistant, employee, interviewee teaching, understanding, schooling, building teenage, marriage, passage, package, drainage friendship, scholarship, championship pessimism, optimism, criticism, idealism (chủ nghĩa tâm) possibility, responsibility, reality, beauty, safety, variety refusal, arrival, survival width, warmth, strength, youth, truth, depth b Cánh nhận biết tính từ: tính từ thường cĩ các hậu tố sau: -FUL harmful, useful, successful, helpful, beautiful -LESS (nghĩa phủ định) homeless, careless, treeless (noun)-Y (cĩ nhiều) rainy, snowy, sandy, windy (noun)-LY (cĩ vẻ, hàng ngày giờ.ngày ) manly, friendly, motherly, yearly, hourly, daily -ISH foolish, selfish, childish (noun)-AL (thuộc về) industrial, natural, agricultural, musical -OUS poisonous, nervous, dangerous, famous -IVE active, expensive, attractive, progressive -IC artistic, electric, economic -ABLE countable, fashionable, comfortable, acceptable c Cánh nhận biết động từ: động từ thường cĩ tiền tố hậu tố sau: Tiền tố ENendanger, enlarge, enrich (làm giàu), encourage (động viên) -FY classify, modify, satisfy -IZE, -ISE socialize, modernize, industrialize -EN widen, frighten, brighten, sharpen -ATE considerate, translate, nominate d Cánh nhận biết trạng từ: trạng từ thường cĩ hậu tố -LY Ex: beautifully, carefully, suddenly, carelessly, recently Lưu ý: Một số trạng từ đặc biệt cần ghi nhớ: - good (a) well (adv): giỏi, tốt - late (a) late / lately (adv): trễ, chậm - ill (a) ill (adv): xấu, tồi, kém - fast (a) fast (adv): nhanh - hard (a) hard (adv): tích cực, vất vả, chăm hardly (adv): khơng Chức số từ loại: a Danh từ (Noun) Sau tính từ (adj + N) Sau - mạo từ: a /an / the - từ định: this, that, these, those, every, each, … - từ số lượng: many, some, few, little, several - tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their, its… They are interesting books He is a student These flowers are beautiful She needs some water (17) Sau ngoại động từ (V cần O) Sau giới từ She buys books She meets a lot of people He talked about the story yesterday He is interested in music The main has just arrived I don’t have enough money to buy that house (prep + N) Trước V chia thì (N làm chủ từ) Sau enough (enough + N) b Tính từ (Adj) Trước N (Adj + N) Sau TO BE Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem … This is an interesting books I am tired It becomes hot She feels sad Sau trạng từ (adv + adj) It is extremely cold I’m terribly sorry She is very beautiful Sau keep / make The news made me happy Sau too ( be + too + adj) That house is too small Trước enough (be + adj + enough) The house isn’t large enough Trong cấu trúc: be + so + adj + that She was so angry that she can’t speak A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my, … + (Adj) My new car is blue + Noun Trong câu cảm thán: - How + adj + S + V How beautiful the girl is! - Wht + (a / an) + adj + N What an interesting film! c Trạng từ (Adv) Sau V thường Trước Adj Giữa cụm V Đầu câu trước dấu phẩy Sau too V + too + adv Trong cấu trúc V + so + adv + that Trước enough V + adv + enough He drove carefully I meet an extremely handsome man She has already finished the job Unfortunately, I couldn’t come the party They walked too slowly to catch the bus Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident You should write clearly enough for every body to read REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tường thuật) Khi động từ giới thiệu quá khứ quá khứ hồn thành : I/.Statement : Dạng câu nĩi : Muốn đổi sang gián tiếp , ngồi việc đổi đại từ ta cịn phải lùi thì : S + said to+O “ S + V + O” S + told O that S (đổi) + V(lùi thì ) + O(đổi :nếu là đại từ) EX : She said “ I’m a pupil” She said that ……………………………………….………… * Cách đổi đại từ dấu ngoặc kép: - Khi đại từ dấu ngoặc kép ngơi thứ (I-me- my-we-us- our) ta đổi dựa vào chủ từ đứng trước động từ giới thiệu ( said/ told) và đổi thành ngơi thứ ba EX : S + say/ said to +O “I _ me _ my” “ we” they He He _ him _ his “ us” them She She _ her _ her “ our” their (18) - Khi đại từ dấu ngoặc kép ngơi thứ hai (you _ you_ your) đổi ta dựa vào túc từ đứng sau động từ giới thiệu (said/ told) S + say to + O “ you _ you _ your” me I me my us we us our them they them their him he him his her she her her EX : He says to her “ I miss you very much” He tells her that………………………………………………………………… * Cách lùi thì : am , is , are was , were , had been V1/Vs/es V2/Ved had V3/ed Don’t , doesn’t + V1 didn’t + V1 hadn’t + V3/ed Has , have + V3/ed had + V3/ed Must had to may might Will would can could Shall should Cách đổi số trạng từ câu gián tiếp: this that yesterday the day before these those the previous day now then last + N the N + before the previous + N today that day tomorrow the next day tonight that night the following day the day after ago before next + N the + N + after the following + N the next + N II/ Dạng câu Mệnh lệnh : 1/.Mệnh lệnh khẳng định : S + (tell / told ) + O “ V + O !” EX : She told him “ open your book” S +( tell , told O to V + O (đổi ) She told him …………………… b Mệnh lệnh phủ định : S +( tell / told) + O “ Don’t + V + O” S +( told , tell) O not to V + O (đổi: là đại từ) EX : She told them “ Don’t open your book” She told them ………………………………………………… III/.Dạng câu hỏi : Nếu khơng cĩ từ để hỏi ta dùng “ if / wheather” cịn cĩ từ để hỏi ta dùng lại từ để hỏi Sau đĩ đưa câu hỏi dạng câu nĩi , đổi cách đổi dạng câu nĩi 1/.Yes _ No question : asked + O S + wanted to know + if/ whether + S + V wondered EX : She asked him “ Do you know me ?” She asked him …………………………………………………… 2/.Wh_ question : asked + O S + wanted to know + Wh -word + S + V (19) wondered EX : She asked him “what you want ?” She asks him ……………………………………… THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE: (Thì quá khứ đơn) Formation: cách thành lập: a The affirmative form (Thể khẳng định) S + V (ed/ v2) + Objective Ex: I watched TV last night; I worked hard last week Note: việc thêm ED phải theo qui tắc sau: Nếu động từ tận cùng là e cần thêm d Ex : dance danced Notice noticed động từ tận cùng phụ âm, mà trước nó là nguyên âm thì phải gấp đôi phụ âm thêm ed Ex: stop stopped Nếu động từ tận cùng là Y, trước Y là phụ âm thì đổi Y thành I thêm ed Ex: study studied Marry married Cách đọc âm cuối ED : ED đọc / t / ed đứng sau âm điếc như: c, f, k, p, s, x, sh, ch Ex: stuffed , looked, stopped, massed, boxed, brushed, … ED đọc / id / : Khi ed đứng sau t, d Ex: divided, corrected ED đọc / d / loại trừ trường hợp trên: Ex: rubbed, travelled, tanned, buzzed, played, tried,… Dạng quá khứ động từ không theo qui tắc, xem bảng động từ bất qui tắc cột ( V2) Ex: eat – ate ; run – ran ; read – read ; put – put ; … b The Negative form ( Thể phủ định) Subject + didn’t + the Bare infinitive + Objective (the base form of the verb = Bare infinitive ) nghĩa là động từ nguyên mẫu không To.) Ex: He didn’t see any body; I didn’t watch TV last night c The Interrogative form (Thể nghi vấn): Did + Subject + the Bare infinitive + Objective ? Short answer: Yes, I did No, I didn’t Cách dùng: chúng ta dùng thì quá khứ đơn để nói : Những hoạt đông riêng lẽ quá khứ: Ex: - He locked the door and left the house - In those days I always went to restaurant for lunch Note: Thì quá khứ đơn dùng với các trạng từ thời gian như: last week, last month, last year, yesterday, … II/ THE SIMPLE PRESENT: (Thì đơn) Hình thức: ( Formation) I, We , You , They + Verb He, She, It , Lan, + Verb- S/ ES Cách dùng: diễn tả thói quen xãy thường xuyên ( câu thường có các trạng từ như: Everyday, often, usually, always, sometimes,…) Ex:- We come to school on time everyday (20) - My mother always gets up early every morning Diễn tả thật hiển nhiên Ex: - The earth is round the sun - Two and two are four III THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE: ( Thì tiếp diễn) Hình thức : (Formation) I + am We, You, They, + are Verb- ing He, She, It + is Cách dùng: Để diễn tả việc xãy (trong câu thường có các trạng từ như: (now, at the moment, at present,….) Ex: - My father is planting flower in the garden now - She is reading book in the library at the moment - Listening! Someone is knocking at the door Note: Động từ Be và các động từ cảm giác, tình cảm như: SEE, SMELL, LOVE, LIKE, TASTE, HEAR, THINK, KNOW, UNDERSTAND, HATE, PREFER, WANT, NEED, WISH, SEEM… thường thì không dùng các thì tiếp diễn IV THE PAST PROGRESSIVE / CONTINUOUS(Quá khứ tiếp diễn) Hình thức : (Formation) I, He, She, It + Was + Verb - ing We, You, They + Were Cách dùng: Để diễn tả việc xãy thời điểm xác định quá khứ Ex: What are you doing at one o’clock this afternoon ? I was watching football on the TV at that time Diễn tả việc diễn quá khứ thì việc quá khứ khác xãy Ex: When I was coming back home from, I met my friend Diễn tả hai hành động xãy cùng lúc quá khứ Ex: While Lam was reading a book, John was watching TV V THE PRESENT PERFECT (Thì hoàn thành) Hình thức : (Formation) I,We, You, They + Have + Past Participle He, She, It + Has (V – ed/ v3) Cách dùng: - Để diễn tả việc quá khứ mà thời điểm không xác định rõ; dùng với (already) Ex: I have already seen this film - Để diễn tả hành động vừa xãy ra, dùng với just Ex: My father has just come home from HCM City - Để diễn tả hành động bắc đầu quá khứ mà còn tiếp tục đến Trong câu thường có các giới từ SINCE và FOR Ex: We have learnt in this school for years My sister has been sick since yesterday Note: FOR ( thời gian): khoảng thời gian không xác định SINCE (kể từ khi, kể tư) Điểm thời gian xác định VI THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn) Hình thức : (Formation) I, We , You, They + HAVE + BEEN + V- ing He, She, It + HAS (21) Cách dùng: Để nhấn mạnh hành đợng khởi quá khứ kéo dài và cịn tiếp tục đến tương lai Ex: - She has been waiting to see you since o’clock (She is still waiting) - These students have been studying English for four year now VII THE SIMPLE FUTURE: (Thì tương lai đơn) Hình thức : (Formation) I, We + Shall + BARE INFINITIVE He, She, It, You, They + Will Cách dùng: Để diễn tả việc xảy tương lai Note: “WILL” đượcdùng cho các chủ ngữ I và We Ex: - I shall visit tomorrow - Will they go to the cinema next week? - We will see you at p.m tomorrow Note: Thì tương lai đơn dùng với các trạng ngữ thời gain như: next week, next month, next year, tomorrow,… “ Be going to” thường để diễn tả việc xảy ý định làm việc gì tương lai Ex: My parents are going to buy a new house Note: Thì Simple present dùng thay cho Thì Simple future các mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian (bắt đầu When, Before, Until,…) Ex: You will see him when he comes back tomorrow VIII THE PAST PERFECT: (Quá khứ hoàn thành) Hình thức : (Formation) Subject + HAD + Past Participle Cách dùng: Để diễn tả việc xảy quá khứ trước việc khác thời điểm quá khứ Ex: - He phoned me after he had passed the examination - The boy had died before he was brought to hospital - They had left for HCM City by o’clock this morming - The train had started before we arrived at the station IX THE PASSIVE VOICE: (Thể bị động) Qui tắc: Active voice: S + V + O + C Passive voice: S + (Be + PP- ed/ v3+) + C + (by) O d Bị động thì quá khứ đơn: S + was/ were + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Mr Smith taught English Passive: English was taught by Mr Smith h Bị động thì đơn: S + am/ Is / are + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray helps Tom Passive: Tom is helped by Dr Gray i Bị động tiếp diễn: S + am / is / are + Being + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray is helping Tom Passive: Tom is being helped by Dr Gray j Bị động thì quá khứ tiếp diễn S + was / were + being + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) (22) Ex: active: Dr Gray was helping Tom Passive: Tom was being helped by Dr Gray k Bị động các động từ Modal verbs như: ( Can, Will, Should, Must, Ought, Have to, Might, May, be going to , ) S + Modal verbs + Be + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray will help Tom Passive: Tom will be helped by Dr Gray Ex: active: My father can help Tom Passive: Tom can be helped by My father Ex: active: Dr Gray has to help Tom Passive: Tom has to be helped by Dr Gray l Bị động hoàn thành: S + (have/ has) + been + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray has helped Tom Passive: Tom has been helped by Dr Gray m Bị động quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + been + PP (ed/ v3) (quá khứ phân từ) Ex: active: Dr Gray had helped Tom Passive: Tom had been helped by Dr Gray Chú ý việc bỏ tác nhân: Nếu câu chủ động là: We, They, people, someone thì sau đổi sang câu bị động tác nhân này bỏ Ex: Active: - People speak English all over the world Passive: - English is spoken all over the world.( bỏ by people) Ex: active: They told me that he had left Passive: I was told that he had left (bỏ by Them) X Dạng động từ ( Form of verbs): A Verb – ing (Động từ thêm đuôi Ing) sử dụng các trường hợp sau: + Sau số độngtừ : avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, keep, would you mind, practice, stop,… + Sau các Phrase Verbs: to be used to, to looke forward to, to have good time, to spend, waste time, to be busy , how about, what about, suggest, + Sau các giới từ như: about, of, with, without… B To – INFINITIVE.(Động từ nguyên mẫu có To) Sử dung các trường hợp sau: + Sau các động từ: want, intend, decide, expect, hope, mean, offer, promise, refuse, wish… + Sau các tỉnh từ: glad happy, ready, kind, … + Sau các phó từ: Enough , too + Sau các đông từ sai khiến : ask, get, tell, advise, request + biểu đạt mục đích thay cho : “In order to / so as to” C) BARE INFINITIVE: (Động từ nguyên mẫu không có To) Sử dụng các trường hợp sau: + Sau các Modal verbs: can, may, must, will, shall, would, should, would rather , had better… + sau các động từ tri giác: See, hear, notice… XI ADVERB CLAUSE: 1.Adverb clause of reason: (Bởi vì) As / Since / Because + S + V Because of / due to + cụm danh từ S + be + Adj + that + S + V (là vì) (adj: afraid, angry, bad, certain, disappointed, glad, grateful, happy, helpful, hopeful, important, lucky, possible, sad, sorry, sure, thankful, true, wrong,…) 3.Adverb clause of result: (nên) S + V ., SO + S + V SO + S + V, S + V (23) Ex: Everyone felt tired and hungry, so they sat down under the tree and had a snack Because everyone felt tired and hungry, they sat down under the tree and had a snack 4.Adverb clause of concession: (mặc dù) Although/ though/ Even though + S + V Inspite of/ Despite + cụm danh từ Ex: Although the weather was bad, we finished the work on time Inspite of/ Despite the bad weather, we finished the work on time Adj + ly -> Adv (Note: good -> well, fast, hard, early, late,…) Linking verbs (be, feel, become, keep, make, look, sound, taste, appear, find,…) + adj Ordinary verbs (go, do, play, sing, drive, ) + adv Ex: Nam is good at English./ Nam learns English well XII Suggestions: Lời đề nghị I suggest How about + V +ING What about Let’s Shall we Why don’t we I think we should I suggest (that) + S + should XIII Relative clause: Chữ đứng trước Chức Chủ ngữ ( Subject ) Tân ngữ ( Object) Sở hữu (Possessive ) + V (bare infinitive) Chỉ người Chỉ vật WHO WHOM WHOSE WHICH WHICH OF WHICH (Whose) WHO: người, thay cho chủ ngữ, (thay cho he, she, it, they hay danh từ) Ex: I saw the woman She wrote the book S (người) who wrote the book I saw the woman who wrote the book WHOM: người, làm tân ngữ, (thay cho him, her, it, them hay danh từ) Ex: I know the man You want to meet him O (người) whom you want to meet I know the man whom you want to meet WHICH: vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ, thay cho it, them, they, danh từ) Ex: The pencil is mine The pencil is on the desk S (vật) which is on the desk The pencil which is on the desk is mine WHOSE … sở hữu vật/ người, thay cho his, her, there, the…of… Ex: The girl is my sister You took the girl’s picture whose picture you took The girl whose picture you took is my sister (24) THAT: người/ vật .chủ ngữ/ tân ngữ, không thay danh từ riêng, thay danh từ chung/ so sánh WHERE nơi chốn, thay cho there/ here/ in that place Ex: Monday is the day We will come then (thời gian) when we will come Monday is the day when we will come WHEN thời gian, thay cho then, in/ at that time, on that day, Ex: I never forget the village I was born there (nơi chốn) where I was born I never forget the village where I was born Note: who, which, whose sau danh từ riêng có dấu phẩy XIV Tag questions: * Nếu câu trần thuật thể khẳng định thì câu hỏi đuôi thể phủ định, và ngược lại S + V (khẳng định) , V (phủ định) + S? S + V (phủ định) , V (khẳng định) + S? Ex:You like watching sports, don’t you?/ You are a doctor, aren’t you ? I won’t go to the club tonight, will I?/ You aren’t a doctor, are you ? * Nếu động từ câu trần thuật là các trợ động tư:ø be, have, do, các trợ động từ phụ: can, could, may, must,… thì động từ câu hỏi đuôi là động từ đó Ex: He has got a car, hasn’t he ? / They couldn’t understand him, could they? * động từ câu trần thuật là động từ thường thì độngtừ câu hỏi đuôi là trợ từ Ex: You go to school today, don’t you ?/ She doesn’t eat meat, does she ? XV The Conditional sentences: có loại điều kiện a Điều kiện có thể (I) If clause Main clause - present tense (am/ is/ are Simple future (tương lai đơn) V(s/ es) Simple present ( Hiện đơn) Bare infinitive (nguyên mẫu- dạng mệnh lệnh) Ex: If I have time, I shall visit you If I have the money, I will buy a new car./ I will buy a new car If I have the money, If Tâm has enough time, he usually walks to school If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me Please call me if you hear from Jane e Điều kiện không thật tại: (II) If clause Main clause (Past subjunctive) quá khứ bàng thái Would, Như qúa khứ đơn động từ Be = Could, + Bare Infinitive WERE cho tất các ngôi Should, Might Ex: If I has the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend He would tell you about it if he were here If you practised English everyday, you could speak it fluently If I were you, I would not tell hihm about that What would you if you met an alien from outer space? f Điều kiện không tật Quá khứ: (III) If clause Main clause (25) (Quá khứ hoàn thành) HAD + Past Participle Would Could + HAVE + Past Participle Might Ex: If yesterday had been a holiday, I would have gone to the movies If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life If you hadn’t stopped your car in time, you might have killed the child XVII Dùng động từ “WISH”: Diễn tả (ước ao, mong ước) thường dùng để diễn tả ước muốn, tưởng tượng không có thật d Present Wish: (ước muốn tại) Subject + wish + (that) + Quá khứ bàng thái (Be) = were cho tất các ngôi Ex: I wish I were at the seaside now He wishes he could speak English fluently - I don’t have enough time I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework - He isn’t old enough We wish that he were old enough to come with us e Future Wish: (ước muốn tương lai) Could + Verb Subject + wish + (that) + Subject + Would + Ver Were + V- ing Ex: You can’t come We wish that you could come to the party tonight She is not coming with us She wishes that she were coming with us f Past Wish : (ước muốn quá khứ) Past perfect Subject + wish + (that) + Subject + (quá khứ hoàn thành) Could have + Quá k p từ Ex: I didn’t wash colthes I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday She couldn’t be there She wish that she could have been there We didn’t have more time We wish that he had had more time last night XVI Lời nói gián tiếp ( Reported speech) các loại câu bản: Loại câu phát biểu: Lưu ý đến thay đổi Ngôi, Thì , Trạng từ … Eg: Tom said: “I am feeling ill” => Tom said that he was feeling ill Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định: (He / She) + ordered/ told/ asked … + object + to infinitive Eg: I said to her, “ Please close the door” => I asked her to close the door Câu mệnh lệnh phủ định: (He / She) + ordered/ told/ asked … + object + not + to infinitive Eg: He said to them, “ Don’t be late tomorrow” He told them not to be late the next the day Cách đổi loại câu Yes / No question: ( He / She ) + asked … + O + if / whether + S + V Eg: “Are you hungry, John?” She asked She asked John (if /whether) he was hungry Cách đổi loại câu Wh - questions: (He / She) + asked … + O + question words + V Eg: What is her name?” Bill asked me Bill asked me what her name was (26) V Những động từ trước “V-ing” * DISLIKE DOING SOMETHING = không thích làm gì đó - I dislike being the center of attention (Tôi không thích làm trung tâm chú ý) * ENJOY DOING SOMETHING: thích thú, có niềm vui làm điều gì đó, thích làm gì đó là thú vui - Young children enjoy helping around the house (Trẻ nhỏ thường thích giúp đỡ làm công việc nhà) * FINISH DOING SOMETHING: hoàn tất làm điều gì đó, làm xong việc gì đó - When I finish typing this lesson, I will reward myself with a coffee (Khi tôi đánh máy xong bài học này, tôi tự thưởng cho mình ly cà phê) * GIVE UP DOING SOMETHING = QUIT DOING SOMETHING = từ bỏ làm gì đó - I wonder when my father will stop/quit smoking (Tôi không biết nào ba tôi bỏ hút thuốc lá) * PRACTISE DOING SOMETHING: thực tập, thực hành làm gì đó - You must practise speaking English as much as possible to become more fluent (Bạn phải thực hành nói tiếng Anh càng nhiều càng tốt để trở nên lưu loát hơn) * START DOING SOMETHING = BEGIN DOING SOMETHING: bắt đầu làm gì đó - After his business started bringing in profits, his health started going downhill (Sau việc làm ăn ông ta bắt đầu đem lại lợi nhuận thì sức khỏe ông bắt đầu xuống dốc) * SPEND TIME DOING SOMETHING: bỏ (thời gian) làm gì đó - He spends hours playing computer games every day (Mỗi ngày, nó bỏ tiếng đồng hồ để chơi game vi tính) * PREFER + V-ING + to + V-ING: thích làm gì làm gì - I prefer watching TV to playing badminton.( Tôi thích xem ti vi chơi cầu lông.) * LIKE DOING SOMETHING: thích làm gì đó(nói sở thích đó) - I like watching documentaries (Tôi thích xem phim tài liệu) * HATE DOING SOMETHING: ghét làm gì đó - Paul hates having his pictures taken (Paul ghét bị chụp ảnh) VI Các động từ kèm với giói từ: Listen to…: nghe ai/ cái gì speak/ talk to…: nói chuyện với … wait for…: đợi ai/ cái gì write to…: viết thư cho look at…: nhìn vào look after…: chăm sóc, trông nom look for …: tìm kiếm take care of….: chăm sóc, quan tâm… … VII Tính từ kèm với giới từ: famous for…: tiếng về… different from…: khác với full of…: đầy(cái gì) good at…: giỏi (27) interested in…: thích/ quan tâm đến… fond of…: thích… proud of…: tự hào afraid of….: sợ… bored with…: buồn vì… kind of…: tốt bụng… (28)