Chế độ đãi ngộ đối với quân đội dưới triều Nguyễn giai đoạn 1802 1884 tóm tắt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION VU THI NGA ARMY REMUNERATION POLICY UNDER NGUYEN DYNASTY PERIOD 1802 - 1884 Major: Vietnamese History Code: 9.22.90.13 SUMMARY OF HISTORY PHD THESIS HANOI - 2020 The work is completed at: FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Science instructors: Assoc Prof PhD Phan Ngoc Huyen Doctor Nguyen Thu Thuy Opponent 1: Assoc Prof Dinh Quang Hai - History institute Opponent 2: Assoc Prof Dam Thi Uyen – Thai Nguyen University Opponent 3: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Minh Duc – Military history institute The thesis will be defended at the University-level Thesis Evaluation Council held in Hanoi National University of Education at … hour … date … month… year… The thesis may be found at the library: + National Library, Hanoi + Library of Hanoi National Univesity of Education LIST OF WORKS BY AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS Vu Thi Nga (2019) "Remuneration for military officers in the Nguyen Dynasty in the period of 1802-1884" Journal of Science, University of Education, February 2019 Vu Thi Nga (2020) "Salary and allowances for soldiers in the Nguyen Dynasty army (1802-1884)" Journal of Science, University of Education, February 2020 Vu Thi Nga (2021) “The treatment regime for relatives of martial arts officers and soldiers in the army of the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802-1884” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, May 2021, pp 76-83 FOREWORDS Reason to choose a topic The Nguyen Dynasty was the last monarchy in Vietnam's feudal history During the independence period, under the reign of kings from Gia Long, Minh Menh, Thieu Tri to Tu Duc, the Nguyen Dynasty built a highly centralized monarchist state apparatus built on the basis of a unified administrative organization and fairly complete military force Among them, the most important factor affecting the strength of the Nguyen Dynasty's army was the salary and subsidies policy from the state budget for military officers and soldiers Currently, there are many issues about the Nguyen dynasty including the unresolved army issue, the consistent view in both historical and folk knowledge, the study of this issue contributes the clear and more objective awareness than the above issues The study on this issue will supplement the research resources on method and policies to build the military force of Nguyen dynasty and at the same time evaluate more specifically how the salary and remuneration policies for the military affected the organization, the operational level of the armed forces under this dynasty In the current context of the world and domestic situation, the hostile forces have always sought to undermine Vietnam's independence and territorial sovereignty and border, the construction of a well-trained official military force with strong spirit is very important In order to that, the government's remuneration and preferential policies for the military, especially for soldiers on duty in remote areas, border areas and islands to help them feel secure in their work are extremely necessary The research results of the thesis also contribute to supplementing valuable scientific resources directly serving the research and teaching and reference of the Nguyen Dynasty in universities, colleges and high schools Stemming from the above reasons, researcher decided to choose "Salary and allowances for the Nguyen Dynasty army from 1802 to 1884" as a research topic for doctoral thesis Research objectives and missions 2.1 Objectives Researching this topic, the thesis aims at the following objectives: Firstly, the thesis describes the picture of the historical context as well as the salary and allowance policies of the Nguyen Dynasty for the military Besides, the thesis analyzes and points out the efforts of the Nguyen Dynasty in implementing the salary and allowance policies and financial support for the army In addition, the research results of the thesis are to draw valuable lessons in investing and building the national security and national defense of the Vietnamese state in the current period 2.2 Research tasks The topic aims to solve the following tasks: Firstly, analyzing the bases of the Nguyen Dynasty's salary and allowance policies for the military such as the context of world history and domestically, the military organizational structure of the Nguyen Dynasty Secondly, presenting and systematically analyzing the contents of policies related to the Nguyen’s salary and allowance for the army such as: the policy of salary payment for the army under the Nguyen Dynasty; reward policy for incumbent military officers and active soldiers; policies for retired military officers and demobilized soldiers; policies for military officers, soldiers in casualties; policy for the family of military officers and soldiers Third, analyzing and evaluating the characteristics, the positive and limited effects of the Nguyen's salary and allowance and financial support policies for the military in the century XIX Object and scope of the research 3.1 Research subjects The research object of the project is the implementation of the Nguyen Dynasty's salary and allowance policy for the army during 1802-1884 Currently, the concept of military can be understood in a broad sense, but this research only refers to two subjects: military officers and soldiers 3.2 Research scope The thesis accesses the following: Time: The research topic ranged from the time when the dynasty was established in 1802 to 1884 when the Nguyen dynasty failed in the war against the French colonialists This was the period when the Nguyen Dynasty existed as an independent monarchy state Space: The materials and contents mentioned in the thesis on Dai Nam state territory under the Nguyen Dynasty Content: The thesis limit the mentioning the basic issues of salary and allowance policy for the military, including some related conceptual contents such as salary, benefit, allowance for retired officers and soldiers Research Methodology 4.1 Methodology The thesis applies dialectics of historical materialism to study the historical situation, content and characteristics and impacts of the Nguyen Dynasty's salary, perks, and subsidies policies on the military of the Nguyen Dynasty Nguyen Dynasty during the independence period from 1802 to 1884 4.2 Research Methodology The thesis is done through the synthesis of many specific research methods of the History major such as: historical method, logical method, statistical method, analysis, synthesis, comparison, reference sources of materials Of which, the two methods used mainly are historical and logical method Historical method: This is an important method to accurately, systematically describe the circumstances, content and purpose of the Nguyen Dynasty's salaries, bonuses, and allowances for the military during the period from 1802 to 1884 Logical method: The logical method is the use of scientific arguments to review, research, generalize and interpret historical events From there, evaluate, draw conclusions, point out the nature, inevitable tendencies, and movement rule of history In addition, the thesis also uses other auxiliary methods such as: Statistical method: This method aims to collect documents, process and filter important evidence and documents Methods of collecting and processing documents: In fact, guidelines and measures on salary and allowance policies for the Nguyen Dynasty's military are recorded in many different historical sources That requires the writer to compare and check the match or difference of events in the sources to choose a document to support the thesis Comparative method: This is an important method that helps authors to draw general points and evaluate a problem in the state's policy towards the military from specific events In particular, how those issues change over time or kings to assess the its meaning and impact toward officers and soldiers as well as its impact on the security and defense Contribution of the thesis The new scientific and practical contributions of thesis are as follows: The thesis is the first systematic and comprehensive research on the policies of salary and allowance for the Nguyen Dynasty through bibliographic and historical sources from the contents of the policies to the results, the impact of implementation measures The research results of the thesis are a useful reference source for the research and teaching of the history of the Nguyen Dynasty, the history of salary and allowance policy for the army at research institutes, universities, colleges and high schools across the country The structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusions, references and appendices, the content of the thesis is expected to be presented in chapters: Chapter Resources and Overview of research situation Chapter Basis of salary and allowance policy for the Nguyen Dynasty military period 1802-1884 Chapter Salary and allowances policy for the army under the Nguyen Dynasty Chapter Bonus and remuneration for the Nguyen Dynasty's army Chapter Commenting and evaluating the salary and allowance policy for the Nguyen Dynasty army in the period of 1802-1884 Chapter MATERIAL SOURCES AND OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH 1.1 Resources for researching the topic In order to conduct research on the content of the topic, the thesis uses the following main sources: 1.1.1 The source is the document about the dynasties before the Nguyen Dynasty This is the source to help the thesis author learn about the army policies of the dynasties before Nguyen Dynasty as a basis to compare with the salary and allowances policy of the Nguyen Dynasty for the army in the period of 1802-1884 as the historical compilation compiled in the periods before Nguyen; histories were recorded and compiled by previous historians of some histories compiled under the Nguyen dynasty, writing about previous dynasties such as Đại Việt sử ký tồn thư, Khâm định Việt sử thơng giám cương mục, Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí… 1.1.2 Literature sources compiled on the history of the Nguyen Dynasty This is the main source of historical data, high reliability, laying an important basis to restore the main content of the thesis These documents include: Nguyen Dynasty’s documents, Đại Nam thực lục (main editor) is one of the most essential sources of the topic Chapter III and V of Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển reflect the contents of the military organization and the salary policies of the Gia Long dynasties Minh Menh, Thieu Tri for the army Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển lệ tục biên (translation, 10 volumes of Thuan Hoa Publishing House, Hue printed in 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012) is a series of books on the rules of Nguyen kings from the year Tu Duc 5th (1852), especially chapter III and VII, reflect the salary and allowance policy of the Nguyen dynasty in the second half of XIX century from 1852 to 1889 Đại Nam liệt truyện, Quốc triều biên tốt yếu, Minh Mệnh yếu, Minh Mệnh ngự chế văn (dụ văn) 1.1.3 Sources are historical documents In addition to the above-mentioned historical sources, the author also references the information in the historical documents which are the results of research by contemporary historians such as: Vietnam History including volumes co-edited by Phan Huy Le, Dinh Xuan Lam and Le Mau Han, Education Publishing House, published in December 2012 Vietnamese History 15 History Institute, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Social Science Publishing House, published in 2013 Vietnam Military History consists of 14 volumes published by the National Political Publishing House 2019 In addition to the above historical sources, the thesis also references and inherits a number of published research documents related to the content of the published topic in the form of monographs, references, articles in specialized research journals of domestic and foreign scholars 1.2 Overview of research 1.2.1 The research of foreign scholars Related to thesis, there are a number of research by foreign scholars such as Alexander Barton Woodside (1971) Frédéric Mantienne (2003), Keith Weller Taylor (2013) and George Dutton (2016) 1.2.2 The research of domestic scholars 1.2.2.1 Research on military organization of the Nguyen Dynasty There were many research on the Nguyen Dynasty's military in general, organization and equipment of the Nguyen Dynasty's military in particular At the beginning of the XX century, Viet Nam brief history (Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, reprinted in 2008) by Tran Trong Kim; Phan Khoang (1948) with Vietnam – France historical relationship (from the century XVII to the beginning of the century XVII), Nguyen Tuong Phuong (1950) with the Compilation of Vietnamese military over the dynasties, Anti-aggression (Vietnamese history from 1858 to 1898), The first volume: "Southern against the French" (Construction Publishing House, Hanoi), by Tran Van Giau After 1975, specific issues of the Nguyen army were mentioned in many research works and articles, such as: Do Van Ninh (1993) on "Nguyen Dynasty army"; Nguyen Minh Duc with research "Nguyen Dynasty army and resistance to foreign invaders" printed in Nguyen Dynasty history - a new approach; Dinh Xuan Lam (chief editor) (2007), Vietnamese military history; Truong Thi Yen (chief editor) (2013), Vietnamese history, episode (from 1802-1858), Duong Dinh Lap (chief editor) the clan and to oppose the opposing forces, the Nguyen Lord and Le Trung Hung Dynasty made many special privileges for the soldiers 2.3 Organization of the army under the Nguyen Dynasty 2.2.1 Classification and military ranks Like the previous dynasties, the Nguyen Dynasty's army consisted of infantry, Marine, artillery and elephant troop Regarding the organization of the Infantry, including levels headed Doanh, followed by Vệ, Cơ, Đội led by Do Thong, Chánh nhị phẩm In terms of recruiting soldiers, the state took soldiers out of the male population, in addition to the recruited soldiers through the men managed by the State, the Nguyen Dynasty's soldiers were supplemented by recruiting outside men, which were selected from a part of the population not listed in the village’s men Distinguishing according to the level of trust and combat ability are Close soldiers, Prohibited solders, and new solders In each rank, in addition to the standing army, there was also a small force serving daily tasks in the Imperial City, the Royal Palace of members of the Royal Family, Departments of each team 2.2.2 Organizational structure 2.2.2.1 Structure of Infantry In the administrative system of the Nguyen Dynasty, the Infantry was one of six ministries, this was the specialized army task force established since King Gia Long The responsibilities of the Infantry include: managing the military officer’s rank; recruiting soldiers; military training; equipping soldiers, mobilizing troops to guard the garrison and suppress; defense organizations are also responsible for managing the arsenal, gunpowder storage and postal work 2.2.2.2 Organizing forces at the central level The Central Military Organization composed of levels, the highest level is Doanh the lowest grade is Ngũ Commanders of the Central Army units consist of officers rank from Chánh nhị phẩm to Tòng ngũ phẩm, the two levels of Thập and Ngũ commanders of these military units have not been classified in the ranks of military officers 2.2.2.3 Local force organization The organization of the local army forces was organized into levels equivalent to the army in the Imperial City Liên was only available in big provinces Vệ was equivalent to the Cơ level in the Imperial City in small and medium provinces The mandarins commanded the local military units including: Governor (head of a Liên cơ), Leader (head of a cơ/vệ), Cai (head of a team), Suất thập (heads of a ten), Ngũ trưởng (heads of a team of 5) 2.2.3 Number of units, number of troops and missions 2.2.3.1 Number of units and soldiers in the capital The organization of the Nguyen Dynasty army consisted of levels for the army forces in the Imperial City and the local, in which Doanh (at the central) – Liên (in the locality) the number of attached units and the number of soldiers in every unit In general, the total number of combat troops of the elite army in the Nguyen Dynasty was quite stable The number of soldiers serving in the elite Army also included to the lower ranks at the residence of the royal place and the soldiers of mandarins but not much In addition to being stationed in the Imperial Capital, the ranks of elite soldiers in the Army under the Nguyen Dynasty also managed a local force The number of troops in each Cơ is similar to that of the Vệ in the City with the number of 500 people, the actual number of troops was different from the norm 2.2.3.1 Number of units and soldiers in the locality In addition to the main force stationed in the Imperial City of Hue, every province had a standing army established according to the Rule of the Nguyen Dynasty This force was known as Cơ soldiers or Biền soldiers The Cơ consists of two main forces, the Infantry and the Marine Infantry includes statues and artillery The organization of the army, at the same time as the allocation of ranks, the place of garrison simultaneously with the clear assignment of each army Conclusion of chapter The Nguyen Dynasty played an important role in the activities of the country Comparing the role and position of the forces in the Nguyen Dynasty's army, it is clear that the Thân binh army was the most respected army, the Tinh binh and the Cơ binh were behind the Thân cấm binh It can be seen through the military soldier system, the same official but there was a difference in each rank For example, the head of Vệ of the Thân binh ranked from 2nd to 3rd, but at the Vệ of Cấm binh, ranked from nd to 4th The dignity of the Military officer class Vệ in Cấm binh was lower than one rank In addition, the position of Phó vệ úy at the rank rd in Thân binh but this position rank 4th in Cấm binh (lower one rank) Or the same for the Cai đội, in Thân binh rank th, but in Cấm binh and Tinh Binh, this Cai đội rank th or 6th respectively Cai đội in Cơ binh rank 6th, lower than Cai đội in center one level Chapter MARTIAL OFFICIAL REMUNERATION POLICY UNDER NGUYEN DYNASTY PERIOD 1802 - 1884 3.1 Salary policy for martial officials 3.1.1 Salary policy for incumbent martial officials - Salary by money, rice Under the Nguyen Dynasty, the system of wages in money and rice to martial officials was enacted under Gia Long This regulation was adjusted by Minh Menh Thieu Tri and Tu Duc kings depending on the actual living conditions and financial status of the country Salary receiving of martial officials in the Nguyen Dynasty regulated as follows: The martial officials in Citadel receive the salary at the Hộ Ministry, martial officials not in Citadel receive from the higher ranking people Regarding salary payment time of martial officials, in the 9th year of Gia Long (1810), salary is paid once a month The 5th Minh Menh (1824) changed to once every months - Land salary In addition to being provided with a salary in money and rice, martial officials under the Nguyen dynasty were also granted public land according to the military rule Different from the salary in cash and rice, the policy of granting land of the Nguyen Dynasty to mandarins (including martial officials) did not have much difference between the ranks - Clothes In addition to the salary by money, rice and fields, the martial arts also received annual money from the state for clothes In addition to being granted spring clothes, martial officials as well as mandarins were also granted winter clothes 3.2 Subsidy and allowance policy for incumbent martial arts 3.2.1 Allowance In addition to salary, martial officer goes on a mission, such as on duty in border areas, outposts or participating in battle can have more money, military equipment, and medicine In addition, martial officials are also subsidized when they attend training and get high results in practice 3.1.2 Subsidy - Subsidy for sick martial officials Sick martial officials, the Nguyen Dynasty lets them retired or supply medicine or have doctors come to treat them If the sick martial officials are old, the Nguyen Dynasty let them retire For martial officials who fell sick and died, the Nguyen Dynasty provides financial and cloth subsidies -The subsidy for the dead incumbent martial official: the Nguyen Dynasty from Gia Long to Minh Menh issues and adjustes the norms of the death allowance for martial officials, including statutory allowances, and even silver The Nguyen Dynasty also builds temple for death martial official - Subsidy for the injured martial official In addition to being cared for in the health facilities located in the Citadel and other localities, martial officers and soldiers also enjoy other economic benefits such as rewards and financial subsidies - Subsidy for the death martial officer Subsidy for martial officials who die in the army include money, silk fabrics, ranking, funeral cloths, sacrifices, worship and policys for their relatives - Subsidies for martial officials suffering from wind damage This subsidy policy was issued in the 14th Gia Long year (1815), the 26th year of Tu Duc (1873), the Nguyen Dynasty supplements some incentives for martial officials who suffered storms while working The level of granting is based on a number of criteria such as: rank, public or private work, death or not 3.2.3 Bonus policy for incumbent martial - Premium policy for meritorious official Under the Nguyen Dynasty, there were three important types of meritorious official: Khai Quoc meritorious official, Trung meritorious official and Vong Cac meritorious official At the beginning of the Nguyen Dynasty, according to the rule of Lord Nguyen Trong, King Gia Long rewards generals and soldiers with meritorious services to capture the enemy, including those who quell domestic uprisings and those who had merits in fighting against foreign forces (Siam, Cambodia and France) Rewarding martial officials in nation building and construction activities Under the Nguyen Dynasty, the military martial official who leads the army to the construction of public works such as citadels, agricultural production was also rewarded Rewards for martial officials on the occasion of Tet, holiday The reward is carried out in two forms: reward as a rule and reward according to the king's decree on each specific occasion, mainly base on specific occasion - Policy for Retired martial officials Retired martial officials not only have salaries but also royal uniforms to ensure the life of martial officers when leaving the army The Nguyen Dynasty also grants death allowance for death martial officers In addition, they are also rewarded with money Sub-conclusion of chapter Under the Nguyen Dynasty, the remuneration policy for martial officers in the army was paid special attention by the Kings and regularly adjusted to suit the country's circumstances The salary of martial arts officers in the army under the Nguyen Dynasty in the period 1802-1884 included money, rice and land Salary norms are based on rank and are granted according to the general salary regulations In addition to the salary, martial officials also receive benefits such as allowances, subsidies and rewards The outstanding feature of the subsidy policy for martial officials under the Nguyen Dynasty is that there are almost no rules, but often through events and for each specific unit Chapter SOLDIER REMUNERATION POLICY UNDER NGUYEN DYNASTY PERIOD 1802 – 1884 4.1 Salary policy for soldiers 4.1.1 Salary policy incumbent soldiers - Salary by money, rice When King Gia Long ascended the throne, he set a rule for soldiers in Bac Thanh Under Minh Menh, the King issues a salary policy for some units and adjusted the salary of some guards in the Citadel depending on the number of jobs as well as the background of the soldiers Under King Tu Duc, the salary system of some armies, such as the Tuyen Phong team of Than Binh and some guards of the Forbidden Army The regulations on salary payment for soldiers were promulgated and improved under the reigns of King Gia Long (1812), Minh Menh and Tu Duc 24 (1871) - Land salary The land salary is the salary provided by the field land in the homeland to support the parents, wife and children of soldiers Land salaries are granted more or less depending on the soldier class Under the Nguyen Dynasty, relatives of soldier serving in the army receive both land and salary - Uniform In addition to salary, soldiers in the army of the Nguyen Dynasty were also provided with clothes and an amount of money contributed by the people 4.1.2 Salary policy for demobilized soldiers This policy was promulgated in the 21st year of Tu Duc (1868), regardless of soldier rank from captain down The retirement age for soldiers is 55 years old, aged over 50 and under 55 years old for sick soldiers The Nguyen Dynasty also reviews and promotes for meritorious soldiers and provides them with salaries according to their promoted titles before retiring 4.2 Allowance and subsidy 4.1.2 Allowances for soldiers participating in defense and security activities - Travel allowance The travel allowance of soldiers of the Nguyen Dynasty was carried out under two policy: for road and waterway Based on time or distance, the Nguyen Dynasty has a daily salary allowance - Allowances for soldiers on duty The Nguyen kings, especially under King Tu Duc, were very concerned about allowancee of rice, clothes, and medicine for soldiers in duty Allowance for long-term missions, in difficult conditions Soldiers who work in difficult and harsh conditions, on missions away from home, long-term missions were all provided by the Nguyen Dynasty with extra money, rice, and clothes 4.2.2 Subsidies for soldiers - Subsidies for sick soldiers: In the 11th year of Gia Long (1812), the Nguyen Dynasty stipulates that localities had to set up convalescence camps with local medical doctor, or people taking turns on duty to treat soldiers' illnesses Funding is provided by the local government - Subsidy for injured soldiers This subsidy policy was promulgated under the reign of Minh Menh For Citadel injured soldiers, King Minh Menh distinguishes cases: in the uprisings of the peasants, in fighting with bandits, and in fighting the enemy in Cochinchina, with different rewards - Subsidy for death soldiers The Nguyen Dynasty implemented a number of incentives for soldiers and their relatives, such as reducing the the army serving time, providing monthly rice subsidy - Subsidy for soldiers suffering from wind accident In the second Gia Long year (1803), this policy was promulgated by the Nguyen Dynasty and continued to be implemented by the Nguyen kings of the later period, especially under the reign of King Tu Duc 4.2.3 Commendation mode for current soldiers 4.2.3.1 Commendation for soldiers performing defense and security tasks - Rewards for soldiers on guard duty and mission The form of reward is usually a general reward for troops on duty in a locality The Nguyen Dynasty also has a incentive reward policy for soldiers stationed in border areas, especially coastal outposts In addition, the Nguyen dynasty also rewards messenger soldiers at military stations - Reward for soldiers participating in battle After each military operation, soldiers who make merit will be rewarded by the court In addition, the state also organizes rewards for soldiers for quelling uprisings This form of reward is based on the number of times participating in battles - Rewards for soldiers fighting foreign invaders Under the reigns of Minh Menh and Thieu Tri, the king rewarded soldiers who fight the Siamese army, and the Tu King dynasty rewarded soldiers who fight against the French, Chinese bandits, and Cambodian troops on the border For meritorious soldiers, the court gave general rewards in cash or personal rewarded for soldiers with outstanding merits in money, silk cloth or titles - Rewards for soldiers in training Soldiers are rewarded for good achievements in activities such as censorship of team formations, exercises, tests and shooting competitions Like other activities, this awarding also includes forms: issuing reward rules and giving surprise bonuses 4.2.3.2 Rewards for soldiers building and constructing the country Under the Nguyen Dynasty, soldiers were rewarded for productive labor activities such as producing military equipment for combat, guarding soldiers, participating in agricultural production activities and constructing public works They are usually rewarded with money, silver is mainly a general reward after completing the task Sub-conclusion of chapter The salary system for soldiers was the most important regular grant system for soldiers under the Nguyen Dynasty Soldiers who join the army are given a salary that includes money Soldiers' salaries are not uniformly distributed The soldiers' rice wages were set by the rule under King Gia Long and have little adjustment through the Kings Martial arts soldiers also receive allowance in addition to salary In addition, the Nguyen dynasty also issues allowance policy for soldiers who were injured, killed, windstormed and their relatives The remuneration policy of the Nguyen Dynasty for soldiers participating in the battle, who had meritorious services to the country, plays an important role in motivating them both materially and spiritually Not only taking care of the soldiers currently serving, the Nguyen dynasty also implements a number of policies towards demobilized soldiers Chapter SOME COMMENTS AND EVALUATIONS ON SALARY AND BENEFITS PLICY FOR THE MILITARY UNDER NGUYEN DYNASTY (1802-1884) 5.1 Salary policy of the Nguyen Dynasty in comparison with other dynasties 5.1.1 The Nguyen Dynasty's salary and allowance policies for the military in comparison with previous dynasties The salary and allowance policy for the army of the Nguyen Dynasty was built on the basis of inheriting the salary and remuneration policies for the army of the previous dynasties: Ly, Tran, Le Sơ and Lord Nguyen Secondly, the salary and allowances policy for the Nguyen Dynasty's military period from 1802 to 1884 were the most complete policy in the history of making feudal military policies 5.1.2 Differences in the salary and allowance policy for the military of the Nguyen Dynasty during 1802-1884 before and after 1858 5.1.2.1 From 1802 to 1858, the salary and allowance policy for the army was implemented from the reign of Gia Long King to the first 10 years under King Tu Duc's rule The policy of rewarding and remuneration for meritorious soldiers of Gia Long king was the top priority of the court Meritorious soldiers were granted a fortune, money, and land Their descendants also enjoyed the court’s remuneration policy 5.1.2.2 From 1858 to 1884 This was a period of significant change in the salary policy of the previous kings, under the influence of French colonialists invading Vietnam The big problem was that Tu Duc king must implement appropriate salary and allowance for the army sent to the fronts against the invasion of the French colonialists In the context of high costs for the war, financial resources were in difficult from 1858 when King Tu Duc made some salary adjustments for the army In addition, during this period, King Tu Duc still had to maintain the policies of salaries, bonuses and allowances for the army as in the previous period, such as the land policy for soldiers and the salary policy for military officers ranking from the Ngũ phẩm down 5.2.1 Military remuneration policy shows a clear hierarchical distinction associated with specific subjects This characteristic is reflected in the organization of the army and in the policy for martial officials and soldiers For the military rank organization, a part of the descendants of the royal family were recruited as soldiers This is the rank of soldiers that directly protects the king and the royal family, and this is also the part that enjoys the highest benefits in the state's policies, from salary, hierarchy to other reward policy Martial officers who is the person in the royal family fighting uprisings or foreign invaders, may be killed or injured, has higher reward level than other martial officials In addition, the Nguyen Dynasty promulgates a policy of granting favors to soldiers from the Thanh - Nghe region, especially soldiers from Tong Son, the homeland of the Nguyen Dynasty Not only preferential policy for soldiers who have a close relationship with the King, but there was also a distinction between high-ranking mandarins and lowranking mandarins in salary and bonus policy 5.2 Some characteristics of the salary and allowances policy for the army under the Nguyen Dynasty period from 1802 to 1884 5.2.1 Military remuneration policy shows a clear hierarchical distinction associated with specific subjects This characteristic is reflected in the organization of the army and in the policy for martial officials and soldiers For the military rank organization, a part of the descendants of the royal family were recruited as soldiers This is the rank of soldiers that directly protects the king and the royal family, and this is also the part that enjoys the highest benefits in the state's policies, from salary, hierarchy to other reward policy Martial officers who is the person in the royal family fighting uprisings or foreign invaders, may be killed or injured, has higher reward level than other martial officials In addition, the Nguyen Dynasty promulgates a policy of granting favors to soldiers from the Thanh - Nghe region, especially soldiers from Tong Son, the homeland of the Nguyen Dynasty Not only preferential policy for soldiers who have a close relationship with the King, but there was also a distinction between high-ranking mandarins and lowranking mandarins in salary and bonus policy 5.2.2 The remuneration for the army shows the special devotion of the Nguyen Dynasty towards the army The state's special concern toward the army is shown first in the policy of rewards and subsidies for martial officers and soldiers who have contributed to the dynasty, including the preferential policy for meritorious officials This policy includes monetary allowances according to regulations, for military formation and in some cases of special merit, which are granted separately For unlucky soldiers while on duty, the Nguyen Dynasty shows attention through the allowance system Retired military officials and demobilized soldiers also receive a monthly allowance of rice and money from the state, especially death allowance for died retired martial officers The implementation of the policy of granting rice money to the family of the mandarins or the reward policy for meritolous official is also a way of showing the concern of the Nguyen Dynasty for those who have made meritorious services to the dynasty and the country The concern of the Nguyen Dynasty to soldiers was also reflected in the remuneration policy for soldiers who were originally prisoners 5.2.3 The army remuneration policy of the Nguyen Dynasty showed flexibility to ensure the lives of soldiers (especially for soldiers on combat duty) First of all, the Nguyen Dynasty provides preferential treatment to soldiers when participating in battle In addition, the remuneration policy of the Nguyen dynasty clearly showes the state's incentives for martial officers and soldiers directly participating in the war In the army of the Nguyen Dynasty, not only troops serving as a standing force and participating in combat, but also a part of troops serving in the citadel and participating in construction and production activities In addition to the general reward, martial officers and soldiers with special merits are also rewarded separately, and martial officers who have committed crimes but have made merit in the battle are also rewarded 5.2.4 The Nguyen Dynasty's policies for military officers and soldiers reflected the country's political, social, and economic potential The salary and allowances policy for the officers of the Nguyen Dynasty were made on the basis of a specific organization and army This policy was governed by the political situation, historical context, economic and social conditions of the country in the 19th century At the same time, these policies had the effect of strengthening politics, creating a stable environment for economic development and social peace 5.3 The effects of the salary policy on Vietnamese society 5.3.1 Positive impact For society The State's salary and allowance policy ensured the material and spiritual life of the army, helped society to be assured of life For military officers and soldiers, the government's salary and remuneration policies ensured the lives of military officers and soldiers, encouraging them to feel secure in fulfilling their duties 5.3.2 Some downside of the policy The large number of soldiers and the government's preference for soldiers was a burden to the country's economy such as ensuring the maintenance of a large area of land provided to military officers and soldiers while public land was narrow down and happening of natural disasters such as dyke breakage, flood, drought, storms The fine policy reflected a blind, powerful mindset This issue was expressed primarily in the government's punishment policy for military officers considered guilty The policies and treatment of the Nguyen Dynasty's army could not prevent the soldiers from fleeing the army This situation increased especially during the reign of King Tu Duc Many of the salary policies for the Nguyen Dynasty's military were temporary Conclusion of chapter Salary and allowances for officers and soldiers were one of the important policies for building an army under the Nguyen Dynasty which was built on the basis of inheriting policies for soldiers of the previous dynasties The greatest outcome of this policy was to help the Nguyen Dynasty manage the country to maintain its rule At the same time, these policies also reflected the humanitarian ideology, the tradition of drinking water, remembering the Nguyen Dynasty's source for the soldiers who contributed to the country In addition to positive values, the Nguyen Dynasty's salary policy for the army inevitably included limitations such as class and inequality The salary and subsidy policy was a great effort of the Nguyen Dynasty to build a base and a foundation of power for the authoritarian monarchy CONCLUDE Through the process of researching and researching about the treatment of the Nguyen Dynasty for the army, the author of the thesis draws the following conclusions: The treatment regime of the Nguyen dynasty for the army was born in order to build a strong army and ensure the political stability of the ruling class Different from the previous assessment that the Nguyen Dynasty's army was weak and backward, built on the foundation of a dynasty in severe crisis With the specific and objective and reliable documents mentioned above, it can be seen that compared to the previous feudal dynasties, along with the sense of building a centralized state under the Nguyen Dynasty, it was very conscious of building a strong regular army to ensure the rule of the family as well as the stability of the nation The content of the treatment regime for the army under the Nguyen dynasty through the dynasties from Gia Long to Tu Duc was more and more perfect than in previous dynasties In fact, the norms granted and the measures to subsidize the treatment of the army under the Nguyen dynasty have partly ensured the material life of the soldiers In fact, the salary and allowance policy of martial arts officials for the army of the Nguyen Dynasty is not quite the same as the previous assessment of some researchers when they said that: Soldiers were mistreated by the court, and military officials were abused by the court look cheap In fact, the cause of the defeat of the Nguyen Dynasty's army to the French colonialists stemmed from mistakes in the resistance line, the lack of resistance to the resistance of a large part of the imperial and military officials The treatment regime of the Nguyen dynasty had a significant impact on the soldiers - the force that played a direct role in the political stability of the country In particular, the salary regime for military officers is an important policy to ensure the material life for soldiers to practice and fight, and to maintain the stability of the army The forms of allowances and special allowances for soldiers when they are on duty are meant to timely motivate them mentally to help them complete their tasks well The treatment regime of the Nguyen Dynasty for soldiers participating in the battle, those with meritorious services to the dynasty, sick soldiers, martyrs, and subjects such as widows and orphans of dead soldiers really had a positive meaning Poles, somewhat stabilized life for a part of the population and at the same time in a certain aspect expressed humanistic thought under the rule of the Nguyen Dynasty The treatment of the Nguyen dynasty for martial officers and soldiers can better understand the political situation, economic potential, stability or instability of contemporary society, especially for those policy that is prioritized by the state under each king's reign or in a certain historical context Military treatment under the Nguyen dynasty has some limitations such as showing a clear distinction between the ranks and origins of soldiers Although many measures have been taken to ensure the morale of martial officers and soldiers, the treatment regime for the army under the Nguyen Dynasty inevitably has some limitations in the content of the policy as well as the process implementation process In particular, many regulations are issued from the granting of a specific object and then set into an enforcement rule with similar cases In addition, the treatment for the army under the Nguyen dynasty was still unavoidable, the situation of soldiers escaping from the army and the decline in number due to the inability to recruit soldiers, especially during the reign of King Tu Duc The treatment policies for the army under the Nguyen Dynasty are not only meaningful for the time, but also leave many valuable lessons learned in the organization and construction of the current military force Research on the subsidy regime of the Nguyen Dynasty for soldiers injured, dead, sick or accident as well as measures to support the families of soldiers' parents-in-laws and children also shows that these are meaningful policies Humanitarian cause, it is very necessary for the current Vietnamese state to consult in formulating policies for wounded soldiers, families of martyrs, and people with meritorious services to the revolution every year REFERENCES A LIST OF ARTICLES RELATED TO THE THESIS APPENDIX ... Or the same for the Cai đội, in Thân binh rank th, but in Cấm binh and Tinh Binh, this Cai đội rank th or 6th respectively Cai đội in Cơ binh rank 6th, lower than Cai đội in center one level... Dynasty (1802- 1885)” Author Bui Gia Khanh (2010) had a number of researches on the Nguyen Dynasty's marine published such as Bui Gia Khanh (2010), The Nguyen Dynasty’s Marine in the period of 1802. .. in the period of 1802- 1884" Journal of Science, University of Education, February 2019 Vu Thi Nga (2020) "Salary and allowances for soldiers in the Nguyen Dynasty army (1802- 1884) " Journal of