LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô LV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tôLV04 vấn đề cấu tạo xe 1 cấu tạo ô tô
kap all covers 6/9/03 9:48 am Page Student Workbook LV04 Vehicle Construction (1) LV04/SWB Student Workbook for Technical Certificates in Light Vehicle Maintenance and Repair MODULE LV04 VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION Contents Page Page ……… Materials Used in Vehicle Construction: Main categories of materials used in automotive construction Metals Ferrous metals High strength steel plate Cast iron Non–ferrous metals Copper Tin Lead Aluminium Other materials (non-metallic) Plastics Rubber Totally tempered glass Partly tempered glass Laminated glass Kevlar Progress check 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 10 Component Identification: Exercise Spoilers and air dams Sub frames Roof panel Scuttle plate Side structure Exercise Exercise Panel fixing Locking and securing devices 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 Hinges Door lock mechanism Weather seals Progress check 22 23 23 24 Vehicle Chassis Types: Chassis construction Self supporting frame Partly supporting frame (sub-frame) Platform chassis Backbone chassis Composite body Ladder frame Monocoque body Space frame Progress check 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 Chassis Construction Subassemblies: Box section Tubular section (space frame) C shaped channel Load bearing points Progress check 32 32 33 33 34 35 Vehicle Safety Construction Features: Passive systems Crumple zones Side impact SRS airbag 36 36 36 37 38 (Cont.) -1Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Page Seat belt pre-tensioners Energy absorbing steering column Active systems ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) VSC (Vehicle Stability Control) Progress check 38 39 40 40 40 41 Body Deformation and the Ripple Effect: Benefits of safety systems Regulations Progress check 42 43 43 44 ……… -2Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Materials Used in Vehicle Construction Main categories of materials used in automotive construction The modern motor vehicle uses a vast array of differing materials in its construction, each material adding to the vehicle’s strength, reliability, resistance to corrosion and low noise vibration and harshness (NVH) Manufacturers of motor vehicles now have to consider the impact that the use of such materials will have on the environment Metals Metals form the major make up of a vehicle’s construction The properties that metals possess lend themselves particularly well to use as a constructive material for vehicles Metals have the following properties: • ductility – can be drawn into wire • malleability – can be rolled and hammered into sheets and foil • large specific gravity (dense) • high in electrical and thermal conductivity It should be noted that mercury is a metal but possesses few of the above properties -3Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Ferrous metals A ferrous metal is one that is derived from iron Iron is seldom used in its pure form, as it possesses poor strength and durability (it’s quite brittle) To improve its characteristics, iron is often mixed with carbon The amount of carbon that is used has a huge effect on the material If we use between 0.035% and 2% carbon, we have just produced steel If we use between 2% and 6.67% we have just produced cast iron Carbon steel is used for body panels and some suspension components on motor vehicles High strength steel plate High strength steel plate can be created by mixing carbon steel with other materials, or through special heat-treating processes Mixing in silicon, manganese, phosphorous, titanium, vanadium or chromium can vastly increase the strength of the steel and allow a manufacturer to reduce the thickness of the material for a given required strength This reduces cost and saves weight, improving performance all-round Heating steel to specific temperatures and then cooling them rapidly (known as quenching) can also achieve considerable changes in steels properties Cast iron Cast iron (iron containing 2% carbon or more) is often used for engine components and is hot cast into moulds as a liquid Cast iron has good wear characteristics but is brittle Non-ferrous metals Non-ferrous metals are metals that contain no iron Some examples that are used in the construction of vehicles are: Copper Copper has very high electrical and thermal conductivity properties Copper is used in the electrical harnesses and cooling systems pipe work on vehicles -4Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Tin Tin is used to a limited degree in vehicle construction, as it is prone to corrosion It is alloyed with lead to produce solder that is used in the joining of electrical circuits on vehicles An interesting fact is that solder has a lower melting point than both of its constituent alloy materials (lead and tin) Lead Lead is used in the construction of vehicle batteries and is also used in the alloyed metal of crank shaft bearings Aluminium Aluminium, as well as being the most abundant metal (and therefore cheap) is extremely light and has good electrical conductivity It is used extensively on vehicles often making up large proportions of engine components and even body panels and structural members As can be seen from the table above, aluminium can be alloyed with many different materials to give it specific characteristics -5Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Other materials (non-metallic) Non-metallic materials are used in abundance on modern motor vehicles They fall into two main categories – organic (natural) and inorganic Organic materials would include leather (seat covers etc.) and plastics (derived from oil) and inorganic would include glass Plastics A selection of plastics that are regularly used in the construction of motor vehicles are shown above Plastics are classified as either thermoplastics or thermosetting plastics A thermoplastic is one that becomes pliable again when reheated, a thermosetting plastic, once initially set, cannot be reheated (they burn rather than melt) Be aware that ECU casings are often made of ABS and this can be misleading if you are trying to identify the ABS ECU (Anti-lock Braking System) as ABS is often stamped on these assemblies to identify the material not the function! -6Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Rubber Rubber can be either natural or synthetic (man made) Natural rubber is made from the sap of a rubber tree In its natural state it is of little use, but once vulcanised – heated with sulphur – it takes on elastic properties (the ability to readopt original shape once a deflecting force is removed) Synthetic rubber is an elastic polymer and tends to be far more suited to vehicle applications Chemical engineers can change its structure to ensure compatibility with highly aggressive oils such as brake fluid Totally tempered glass Totally tempered glass is heat-treated in accordance with the diagram above When you heat a given material you change its molecular structure physically Most materials if allowed to cool slowly will readopt their original molecular condition but if you quench that material (rapidly cool it) it will stick in that changed state This is often a highly stressed state Glass is no exception Totally tempered glass is cooled rapidly at the end of the process to retain strength-orientated characteristics Quenching rapidly makes the glass around four times more shock resistant than conventional glass However, if it does break it often shatters catastrophically because of the quenching stresses within it depriving the driver of any forward vision For this reason it is seldom used for front screens -7Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Partly tempered glass Glass that is partly tempered receives limited quenching to the middle area This process ensures that if breakage occurs the glass that has only been partly tempered breaks into very large pieces Therefore a limited amount of frontal vision is retained Laminated glass To laminate means to layer Laminated glass is two thin sheets of glass bonded together with a transparent resin film As a safety glass it has huge benefits The resin layer prevents the glass shards from falling into the vehicle when the screen breaks It is highly resistant to penetration and frontal view is maintained upon breakage -8Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Kevlar Kevlar is a manmade organic fibre introduced in the early 1970’s It combines high tensile strength with low weight and has high chemical resistance It is tough, with high cut resistance and is also flame proof and self-extinguishing Typical applications: • bullet proof vests • helmets • Formula racing car bodies • aircraft bodies • brake pads and clutch linings • tyres • gaskets • transmission belts • hoses • data transmission cables • vehicle body panels -9Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Space frame A skeletal structure formed from sections of steel pipe It is very costly to produce and therefore rarely used - 30 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Progress check Answer the following questions: What is the difference between a self-supporting frame and a monocoque chassis construction? Name one advantage of carbon composite chassis construction: Why certain structural members have to be strengthened on a cabriolet-bodied vehicle? What is the most common type of chassis used on commercial vehicles? List two advantages of monocque construction: - 31 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Chassis Construction Sub-Assemblies We have seen that there are numerous different chassis construction arrangements from which manufacturers can choose Most of these methods employ the use of pre-fabricated sub-assemblies These can consist of the following: • box section • tubular section • channel Box section The box section is made up of two C shaped channels combined These are off-centred vertically and laterally and welded together to form the box section This section has very high levels of stiffness but does tend to be relatively heavy wheel drive vehicles favour this design due to the expected rigours of off-road driving and the flex that this creates in chassis members - 32 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Tubular section (space frame) Constructed of steel pipe welded together to form a skeleton As the chassis and body are constructed of steel pipe it is not exactly an independent type frame Racing cars often use this type of construction C shaped channel This is used on ladder frame chassis arrangements found on light and heavy commercial vehicles Its properties include good stiffness and low cost The open channel section also provides extra space for the mounting of components - 33 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Load bearing points Areas marked in grey are some of the areas on a monocoque body that are load bearing members and load bearing points These areas provide the majority of the overall strength of the chassis in respect of driving, braking and cornering forces and also during accidents - 34 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Progress check Answer the following questions: Name one load bearing point on a monocoque chassis: What type of vehicle often uses a ladder frame chassis construction? How is a ‘list rail’ positioned on a chassis? - 35 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Vehicle Safety Construction Features Modern vehicles have many safety features ’built in’ from the design stage Some of these systems and features are more visible than others (such as airbags) and some less so - such as collapsible steering columns and crumple zones All vehicle safety features and systems are classified as either ‘passive’ or ‘active’ A passive safety system is one that acts to limit injury during an accident An active safety system is one that acts to prevent the accident from happening in the first place Passive systems The following are examples of passive vehicle safety systems: • crumple zones • side impact protection air bagsair bags • pre-tensioned seat belts • energy absorbing steering column Crumple zones These are pre-deformed sections in the chassis legs and body that allow the front and rear of a vehicle to collapse but to retain the integrity of the passenger compartment to reduce injury to the driver and passengers - 36 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue A chassis leg with pre-deformed sections absorbs the impact, absorbing the transmitted energy and reducing further damage to the vehicle in minor impacts Flitch panels are often drilled to help it to crumple during impact The holes allow the panel to ‘give’, releasing the energy created by the impact Side impact protection Side impact bars in the doors and strengthened B posts and sills along with centre cross members protect the driver and passengers when the side of the vehicle suffers an impact Front and rear bumpers are made for the most part of polypropylene plastic (which provides superior resistance) with a steel or aluminium impact bar behind This provides protection at low impact speed - 37 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue SRS Airbag SRS (Supplementary Restraint System) air bags are now commonplace Airbags are now positioned to protect the driver and passengers in the event of impact from virtually any direction with the exception of rear end shunts (where the head restraint is of primary importance) Driver’s airbags are housed within the steering wheel pad, passenger airbags within the dashboard, curtain shield airbags in the roof runner trim and side airbags in the seat back Some manufacturers are now fitting airbags to protect the driver’s knees and also airbags that deploy across the front screen Rollover protection airbags can now be found under roof linings on high specification vehicles Airbags are explosive devices and can cause serious injury if dealt with incorrectly Technicians must not work on such systems unless trained to so Seat belt pre-tensioners Seat belt pre-tensioners work in conjunction with frontal protection airbags Upon deployment of the front airbags, explosive charges remove any slack from the seat belt preventing the occupant from adopting a position dangerously close to the deploying airbag The importance of wearing seatbelts in a vehicle equipped with airbags cannot be over stressed Without this restraining mechanism, airbags can indeed be lethal Hence the term SRS – Supplementary Restraint System - 38 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Energy absorbing steering column In heavy frontal impacts, the steering column can cause considerable injury to a driver thrown forwards in their seat To reduce this likelihood, steering columns are now designed to collapse in a controlled fashion therefore absorbing the energy of this impact The diagram above shows the mechanism at the heart of this system The inner steering column is fabricated in two parts mounted concentrically and pinned together These pins are designed to shear in the event of sufficient axial force In addition to this, the steering column outer is mounted to the bulkhead by a bending bracket As the name suggests, this bracket bends to aid energy absorption It should be noted that this system is surprisingly vulnerable to damage during stripping activities if the correct tools are not used Worst-case scenario – the pins are weakened during removal and refit and they shear during high speed cornering Always use the correct tools! - 39 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Active systems The following are examples of active safety systems: • ABS • VSC / ESP / DSC • collision prevention systems ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) ABS is designed to prevent wheel lock up during emergency braking A vehicle decelerates less efficiently with locked wheels and directional stability is completely lost The ability to steer around obstructions during emergency braking can help prevent collision VSC (Vehicle Stability Control) Vehicle stability control is a system that reduces the tendency of a vehicle to understeer or oversteer during high speed cornering This can help prevent a potentially dangerous vehicle attitude that the driver finds difficult to recover from Manufacturers use different terms for this system and the following are typical: • ESP - Electronic Stability Programme • DSC – Dynamic Stability Control - 40 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Progress check Answer the following questions: Name two types of active safety systems: Name two types of passive safety systems: What does a seat belt pre-tensioner do? - 41 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Body Deformation and the Ripple Effect It is advantageous for a vehicle’s chassis to deform during impact as this process absorbs the energy of the impact Major injury results from a high rate of speed change during the impact If this process can be slowed, survival chances will increase Deformation of the chassis slows this rate considerably The drawback of this process (albeit a minor one when considered in context) is that a relatively minor impact can create considerable damage through what is known as the ripple effect A minor frontal collision can result in damage being sustained towards the rear of the vehicle also This can make repairs very costly Secondary damage can also add to repair costs The picture above shows a potential source of such damage - 42 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Benefits of safety systems The design and production of crumple zones or passive and active safety measures over the last few years have meant that even after heavy impacts car drivers and passengers are receiving less serious injuries due to vehicle accidents In the case of strong impacts from the front, air bags deploy rapidly in order to reduce the possibility of the head and upper torso colliding directly with the steering wheel or instrument panel Seat belt restraining time is quicker to improve initial restraining performance and the force limiter in the seat belt absorbs the energy and reduces the load on the torso The crumple zones absorb the impact front and rear on the vehicle body, minimizing injury to occupants from the engine compartment or boot area Safety glass lessens the chance of serious cuts and facial injury from the windscreen and side glass Side impact bars and side air bags protect occupants from serious injury when involved in impacts from the off side or near side of the vehicle All of these safety measures have led to fewer fatalities and less serious injuries due to car collisions Regulations The EU and the Department for Transport (DfT) govern regulations on design and construction of motor vehicles These departments ensure that motor manufacturers comply with all safety legislation and that vehicles are crash tested and components tested to their limits Approved centres such as Motor Insurance Repair and Research Association (MIRRC) at Thatcham are supported and approved by the Government and the motor industry to ensure that all vehicles comply with the regulations relating to the construction, design and safety of motor vehicles - 43 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Progress check Answer the following questions: Name one application of aluminium in a vehicles construction: Is Kevlar natural or synthetic? Where is a flitch plate located on a vehicle? What is ‘Ripple Effect?’ What is ‘Crumple Zone’? - 44 Copyright © Automotive Skills Limited 2003 All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue ... 8 10 Component Identification: Exercise Spoilers and air dams Sub frames Roof panel Scuttle plate Side structure Exercise Exercise Panel fixing Locking and securing devices 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 ... All Rights Reserved LV04: Vehicle Construction Issue Materials Used in Vehicle Construction Main categories of materials used in automotive construction The modern motor vehicle uses a vast array... in Light Vehicle Maintenance and Repair MODULE LV04 VEHICLE CONSTRUCTION Contents Page Page ……… Materials Used in Vehicle Construction: Main categories of materials used in automotive construction