Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 YOUR FEEDBACK YOUR BOOK Our research never ends Continual feedback from you ensures that we keep up with your changing needs www.cengage.com Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 Inside Front Cover (8.5”) Inside Back Cover (8.5") PSYCH introductory psychology SPENCER A RATHUS Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 9/17/18 7:35 AM PSYCH6 Spencer A Rathus Senior Vice President, Higher Ed Product, Content, and Market Development: Erin Joyner Product Manager: Shelby Stewart Content Manager: Rebecca Charles © 2020, 2018, 2016 Cengage Learning, Inc Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner Product Assistant: Leah Jenson Marketing Manager: Tricia Salata For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Sr Designer: Marissa Falco Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 or support.cengage.com Text Designer: Joe Devine, Red Hangar For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all Cover Designer: Chris Miller, C Miller Design requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Cover Image: Flashpop/DigitalVision/Getty Images Intellectual Property Analyst: Deanna Ettinger Intellectual Property Project Manager: Jillian Shafer Production Service: SPi Global Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954593 Student Edition ISBN: 978-0-357-04121-5 Student Edition with MindTap ISBN: 978-0-357-04105-5 Cengage 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world Find your local representative at www.cengage.com Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengage.com Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2018 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 9/17/18 7:35 AM SPencer A Rathus PSYCH 10 11 12 13 14 Brief Contents What Is Psychology? Biology and Psychology 30 Sensation and Perception 62 Consciousness 92 Learning 120 Memory: Remembrance of Things Past—and Future 146 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 174 Motivation and Emotion 204 The Voyage through the Life Span 232 Personality: Theory and Measurement 260 Stress, Health, and Coping 286 Psychological Disorders 306 Methods of Therapy 330 Social Psychology 354 Quiet Noise Creative/Getty Images Appendix: Statistics 382 Answers to Chapter Review Questions 396 References 398 Index 425 iii Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 9/25/18 6:03 PM Contents 3-3 Visual Perception 73 3-4 Hearing 80 3-5 The Other Senses 84 3-6 ESP: Is there Perception without Sensation? 87 Image Source/Alamy Stock Photo Consciousness 92 4-1 What Is Consciousness? 93 4-2 Sleep and Dreams 96 4-3 Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback 102 4-4 Altering Consciousness through Drugs 106 4-5 Depressants 108 4-6 Stimulants 110 What Is Psychology? 1-1 Psychology as a Science 1-2 Historical Foundations of Psychology 1-3 Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology 11 1-4 How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes 15 1-5 Methods of Research 18 1-6 Ethics in Psychological Research 23 1-7 Critical Thinking 24 Learning 120 5-1 Learning, Experience, and Change 121 5-2 Classical Conditioning: Learning What is Linked to What 122 5-3 Applications of Classical Conditioning 126 5-4 Operant Conditioning: Learning What does What to What 129 5-5 Applications of Operant Conditioning 136 Biology and Psychology 30 2-1 The Nervous System: On Being Wired 32 2-2 The Divisions of the Nervous System 38 2-3 The Brain: Wider than the Sky 41 2-4 A Voyage through the Brain 43 2-5 The Cerebral Cortex 46 2-6 The Endocrine System 49 2-7 Evolution and Heredity 52 Sensation and Perception 62 iv 4-7 Hallucinogenics 114 5-6 Cognitive Factors in Learning 138 Memory: Remembrance of Things Past—and Future 146 6-1 Kinds of Memory 147 6-2 Processes of Memory 150 6-3 Sensory Memory 153 6-4 Short-Term Memory 154 6-5 Long-Term Memory 157 3-1 Sensation and Perception 63 6-6 Forgetting 161 3-2 Vision 67 6-7 The Biology of Memory 167 Contents Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 9/17/18 7:35 AM 10 Personality: Theory and Measurement 260 10-1 The Psychodynamic Perspective 262 Image Source/Alamy Stock Photo 10-2 The Trait Perspective 268 10-3 Learning-Theory Perspectives 271 10-4 The Humanistic–Existential Perspective 273 10-5 The Sociocultural Perspective 277 10-6 Measurement of Personality 279 11 Stress, Health, and Coping 286 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 174 11-1 Stress: What it is, Where it Comes From 288 7-1 Thinking 175 11-3 Stress and the Body 295 7-2 Language 182 11-4 Psychology and Chronic Health Problems 299 7-3 Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion 185 7-4 Theories of Intelligence 189 7-5 The Measurement of Intelligence 193 7-6 Nature and Nurture in Intelligence 198 11-2 Psychological Moderators of Stress 293 12 Psychological Disorders 306 12-1 What Are Psychological Disorders? 307 12-2 Anxiety Disorders 310 12-3 Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders 313 Motivation and Emotion 204 12-4 Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 314 8-1 The Psychology of Motivation 205 12-5 Dissociative Disorders 315 8-2 Theories of Motivation 206 12-6 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 316 8-3 Hunger 209 12-7 Mood Disorders 317 8-4 Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation 214 12-8 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 322 8-5 Achievement Motivation 219 12-9 Personality Disorders 326 8-6 Emotion 220 8-7 Theories of Emotion 224 The Voyage through the Life Span 232 9-1 Prenatal Development 233 marco betti/Alamy Stock Photo 9-2 Childhood: Physical Development 235 9-3 Childhood: Cognitive Development 237 9-4 Childhood: Social and Emotional Development 244 9-5 Adolescence 247 9-6 Emerging Adulthood 251 9-7 Adulthood 252 Contents v Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 9/17/18 7:36 AM 13-6 Group Therapies 343 13-7 Does Psychotherapy Work? 345 13-8 Biological Therapies 348 Ambrophoto/Alamy Stock Photo 14 Social Psychology 354 14-1 Attitudes 356 14-2 Prejudice and Discrimination 360 14-3 Attraction and Love 362 14-4 Social Perception 365 14-5 Social Influence 367 14-6 Aggression 372 13 Methods of Therapy 14-7 Group Behavior 373 330 13-1 What Is Psychotherapy? 332 vi 13-2 Psychodynamic Therapies 334 Appendix: Statistics 382 13-3 Humanistic Therapies 335 Answers to Chapter Review Questions 396 13-4 Behavior Therapy 337 References 398 13-5 Cognitive Therapies 341 Index 425 Contents Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 9/17/18 7:36 AM Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 9/17/18 7:36 AM What Is Psychology? Image Source/Alamy Stock Photo LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you will be able to… 1-1 Define psychology and describe what psychologists 1-2 Describe the origins of psychology and discuss people who have made significant contributions to the field 1-3 Identify the theoretical perspectives from which psychologists today view behavior and mental processes 1-4 Outline the scientific method, and explain the relationship between samples and populations 1-5 Explain how psychologists engage in research—including methods of observation, correlation, and experimentation— to learn about behavior and mental processes 1-6 Discuss ethical standards that govern psychological research and practice with humans and animals 1-7 Identify and discuss principles of critical thinking CHAPTER 1: What Is Psychology? Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_ch01_hr_002-029.indd 9/5/18 5:57 PM www.freebookslides.com Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan), 42, 43 Concepts, 175–176 Concrete operational stage, of cognitive development, 241 Concussion (film), 31 Conditional positive regard, 276 Conditional reflexes, 122 Conditioned reinforcers, 133 Conditioned response (CR), 122, 123 Conditioned stimulus (CS), 123 Conditioning applications classical conditioning, 126–129 operant, 136–138 aversive, 339 classical, 122–129 counterconditioning, 128–129 higher-order, 126 operant, 129–138, 340–341 Conditions of worth, 276 Conductive deafness, 83 Cones, 69 Confederates, 370 Confidentiality, 23 Conflict, 291 Conformity, 371–372 Conscientiousness, 269–270 Consciousness, 93–115 altered states of, 95–96, 102 altering, 102–106 biofeedback, 105–106 with drugs, 106–108 hypnosis, 103–104 meditation, 104–105 as awareness, 93–94 in classrooms, 95 defined, 93 depressants, 108–110 alcohol, 108–109 barbiturates, 110 opiates and opioids, 109–110 drugs altering consciousness, 106–108 causal factors, 107–108 substance use disorders, 106–108 functionalism and, hallucinogenics, 114–115 LSD, 115 marijuana, 114–115 humanism and, 12 learning and, 13 nonconscious, 95 as personal unity, 95 preconscious, 94, 262 sleep, 96–102 circadian rhythm, 96 disorders of, 100–102 dreams, 99–100, 101 functions of, 98–99 stages of, 96–98 stimulants, 110–113 amphetamines, 110–111 428 cocaine, 111–112 nicotine, 112–114 unconscious, 94, 262–263, 265 as waking state, 95 Consequence, 291 Conservation, 240 Constancies, perceptual, 78–79 Consumer psychologists, Consummate love, 365 Contact comfort, 246 Context, importance of, 10 Context-dependent memory, 161 Contingency theory, 139 Continuity, 74, 75 Continuity hypothesis, 100 Continuous reinforcement, 134 Control, 294 Control groups, 21 Conventional level, of moral development, 243 Convergence, 77–78 Convergent thinking, 191 Conversion disorder, 316–317 Cool colors, 71 Cornea, 68 Coronary heart disease, 300, 301–302 Coronary-prone behavior pattern, 293 Corpus callosum, 46 Correlation, 16, 19–20 negative, 392 perfect positive, 391 Correlational coefficient, 20 Correlational method, 20 Correlation coefficient, 384, 391–392 Corticosteroids, 51 Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), 296 Cosmic rays, 68 Costa, Jr., Paul T., 270 Counseling psychologists, Counterconditioning, 128–129 Couple therapy, 344 Craik, Fergus, 158 Creative intelligence, 190–191 Creative self, 266 Creativity defined, 191 intelligence and, 191–193 tests of, 193 Cretinism, 51 CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone), 296 Crick, Francis, 55 Critical period, 246 Critical thinking, 24–25 Crystallized intelligence, 254 CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy), 31 Cultural bias, 196 Culturally competent therapy, 347 Culture, language and, 184–185 Cunningham, Merce, 254 Curare, 36 Current cognitions, 341 Cyrus, Miley, 217 D Daily hassles, 289 Danhauer, Jeffrey, 81 Dark adaptation, 70 Darwin, Charles, 9, 12, 52, 221 Dasgupta, Nilanjana, 361 Deafness, 83–84 conductive, 83 sensoineural, 83–84 Debriefing, 24 Decentration, 241 Deception and truth, 370 Decibels (dB), 80–82 Decision making, 180–181 framing effect, 181 group, 374 heuristics in, 180–181 judgment and, 180–181 overconfidence, 181 Declarative memory, 147–148 Deep-sleep disorders, 102 Defense mechanism, 263 Deindividuation, 376 Delayed reinforcers, 132 Delerium tremors, 107 Delgado, José, 47 Delta waves, 97–98 Delusional disorder, 323 Delusions, 322 Democritus, Demonological model, 308 Dendrites, 32 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 55–56 Dependent variables, 21 Depersonalization-derealization disorder, 316 Depolarization of neuron, 34 Depressants, 106, 108–110 alcohol, 108–109 barbiturates, 110 opiates and opioids, 109–110 Depression, 221, 224 alleviating with rational thinking, 351 self-assessment, 328 in women, 320 Depressive disorders, 318–319 biological view, 319 biopsychological perspective, 319 major, 318–319 psychological views, 318–319 psychomotor retardation, 318 Depth perception, 76–78 binocular cues, 78 monocular cues, 76–78 The Descent of Man (Darwin), 52 Descriptive statistics, 383, 384–389 defined, 384 Index Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 428 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com frequency distribution, 384–385 measures of central tendency, 385–388 measures of variability, 388–389 Desensitization, 67, 331 eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 340 systematic, 129, 338 Despair stage, 256 Developmental psychologists, Deviation IQ, 194 Diathesis-stress model, 309 Dichromats, 73 DID (dissociative identity disorder), 307 Difede, JoAnn, 338 Diffusion of responsibility, 374, 377 Direct inner awareness, 94 Discrediting information, 376 Discrimination, 126, 360 See also Prejudice and discrimination Discriminative stimuli, 134 Disinhibition, 141 Displace, 156–157, 265, 335 Displacement, 184 Dispositional attributions, 366 Dissimilarity, 361 Dissociative amnesia, 165, 315–316 Dissociative disorders, 315–316 defined, 315 depersonalization-derealization disorder, 316 dissociative amnesia, 165, 315–316 dissociative identity disorder (DID), 315 origins of, 316 Dissociative identity disorder (DID), 307, 315 Distracted walking, 89 Distraction, pain management and, 90 Dittrich, Luke, 147 Divergent thinking, 192 Dix, Dorothea, 333 Dizygotic (DZ) twins, 57–58 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 55–56 Doctoral degrees in psychology, 6, Dopamine, 36–37 Double-blind studies, 22–23 Doubt, 244 Down syndrome, 57, 58 Dream analysis, 335 Dreams, 99–100, 101 Drive for superiority, 266 Drive-reduction theory, 207 Drives acquired, 207 defined, 206 primary, 207 psychological, 206 Drugs altering consciousness through, 106–108 antianxiety drugs, 348 antidepressants, 349 antipsychotic drugs, 348 depressants, 106 mood stabilizers, 349 stimulants, 106 substance use disorders, 106–108 Duct, 49 Dweck, Carol, 220 E Ear, 81–82, 83 Eardrum, 81 Earthquakes, 287 Eating disorders, 212–214 anorexia nervosa, 212–213 bulimia nervosa, 213–214 facts about, 212 origins of, 214 Echo, 154 Echoic memory, 154 E-cigarettes, 112, 114 ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 349–350 Education, influence on intelligence, 200 Educational psychologists, EEG (electroencephalograph), 42 Efferent neurons, 33–34, 38 Effort justification, 360 Ego, 263 Ego analysts, 335 Egocentrism, 239 Ego identity, 251, 266 Ego integrity, 256 Eidetic imagery, 154 Ejaculation, 215 Ekman, Paul, 221 Elaboration likelihood model, 358 Elaborative rehearsal, 151 Electra complex, 265 Electrical charge, neurons and, 34–35 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 349–350 Electroencephalograph (EEG), 42, 97 Electromagnetic energy, 67–68 Electromyography (EMG), 106 Elements of Psychophysics (Fechner), Ellis, Albert, 291–292, 312, 342–343, 345 Embryonic stage, 233 EMDR (eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing), 340 Emerging adulthood, 251–252 Emotion(s), 220–226 components of, 221 defined, 220 expressions of, 221–222 facial-feedback hypothesis, 223 positive psychology, 222–223 theories of, 224–226 Cannon-Bard theory, 225 cognitive appraisal, 225–226 evaluation of, 226 James-Lange theory, 224–225 Emotional concern, 295 Emotional development See Social and emotional development Emotional intelligence, 191 Emotional responses, classical conditioning of, 128 Emotional support, 295 Empathy, 336 Empty-nest syndrome, 255 Encoding, 150 Endocrine system, 49–52 adrenal glands, 51 defined, 50 pineal gland, 51 pituitary and hypothalamus, 50–51 stress and, 296, 298 testes and ovaries, 51–52 thyroid gland, 51 Endogenous morphine, 37 Endorphins, 37, 110 Engram, 167 Environmental factors, 56 Environmental hassles, 289 Environmental influences on intelligence, 200 Environmental psychologists, Epilepsy, 49 Epinephrine, 37, 51, 299, 312 Episodic memory, 147, 148, 170 Epstein-Barr virus, 299 Erikson, Erik, 13, 244, 251, 255–257, 266, 267 Erogenous zones, 264 Eros, 264 ESP (extrasensory perception), 63, 87–88 Essential hypertension, 301 Estrogen, 52, 247–248, 298 Estrus, 214–215 Ethics of research with animals, 24 with humans, 23–24 Ethnic group, 13–14 Ethnicity, 13–14 differences in intellectual functioning, 196–197 psychotherapy and, 346–347 Ethologist, 246 Eustress, 288 Evaluation apprehension, 374 Event-based tasks, 150 Evidence, 24–25 Evidence-based practices, 346 Evolution anxiety disorders and, 312 of taste aversion, 127 theory of, 9, 12, 52–54 Evolutionary perspective on motivation, 206–207 Evolutionary psychologists, 12 Evolutionary psychology, 54 Excitation of neurons, 36 Excitement phase, 215 Executive functions, 47 Exemplars, 176 Exhaustion stage, 297 Existential intelligence, 189–190 Existentialism, 12, 274 Expectancies, 272 Expectations, self-efficacy, 273, 293 Index 429 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 429 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Experience, learning from, 121–122 Experimental groups, 21 Experimental method, 20–23 blinds, 22 double-blind study, 22–23 experimental and control groups, 21 independent and dependent variables, 21 placebos, 22 Experimental psychologists, Experimenter bias, 22 Experiments with brain, 41–43 defined, 20 split-brain, 49, 50 Expertise, problem solving and, 178–179 Explicit memory, 147–148, 170 Exposure, selective, 359 Externals, 294 Extinction, 124–125, 133 Extrasensory perception (ESP), 63, 87–88 Extraversion, 269–270 Extrinsic motives, 220 Eye, 68–70 Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), 340 Eye movements, saccadic, 153, 154 Eyewitness testimony, trusting of, 168 Eysenck, Hans J., 269 F Fable, personal, 249–250 Facebook, 271 Facial expressions, 221–222, 227 Facial-feedback hypothesis, 223 Factor analysis, 269 Factor theories, 189 Family therapy, 344–345 Fantz, Robert, 236 Farsightedness, 69–70 Fear, 220 conditioning of, 128 counterconditioning, 129 Fear appeal, 358 Fear-reduction methods, 338–339 modeling, 338–339 systematic desensitization, 338 virtual therapy, 338, 339 Feature detectors, 66 Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 8, 64 Feedback, 341 Feeling-of-knowing experience, 160 Feelings, Female athlete triad, 212–213 Feminine traits, stereotypical, 274 Femininity, 14 Festinger, Leon, 205 Fetal stage, 234 Fight-or-flight reaction, 296, 298 Figure-ground perception, 74 File-drawer problem, 88 430 Financial responsibility hassles, 289 Firing, of neurons, 34–35 First-shift rule, 375 Fissures, of cerebral cortex, 46 Fitz-Roy, Robert, 52 Five-Factor Model, 269–270 Fixation, 153, 236–237, 264 Fixation time, 236 Fixed action pattern, 206 Fixed-interval scallops, 135 Fixed-interval schedule, 135, 136 Fixedness, functional, 179–180 Fixed-ratio schedule, 135–136 Flashbacks, 115 Flashbulb memories, 158–159 Flavor, 84 Fligor, Brian, 81 Flooding, 129 Fluid intelligence, 254 Flynn, John, 200 Flynn Effect, 200 Football, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and, 31 Foot-in-the-door technique, 370 Forced-choice format, 280 Forensic psychologists, Fore tribe, 221 Forgetting, 161–167 anterograde amnesia, 166 Ebbinghaus’s curve of, 163–164 infantile amnesia, 165–166 interference theory, 164–165 measuring, 162–163 repression, 165 retrograde amnesia, 166–167 Formal operational stage, 248–249 Formal operations, 241 Fovea, 69 Frames of reference, 276, 336 Framing effect, 181 Frankie & Alice (film), 315 Frankl, Viktor, 274 Free association, 335 Frequency distribution, 384–385 Frequency histogram, 386 Frequency polygon, 386 Frequency theory, 83 Freud, Sigmund, 11, 12, 94 aggression, 372 cocaine use by, 112 consulting room, 334 dreams and, 99–100 psychoanalysis, 334–335 tension motivation, 207 theory of psychosexual development, 262 Friedman, Richard, 115 Frontal lobe, 46–48 Frost, Robert, 272 Frustration and Aggression (Dollard), 126 Functional fixedness, 179–180 Functionalism, Functional MRI (fMRI), 43 Fundamental attribution error, 366 G Galvani, Luigi, 34 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 37 Gamma knife surgery, 350 Ganglion cells, 69 Ganzfeld procedure, 88 Gardner, Howard, 189–190 GAS See General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Gate theory of pain, 86, 89 Gay male, 217 Gazzaniga, Michael, 49 Gender, 14 Gender differences in depression, 320 intellectual functioning, 197–198 in response to stress, 298 in selection of romantic partner, 363 Gender identity, 217–219 Gender nonconformity, 218 Gender-schema theory, 275 Gender-typing and, 274 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 295–296 alarm reaction, 296, 297 exhaustion stage, 297 resistance stage, 296–297 Generalization, 125–126 Generalized anxiety disorder, 311 Generativity versus stagnation stage, 255 Genes, 55 Genetic code, 55–56 Genetic factors anxiety disorders and, 312 in personality disorders, 327 Genetic influences on intelligence, 198–200 Genetic predispositions, 299–300 Genetics behavioral, 54–55 defined, 54 Genital stage, 265 Genotype, 56 Genuineness, 336 Germinal stage, 233 Gestalt psychology, 10–11 Gestalt rules for organization, 74–75 Gestalt therapy, 337 Glands adrenal, 51 defined, 49 ductless, 49 pineal, 51 pituitary, 50 thyroid, 51 Glass, Gene, 345 Glial cells, 32 Goodall, Jane, 19 Goodenough, Florence, 196 Gottfredson, Linda, 191 Grammar, development of, 186–187 Grandeur, delusions of, 322 Index Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 430 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Grasp reflex, 235 Gray matter, 40 Greenwald, Anthony G., 361 Group behavior, 373–377 altruism and bystander effect, 376–377 decision making, 374–375 groupthink, 375–376 mob behavior and deindividuation, 376 polarization and the risky shift, 375 social facilitation, 374 Group therapies, 343–345 advantages of, 344 couple therapy, 344 family therapy, 344–345 self-help and support groups, 345 Groupthink, 375–376 Growth hormone, 50 Growth hormone releasing factor (hGRF), 51 Guilt, 244 H Habit, Habit tasks, 149–150 Habituation, 141 Hair cells, 82 Hall, G Stanley, 250 Hallucinations, 3–4, 308 Hallucinogenics, 114–115 LSD, 115 marijuana, 114–115 Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), 115 Handedness, 49 Happiness, 221–223 Hardiness, psychological, 293–294 Harlow, Harry F., 245 Harris, Eric, 140 Hashish, 114 Hassles, 289 Health, biopsychosocial approach to, 299 Health hassles, 289 Health problems cancer, 302 coronary heart disease, 301–302 psychology and chronic, 299–302 Health psychologists, Health psychology, 288 Hearing, 80–84 absolute threshold for, 65 deafness, 83–84 ear, 81–82, 83 locating sounds, 82 perception, 82–83 pitch and loudness, 80–81, 82–83 Hearing loss, 81 Heart disease, 300, 301–302 Heidegger, Martin, 274 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 72, 83 Heredity, 54–55 Hering, Ewald, 72 Hering-Helmholtz illusion, 79–80 Heritability of intelligence, 199 Heroin, 109–110 Hertz (Hz), 80 Heterosexual, 218 Heuristics anchoring and adjustment, 180 availability, 180–181 in decision making, 180–181 means-end analysis, 178 problem solving, use in, 177–178 representativeness, 180 Hierarchical structure, of memory, 159, 160 Hierarchies, organization of concepts into, 176 Hierarchy, 338 Hierarchy of needs, 208–209 Higher-order conditioning, 126 Hinckley, John, 307, 308, 311 Hindbrain, 43 Hippocampus, 36, 165–166, 169 Hippocrates, 268–269, 308 Historical foundations of psychology, 7–11 behaviorism, 9–10 functionalism, Gestalt, 10–11 psychoanalysis, 11 structuralism, 8–9 Hoarding disorder, 313–314 Hoffman, Hunter, 331–332 Hofmann, Hans, 254 Holophrases, 186 Homeostasis, 207 Homosexual, 217 Hormones adrenocorticotrophic, 51 antidiuretic, 50 corticosteroids, 51 defined, 50 epinephrine, 51 estrogen, 52 growth, 50 melatonin, 51 oxytocin, 50 progesterone, 52 prolactin, 50 sexual motivation and, 214–215 stress and, 296, 298 testosterone, 51 thyroid, 51 Horney, Karen, 13, 266 Household hassles, 289 HPPD (hallucinogen persisting perception disorder), 115 Hubel, David, 66 Hue, 68 Hull, Clark, 207 Human factors psychologists, Human Genome Project, 56 Humanism, 12, 273–274 Humanistic-existential perspective, 12, 273–277 evaluation of, 277 self-actualization, 275–276 self theory, Roger’s, 276–277 Humanistic theory, 208 Humanistic therapies, 335–337 client-centered therapy, 336–337 defined, 335 Gestalt therapy, 337 Humanitarian reform movement, 333 Humor, 294 Hunger, 209–214 biological influences, 209–210 eating disorders, 212–214 overweight, 211–212 psychological influences, 211 Hunger pangs, 210 Hydrocarbons, 113 Hyperphagic, 210–211 Hypertension, 301 Hyperthyroidism, 51 Hypnagogic state, 97 Hypnosis, 90, 103–104 Hypnotic suggestibility, 103 Hypochondria, 316 Hypothalamus, 41, 44–45, 50–51 hunger and, 210 lateral, 210 Hypothesis attraction-similarity, 363–364 continuity, 100 defined, 15 facial-feedback, 223 linguistic-relativity, 184–185 testing, 16 Hypothetical states, 206 Hypothyroidism, 51 Hypnotic trance, 103 I Iconic memory, 153–154 Icons, 153 Id, 263, 267 Ideas, rapid flight of, 317 Ideas of persecution, 308 Identification, 264 Illness anxiety disorder, 316 Illusions Hering-Helmholtz, 79–80 of movement, 76 Müller-Lyer, 79–80 visual, 79–80 Imaginary audience, 249 Immediate reinforcers, 132 Immune system components of, 297–298 defined, 298 inflammation and, 298 stress and, 298–299 Implicit memory, 148–149, 170 Imprinting, 246 Incentive, 206 Incest taboo, 265 Incubation, in problem solving, 179 Index 431 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 431 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Incus, 81 Independent variables, 21 Individualists, 278 Industrial psychologists, Industry versus inferiority, stage of psychosocial development, 244 Infant-direct speech, 188 Infantile amnesia, 165–166 Inferential statistics, 384, 392–394 defined, 392 samples and populations, 394 statistical significance, 393–394 Inferiority complex, 266 Infinite creativity, 184 Inflammation, 298 Information, 295 discrediting, 376 levels of processing, 158 storage capacity in memory, 158 Information processing, 158, 361 Informed consent, 23 Inhibition of neurons, 36 proactive, 164 retroactive, 164 Inkblots, 26, 281 Inner concern hassles, 289 Insanity plea, 311 Insight, 11, 13, 179, 334 Insomnia, 100–101 Instinct, 54, 206 Instinctive behavior, 54 Instrumental aid, 295 Instrumental competence, 246 Intellectual functioning differences in, 196–198 gender differences, 197–198 socioeconomic and ethnic differences, 196–197 enhancing your children’s, 201 Intelligence, 189–201 analytical, 190 creative, 190–191 creativity and, 191–193 crystallized, 254 defined, 189 emotional, 191 environmental influences, 200–201 existential, 189–190 fluid, 254 genetic influences, 198–200 intellectual functioning, differences in, 196–198 gender differences, 197–198 socioeconomic and ethnic differences, 196–197 measurement of, 193–198 differences in intellectual functioning, 196–198 group tests, 195 reliability and validity of test, 196 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 193–194 Wechsler scales, 194–195 432 multiple, 189–190 naturalist, 189 practical, 190–191 primary mental abilities, 189 social, 191 theories of, 189–193 emotional and social intelligence, 191 factor theories, 189 multiple intelligences, 189–190 summary chart of, 192 triarchic theory, 190–191 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 194–196, 198–200 deviation, 194 distribution of, 195 environmental influence, 200 genetic influence, 198–200 socioeconomic and ethnic differences, 196 Interference proactive, 164 retroactive, 164 in short-term memory, 156–157 Interference theory, 164–165 Internals, 294 Intimacy, 255, 365 Intrinsic motives, 220 Introspection, 8, Introversion, 269 Invulnerability, 376 Ions, 32, 34 iPods, 81 IQ See Intelligence quotient Iris, 69 Irrational beliefs, 291–292 Isolation stage, 255 J James, William, 9, 93, 152, 159, 206, 224, 268, 291 James-Lange theory of emotion, 224–225 Jenner, Caitlyn, 218, 219 Jones, Mary Cover, 128–129 Judgment, 180–181 subjective moral judgments, 241 Jung, Carl, 265, 269 Justification, 360 Just noticeable different, 65 K Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 105 Kahneman, Daniel, 181 Karremans, Johan, 65 Keech, Marian, 205 Kinesthesis, 87 King, Stephen, 338 Kinsey, Alfred, 19, 216 Kinsey reports, 19, 216 Kinship studies adoption studies, 58 twin studies, 57–58 Klebold, Dylan, 140 Klüver, Heinrich, 45 Knee-jerk reflex, 40 Knox, Amanda, 362 Kobasa, Suzanne, 293 Koffka, Kurt, 10 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 243–244 Köhler, Wolfgang, 10, 11 L La belle indifférence, 316–317 LAD (language acquisition device), 187 Landon, Alf, 16 Lang, Alan, 22–24 Lange, Karl G., 224 Language, 182–188 cognition and, 184 culture and, 184–185 definitions of, 183–184 development, 185–188 grammar development, 186–187 infant-directed speech use in, 188 learning theory and, 187 nativist approach to, 187 nature and nurture in, 187 prelinguistic vocalizations, 185–186 nonhuman communication, 182–183 problems in schizophrenia, 322 Language acquisition device (LAD), 187 Language functions, brain and, 47–48 Lanza, Adam, 140 La Salpêtrière, 333 Lashley, Karl, 167 Latency, 265 Latent learning, 139 Lateral hypothalamus, 210 Latin Americans, 14, 347 Law of effect, 130 Learned helplessness, 318 Learning, 121–142 applications of classical conditioning, 126–129 conditioning of fear, 128 counterconditioning, 128–129 emotional responses, conditioning of, 128 flooding, 129 systematic desensitization, 129 taste aversion, 126–127 applications of operant conditioning, 136–138 behavior modification, 138 biofeedback training, 137 programmed learning, 138 shaping, 137–138 attitude formation, 356–358 behaviorism and, 9–10 from change, 121–122 classical conditioning, 122–129 applications of, 126–129 explanation of, 123 Index Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 432 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com extinction and spontaneous recovery, 124–125 generalization and discrimination, 125–126 higher-order conditioning, 126 stimuli and responses in, 123–124 cognitive, 273 cognitive factors in, 138–142 cognitive maps, 138–139 contingency theory, 139 observational learning, 139–140 violence in the media and, 140–142 defined, 121 effects of punishment on, 368 from experience, 121–122 Gestalt psychology and, 11 latent, 139 observational, 139–140, 141, 273 operant conditioning, 129–138 applications of, 136–138 discriminative stimuli, 134 extinction and spontaneous recovery, 133 law of effect, 130 methods of, 131 reinforcement, 130–131 schedules of reinforcement, 134–136 types of reinforcers, 132–133 performance and, 139 perspectives on, 13 programmed, 138 relearning, 163 sleep and, 99 social, 361 Learning theory and language development, 187 Learning-theory perspectives, of personality, 271–273 behaviorism, 272 evaluation of, 273 social cognitive theory, 272–273 Left brain, 48–49 Legitimate authority, 370 Lens, 69 Lesbian, 217 Leukocytes, 297 Levels-of-processing model of memory, 158 Levinson, Daniel, 254 Lewis, Ted, 222 LGBT activist, 217 Libido, 264, 267 Lie detectors, 227 Lief, Harold, 165 Life changes, 289 Life span development adolescence, 247–251 cognitive development, 248–250 physical development, 247–248 social and emotional development, 250–251 adulthood, 252–257 cognitive development, 254 physical development, 252–253 social and emotional development, 254–257 childhood, 235–247 adolescence, 247–251 cognitive development, 235–244 physical development, 235–237 social and emotional development, 244–247 emerging adulthood, 251–252 prenatal development, 233–234 Light, 67–68 Light adaptation, 70 Limbic system, 45 Linguistic-relativity hypothesis, 184–185 Lithium, 349 Loafing, social, 374 Lobotomy, prefrontal, 350 Locating sounds, 82 Lockhart, Robert, 158 Locus of control, 294 Loftus, Elizabeth, 14, 165, 168 Long-term memory, 157–161 accuracy of, 157–158 context-dependent memory, 161 flashbulb memories, 158–159 levels of processing information, 158 organization in, 159–160 state-dependent memory, 161 storage capacity, 158 tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, 160–161 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 167 Lorenz, Karl, 246 Loudness, 80–81 of familiar sounds, 82 perception of, 82–83 Lovato, Demi, 317 Love, 365 Love scale, triangular, 378–379 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 37, 115 M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 42, 43 Magnification, 342 Magoun, Horace, 44 Maier, N R F., 179 Maintenance rehearsal, 151 Major depressive disorder, 318 Majority-wins scheme, 374 Major tranquilizers, 348 Maladaptive behavior patterns, Malleus, 81 Mammals, sleep times for, 96 Manic, 317 Manic-depressive disorder, 317 Mantras, 104 Marijuana, 114–115 Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, 26–27 Masculine traits, stereotypical, 274 Masculinity, 14 Maslow, Abraham, 12, 208, 274–275, 282 Mayer, John, 191 McClelland, David, 219 McCrae, Robert, 270 McDougall, William, 153, 206 Mean, 385–386 Means-end analysis, 178 Measures of central tendency, 385–388 Media, violence and aggression in, 140–142 Median, 386–387 Medical model, 309 Meditation defined, 104 mindfulness, 105 transcendental, 104–105 use to enhance memory, 171 Medulla, 43 Melatonin, 51 Melzack, Ronald, 86 Memory, 147–170 age-related decline in, 150 biology of, 167–169 brain structures and, 169 challenges to, 148 decline with age, 254 defined, 152 enhancing yours, 171–172 flashbulb, 158–159 forgetting, 161–167 anterograde amnesia, 166 Ebbinghaus’s curve of, 163–164 infantile amnesia, 165–166 interference theory, 164–165 measuring, 162–163 repression, 165 retrograde amnesia, 166–167 levels-of-processing model of, 158 long-term memory, 157–161 accuracy of, 157–158 context-dependent memory, 161 flashbulb memories, 158–159 levels of processing information, 158 organization in, 159–160 state-dependent memory, 161 storage capacity, 158 tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, 160–161 neural activity and, 167 processes of, 150–152 encoding, 150 retrieval, 151–153 storage, 150–151 as reconstructive, 157 sensory, 153–154 echoic memory, 154 iconic memory, 153–154 short-term memory, 154–157 chunking, 155–156 interference in, 156–157 serial-position effect, 155 sleep and, 99 stages of, 152 Index 433 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 433 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Memory (continued) trusting eyewitness testimony, 168 types of, 147–150 episodic, 147, 148, 170 explicit, 147–148, 170 implicit, 148–149, 170 prospective, 147, 149–150, 170 relationships among, 170 retrospective, 149–150, 170 semantic, 148, 170 Memory trace, 153 Menarche, 248 Menopause, 253 Mental age, 194 Mental hospitals, 333 Mental sets, 179 Merari, Ariel, 355 Mescaline, 115 Mesmer, Franz, 103 Messages, 358–359 Metabolism, 51 Metastasis, 302 Methadone, 110 Method of loci, 171 Method of savings, 163 #MeToo, 228 Middle case, 386 Midlife crisis, 255 Midlife transition, 255 Milgram, Stanley, 355, 368 Milgram studies, 368–370 Miller, George, 155 Miller, Neal, 105–106, 291 Milner, Peter, 45, 105 Mindfulness meditation (MM), 105 Mineka, Susan, 128 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 280–281 Mirror neurons, 140 Mistrust, 244 M’Naghten, Daniel, 311 Mnemonic devices, 172 Mnemonics, 172 Mob behavior, 376 Mode, 387 Model, 139 Modeling, 273, 338–339 Molaison, Henry, 147, 166 Molfese, Victoria, 200 Moniz, Antonio Egas, 350 Monochromats, 73 Monocular cues, 76–78 Monozygotic (MZ) twins, 57–58 Mood disorders, 317–322 bipolar disorder, 317–318 depressive disorders, 318–319 suicide, 319–322 Mood stabilizers, 349 Moral development, theory of, 243–244 Moral principle, 264 Moral reasoning, postconventional level, 250 Morgan, Christiana, 281 Moro reflex, 235 434 Moruzzi, Giuseppe, 44 Motherese, 188 Motion perception of, 76 stroboscopic, 76 Motion parallax, 77 Motivated reasoning, 181–182 Motivation achievement, 219–220 defined, 205 hunger, 209–214 biological influences, 209–210 eating disorders, 212–214 overweight, 211–212 psychological influences, 211 sexual, 214–219 hormones and, 214–215 sexual orientation and gender identity, 217–219 sexual response and, 215–216 surveys of sexual behavior, 216–217 theories of, 205, 206–208 cognitive perspective, 205, 208 drive-reduction theory, 207 evolutionary perspective, 206–207 homeostasis, 207 humanistic theory, 208 stimulation search, 207–208 Motives defined, 206 extrinsic, 220 intrinsic, 220 stimulus, 207–208 Motor cortex, 46–48 Motor development of the child, 235–236 Motor neurons, 33–34, 38 Müller-Lyer illusion, 79–80 Multiple approach-avoidance conflict, 291 Multiple intelligences, theory of, 189 Multiple personality disorder, 307, 315 Murray, Henry, 219, 281 Mutations, 53 Mutism, 322 Myelin, 32–33 Myelination, 32–33 Myotonia, 215 N Nail-biting habit, 339 Narcissim, 271 Narcolepsy, 101 Narcotics, 109 Native Americans, 347 Nativist approach to language development, 187 Naturalistic intelligence, 189 Naturalistic observation, 19 Natural selection, 53 Nature, 56 in intelligence, 198–200 in language development, 187 psychological models and, 309 Nearsightedness, 69–70 Needs defined, 206 hierarchy of, 208–209 psychological, 206 Negative adaptation, 67 Negative correlations, 20, 392 Negative feedback loop, 50 Negative instances, of a concept, 176 Negative punishment, 133 Negative reinforcers, 132, 133–134 Negative symptoms of schizophrenia, 322 Neisser, Ulric, 191 Neoanalysts, 13 NEO Five-Factor Inventory, 270 Neo-Freudians, 265–266 Neonate, 233 Nerve auditory, 82 defined, 38 olfactory, 84 Nervous system, 32–49 autonomic, 38–40, 296–297 central, 40–41 divisions of, 38–41 emotions and, 220–221 neural impulse, 34–36 neurons, 32–34 neurotransmitters, 33, 36–38 parasympathetic division, 39–40, 221, 297 peripheral, 38–40 somatic, 38–39 sympathetic division, 39–40, 220, 296–297 Neural activity and memory, 167 Neural impulses, 34–36 defined, 34 electrochemical voyage, 34 firing, 34–35 synapse, 35–36 Neurons, 32–34 afferent, 33–34, 38 anatomy of, 32, 33 defined, 32 efferent, 33–34, 38 mirror, 140 motor, 33–34, 38 myelin of, 32–33 sensory, 33–34, 38 Neuroticism, 269–270 Neurotransmitters, 34, 36–37 Newton, Isaac, 68 Nicotine, 112–114, 133 Nightmares, 100, 102 Night terrors, 102 Nisbett, Richard, 200 Nociceptors, 85 Nonconscious, 95 Nondeclarative memory, 148–149 Nonhumans, communication by, 182–183 Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 97–98 Index Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 434 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Nonsense syllables, 161 Norepinephrine, 37, 51 Normal curve, 383–384, 389–390 Normal distribution, 389–390 Norms, social, 371 NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, 97–98 Nucleus, neuron, 32 Nurture, 56 in intelligence, 198–200 in language development, 187 psychological models and, 309 O Obedience to authority, 367–370 Obesity, 211–212 Objective elements of experience, 8–9 Objective responsibility, 241 Objective tests, 280–281 Object permanence, 238, 239 Observable behavior, Observation case studies as, 18 methods of, 18–19 naturalistic, 19 surveys, 19 Observational learning, 141, 273 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 313 Occipital lobe, 46 Oedipus complex, 265 Öhman, Arne, 128 Olds, James, 45, 105 Olfactory membrane, 84 Olfactory nerve, 84 Omalu, Bennet, 31 Openness to experience, 269–270 Operant behavior, 130 Operant conditioning, 129–138, 340–341 applications, 136–138 behavior modification, 138 biofeedback training, 137 programmed learning, 138 shaping, 137–138 applications of, 136–138 biofeedback training, 341 defined, 130–131 discriminative stimuli, 134 extinction and spontaneous recovery, 133 law of effect, 130 methods of, 131 reinforcement, 130–131 schedules of reinforcement, 134–136 social skills training, 341 successive approximations, 341 token economy, 340–341 types of reinforcers, 132–133 Operants, 131 Opiates, 109–110 Opioids, 109–110, 116–117 Opponent-process theory, 72–73 Optic nerve, 69 Oral stage, 264 Organizational psychologists, Organization in long-term memory, 159–160 Organ of Corti, 82 Orgasm, 215–216 Orgasmic phase, 215–216 Orienting reflex, 123 Osmond, Marie, 318 Oval window, 81–82 Ovaries, 52 Overconfidence, 181 Overextension, 176 Overgeneralization, 342 Overlapping, 77 Overregularization, 186 Overweight, 211–212 Oxytocin, 50, 298 P Pain, 85–86 gate theory of, 86, 89 phantom limb, 86 Pain management, 89–90 Paired associates, 162 Palmar reflex, 235 Panic disorder, 310–311 Paradoxical sleep, 97–98 Parallel processing, 178–179 Paranoid personality disorder, 326 Parapsychological (psi) phenomena, 87–88 Parasympathetic division, 39–40, 221, 297 Parenting styles, 246 Parents adolescent’s relationship with, 250–251 aging, 256 empty-nest syndrome, 255 Parietal lobe, 46 Parkinson’s disease, 36, 37 Partial reinforcement, 134–135 Partial-report procedure, 153 Passion, 365 Pathogens, 288 Pavlov, Ivan, 122–126 Peers, adolescent’s relationship with, 251 Penfield, Wilder, 41–42 Penis envy, 266 Perception See also Sensation and perception defined, 63–64 of depth, 76–78 extrasensory, 63, 87–88 figure-ground, 74 Gestalt psychology and, 10 of loudness and pitch, 82–83 of motion, 76 problems in, 322–323 social, 365–367 subliminal, 65 Perceptual constancies, 78–79 Perceptual development in children, 236–237 Perceptual organization, 74–76 bottom-up processing, 76 defined, 74 figure-ground perception, 74 Gestalt rules for, 74–75 top-down processing, 75 Perfect positive correlation, 391 Performance, learning distinct from, 139 Peripheral nervous system, 38–40 Peripheral route, 358 Perls, Fritz, 337 Permissive parents, 247 Persecution, 308, 322 Personal fable, 249–250 Personality, 261–281 antisocial, 270 defined, 262 humanistic-existential perspective, 273–277 evaluation of, 277 self-actualization, 275–276 self theory, Roger’s, 276–277 learning-theory perspectives, 271–273 behaviorism, 272 evaluation of, 273 social cognitive theory, 272–273 measurement of, 279–281 objective tests, 280–281 projective tests, 281 psychodynamic perspective, 262–268 evaluation of, 267–268 Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, 262–265 neo-Freudians, 265–266 sociocultural perspective, 277–279 acculturation, 279 defined, 278 individualism versus collectivism, 278 structure of, 263–264 trait perspective, 268–271 evaluation of, 271 Eysenck’s trait theory, 269 five-factor model, 269–270 Hippocrates and, 268–269 Personality disorders, 326–327 antisocial, 326 avoidant, 327 borderline personality, 326–327 origins of, 327 paranoid, 326 schizoid, 326 schizotypal, 326 Personality psychologists, Personal unconscious, 265 Personal unity, consciousness as, 95 Person variables, 272–273 Perspective, 77 Persuaded audience, 359 Persuasive communicator, 359 Persuasive message, 358 PET (positron emission tomography), 42, 43 Phallic stage, 265 Index 435 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 435 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Phantom limb pain, 86 Phencyclidine (PCP), 115 Phenothiazines, 37 Phenotype, 56 Phobias, 310 Photoreceptors, 69 Physical appearance, attraction and, 362–363 Physical development adolescence, 247–248 brain development, 248 puberty, 247–248 adulthood, 252–253 early, 252 late, 253 middle, 252–253 childhood, 235–237 motor development, 235–236 perceptual development, 236–237 reflexes, 235 Physiological drives, 206 Physiological needs, 206 Piaget, Jean, 168, 184, 237–238, 240 Piaget’s cognitive development theory, 237–242 evaluation of, 241 stages of cognitive development, 238–241 concrete operational stage, 241 preoperational stage, 239–241 sensorimotor stage, 238 Picasso, Pablo, 254 Pigments, 71 Pineal gland, 51 Pinel, Philippe, 309, 333 Pinker, Steven, 183 Pitch, 64, 80–83 Pituitary gland, 50 Placebos, 22 Placenta, 234 Place theory, 83 Plateau phase, 215 Pleasure center, 45 Pleasure principle, 263 PMS (premenstrual syndrome), coping with, 59 Polarization, 375 Polarization of neuron, 34 Polygenic, 56 Polygraph, 227 Pons, 43 Population, 17 defined, 383 inferential statistics and, 394 Positive adaptation, 67 Positive correlations, 20 Positive instances, of a concept, 176 Positive psychology, 222–223 Positive punishment, 133 Positive regard conditional, 276 unconditional, 276, 336 Positive reinforcers, 132 436 Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, 322 Positron emission tomography (PET scan), 42, 43 Postconventional level, of moral development, 243, 250 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 312, 314 Practical intelligence, 190–191 Precognition, 87 Preconscious, 94, 262 Preconventional level, of moral development, 243 Predictability, 294 Predispositions, 299 Prefrontal cortex, 169 Prefrontal lobotomy, 350 Prefrontal region of the brain, 47 Prejudice and discrimination, 360–362 combating, 361–362 definitions, 360 sources of, 361 stereotyping, 360 Prelinguistic vocalizations, 185–186 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), coping with, 59 Prenatal development, 233–234 Preoperational stage, of cognitive development, 239–241 Preoperational thought, 239 Preparedness, 128 Presbyopia, 70 Pressure, 85 Pressured speech, 317 Primacy effect, 366 Primary drives, 207 Primary mental abilities, 189 Primary reinforcers, 132–133 Primary sex characteristics, 51 Priming, 149 Proactive interference, 164 Problem solving, 176–180 creativity and, 190–191 factors affecting expertise, 178–179 functional fixedness, 179–180 incubation, 179 insight, 179 mental sets, 179 facts affecting, 178–180 methods, 177–178 algorithms, 177 analogy, 178 heuristic devices, 177–178 understanding the problem, 177 Procedural memories, 149 Processing information, levels of, 158 Progesterone, 52 Programmed learning, 138 Projective tests, 281 Prolactin, 50 Propinquity, 363 Prosocial behavior, 377 Prospective memory, 147, 149–150, 170 Prostaglandins, 86 Prototypes, 176 Proximity, 74, 75 Psi, 87–88 Psychic structures, 263–264, 267 Psychoactive substances, 106 Psychoanalysis, 263 defined, 11, 334 traditional, 334–335 Psychoanalytic theory, 263 Psychodynamic perspective, 12–13, 262–268 evaluation of, 267–268 Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, 262–265 neo-Freudians, 265–266 Psychodynamic therapies defined, 334 modern, 335 traditional, 334–335 Psychokinesis, 87 Psycholinguistic theory, 187 Psychological aspects of aggression, 372–373 Psychological disorders, 307–327 acute stress disorder, 315 anxiety disorders, 310–313 generalized, 311 origins of, 312–313 panic disorder, 310–311 social, 310 specific phobic disorders, 310 classifying, 309 defined, 307–308 delusional disorders, 323 dissociative disorders, 315–316 defined, 315 depersonalization-derealization disorder, 316 dissociative amnesia, 315–316 dissociative identity disorder (DID), 315 origins of, 316 hoarding disorder, 313–314 mood disorders, 317–322 bipolar disorder, 317–318 depressive disorders, 318–319 suicide, 319–322 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 313 personality disorders, 326–327 antisocial, 326 avoidant, 327 borderline personality, 326–327 origins of, 327 paranoid, 326 schizoid, 326 schizotypal, 326 perspectives on, 308–309 contemporary psychological models, 309 demonological model, 308 medical model, 309 Index Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 436 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 314 prevalence of, 309–310 schizophrenia, 322–325 biological views on, 324–325 psychological views on, 323 sociocultural views on, 323–324 symptoms of, 322–323 somatoform disorders, 316–317 conversion disorder, 316–317 illness anxiety disorder, 316 origins of, 317 Psychological factors in personality disorders, 327 Psychological hardiness, 293–294 Psychological influences on hunger, 211 Psychological moderators of stress, 293–295 Psychological needs, 206 Psychological principles, 332, 348 Psychological views on anxiety disorders, 312 on depressive disorders, 318–319 on schizophrenia, 323 Psychologists clinical, cognitive, 12 consumer, counseling, demographics of, developmental, educational, environmental, evolutionary, 12 experimental, experimental methods by, 20–23 forensic, Gestalt, 11 health, human factors, industrial, neoanalysts, 13 organizational, personality, research methods, 18–23 school, social, sport, study of alien abduction claims, study of behavior and mental processes, 15–18 Psychology, 4–25 analytical, 265 contemporary perspectives, 11–15 biological, 12 cognitive, 12 humanistic-existential, 12 perspectives on learning, 13 psychodynamic, 12–13 sociocultural, 13 defined, evolutionary, 54 fields of, 5–7 Gestalt, 10–11 health, 288 positive, 222–223 as a science, 4–7 Psychomotor retardation, 318 Psychoneuroimmunology, 297 Psychophysicists, 64 Psychosexual development defined, 264 stages of, 264–265 theory of, 262–265 Psychosexual theory, 262–268 Psychosocial development, 244, 266 Psychosurgery, 350 Psychotherapy, 332–334 See also Therapy methods defined, 332 effectiveness of, 345 ethnicity and, 346–347 history of, 332–334 Psychotic behaviors, 318 Psychotic disorders, 322–325 PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), 314 Puberty, 247–248 Public behavior, Punishment effect on learning, 368 negative, 133 positive, 133 reinforcers versus, 133–134 Pupil, 69 Pure research, R Radio waves, 68 Raine, Adrian, 271 Random sample, 17 Random sampling, 394 Range, 388 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 97–100 Rapid flight of ideas, 317 Rational emotive behavior therapy, 342–343, 343 Rational emotive therapy, 343 Rational thinking, alleviating depression with, 351 Rayner, Rosalie, 128 Reagan, Ronald, 311 Reality principle, 263 Reality testing, 281 Reasoning, motivated, 181–182 Rebound anxiety, 348 Recall, 162 Recency effect, 366 Receptor site, 36 Reciprocity, attraction of, 364 Recognition, measuring, 162 Reeve, Christopher, 222 Reference, delusions of, 322 Reflex, 40–41, 235 Babinski, 235 conditioned, 122 defined, 122 grasp, 235 knee-jerk, 40 Moro, 235 orienting, 123 palmar, 235 spinal, 40 startle, 235 withdrawal, 235 Reflex arc, 40 Refractory period, 35, 216 Rehearsal elaborative, 151 maintenance, 151 Reinforcement, 9–10 aggressive behavior, 373 continuous, 134 defined, 9, 130 partial, 134–135 schedules of, 134–136 short-term, 133 Reinforcement schedules, 134–136 interval, 135, 136 fixed-interval, 135, 136 variable-interval, 135, 136 ratio, 135–136 fixed-ratio, 135–136 variable-ratio, 135–136 Reinforcers conditioned, 133 delayed, 132 immediate, 132 negative, 132, 133–134 positive, 132 primary, 132–133 punishments versus, 133–134 rewards versus, 133 secondary, 133 Relative size, 76–77 Relaxation response, 105 Relaxation training, 90 Relearning, 163 Reliability of intelligence tests, 196 in psychological testing, 280 REM rebound, 99 REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 97–100 Representativeness heuristic, 180 Repression, 95, 157, 165, 263 Rescorla, Robert, 139 Research animal, 24 applied, debriefing participants, 24 ethics in, 23–24 kinship studies, 57–58 problems in generalizing from, 17–18 problems in generalizing from psychological research, 17–18 pure, split-brain experiments, 49, 50 study of behavior and mental processes, 15–18 Index 437 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 437 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Research methods correlation, 19–20 experimental, 20–23 observation, 18–19 scientific method, 15–16 Research question, formulation of, 15 Resistance, 335 Resistance stage, 296–297 Resolution phase, 216 Response conditioned, 123 unconditioned, 123 Response set theory of hypnosis, 104 Responsibility diffusion of, 374, 377 objective, 241 Resting potential, 34 Reticular formation, 43–44 Retina, 69 Retinal disparity, 78 Retrieval, 151–153 Retrieval cues, 151 Retroactive interference, 164 Retrograde amnesia, 166–167 Retrospective memory, 149–150, 170 Reuptake, neurotransmitter, 36 Reversibility, 241 Rewards extrinsic, 210 intrinsic, 210 reinforcers versus, 133 Rhine, Joseph Banks, 88 Right brain, 48–49 Rightness, belief in, 376 Risky shift, 375 Robinson, Eugene, 196 Rods, 69 Rogers, Carl, 12, 274, 276–277, 335, 336 Role diffusion, 251 Role theory, 103–104 Romantic love, 365 Romantic partner, gender differences in selection of, 363 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 16 Rooting, 235 Rorschach, Hermann, 281 Rorschach inkblot test, 281 Rotter, Julian B., 294 Rubin vase, 74, 75 Rumi, 261–262 S Saccadic eye movements, 153, 154 Salter, Mary D., 244 Sample defined, 17, 383 inferential statistics and, 394 random, 17, 394 stratified, 17 Sample selection, 17 Sanchez, Jorge, 14 438 Sandwich generation, 256 Sarbin, Theodore, 103–104 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 274 Satiety, 209 Saturation, color, 70 Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 183 Savings, 163 SBIS (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale), 193–194 Scaffolding, 242 Schedules of reinforcement, 134–136 Schemas, 157–158, 237 Schizoid personality disorder, 326 Schizophrenia, 36–37, 307, 322–325 biological views on, 324–325 psychological views on, 323 sociocultural views on, 323–324 symptoms of, 322–323 Schizotypal personality disorder, 326 Schlacter, Daniel, 149 Schlacter, Stanley, 225–226 School psychologists, School shootings, 140 Science, psychology as, 4–7 Scientific method, 15–16 Sclera, 68 Secondary reinforcers, 133 Secondary sex characteristics, 51, 247 Security hassles, 289 Seekers, 205 Selection factor, 16 Selective attention, 94 Selective avoidance, 359 Selective exposure, 359 Selective optimization with compensation, 256 Selective perception, 342 Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 349 Self-actualization, 208, 275–276, 282 Self-concept, 276 Self-defeating beliefs, challenging, 90 Self-efficacy expectations, 273, 293 Self-esteem, 276, 279 Self-help, 345 Self-ideals, 277 Self-monitoring, 341 Self-serving bias, 367 Self theory, 276–277 Seligman, Martin, 318 Selye, Hans, 288 Semantic code, 150 Semanticity, 184 Semantic memory, 148, 170 Sensation and perception, 63–88 absolute threshold, 64, 65 chemical senses, 84–85 definitions, 63–64 difference threshold, 65 extrasensory perception, 63, 87–88 feature detectors, in brain, 66 hearing, 80–84 deafness, 83–84 ear, 81–82, 83 locating sounds, 82 perception, 82–83 pitch and loudness, 80–81, 82–83 kinesthesis and vestibular sense, 86–87 sensory adaptation, 66–67 signal-detection theory, 65–66 skin senses, 85–86 subliminal stimulation, 64–65 vision, 67–73 color blindness, 73 color vision, 70–73 eye, 68–70 light, 67–68 visual perception, 73–80 constancies of, 78–79 of depth, 76–78 of motion, 76 perceptual organization, 74–76 visual illusions, 79–80 Sensations, Senses absolute threshold for, 65 chemical, 84–85 hearing, 80–84 skin, 85–86 vestibular, 86–87 vision, 67–80 Sensitization, 66 Sensoineural deafness, 83–84 Sensorimotor stage, of cognitive development, 238 Sensory adaptation, 66–67 Sensory awareness, 93 Sensory memory, 153–154 Sensory neurons, 33–34, 38 Sensory register, 153 Serial-position effect, 155 Serotonin, 37 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 349 Set point, 207 Sex characteristics primary, 51 secondary, 51, 247 Sex chromosomes, 56 Sexual behavior, 215–217 sexual response, 215–216 surveys of, 216–217 teenagers, 217 Sexual harassment, 228–229 Sexual motivation, hormones and, 214–215 Sexual orientation, 217–219 Sexual response, 215–216 Sexual response cycle, 215–216 Shadowing, 77 Shame, 244 Shape constancy, 79 Shaping, 137–138 Shapiro, Francine, 340 Index Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 438 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Shiffrin, Richard, 152 Short-term memory, 154–157 chunking, 155–156 interference in, 156–157 serial-position effect, 155 Signal-detection theory, 65–66 Significance, statistical, 393–394 Similarity, 74, 75 Simon, Theodore, 193 Situational attributions, 366 Situational variables, 272–273 Size constancy, 77, 78 Sizemore, Chris, 18 Skepticism, 24–25 Skill memories, 149 Skinner, B F., 9, 130–132, 272 Skinner box, 131 Skin senses, 85–86 Sleep, 96–102 amount needed, 99 circadian rhythm, 96 disorders of, 100–102 dreams, 99–100, 101 functions of, 98–99 learning and memory, 99 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 97–98 paradoxical, 98 rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 97–100 stages of, 96–98 times for mammals, 96 Sleep apnea, 101–102 Sleep deprivation, 98–99 Sleep disorders, 100–102 bedwetting, 102 deep-sleep, 102 insomnia, 100–101 narcolepsy, 101 sleep apnea, 101–102 sleep terrors, 102 sleepwalking, 102 Sleep spindles, 97 Sleep terrors, 102 Sleepwalking, 102 Smell, 65, 84 Smiling, 221, 222, 223, 225 Smith, Mary Lee, 345 Smith, Will, 31 Smoking, 112–114 modifying the “ABC’s” of, 143 passive, 114 SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), 349 Social and emotional development, 244–247 adolescence, 250–251 childhood attachment, 244–246 Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, 244–246 parenting styles, 246–247 Social anxiety disorder, 310 Social categorization, 361 Social cognition, gender-typing and, 274–275 Social cognitive theory, 13, 272–273 Social comparison, lack of, 370 Social conflict, 361 Social decision schemes, 374 Social Desirability Scale, 26–27 Social facilitation, 373, 374 Social influence, 355, 367–372 conformity, 371–372 obedience to authority, 367–370 Social intelligence, 191 Socialization, 370 Socializing, 295 Social learning, 361 Social loafing, 374 Social norms, 371 Social perception, 365–367 attribution theory, 366–367 primacy and recency effects, 366 Social psychologists, Social psychology, 355–377 aggression biology and chemistry, 372 psychological aspects, 372–373 attitudes, 356–360 changing by means of cognitive dissonance, 359–360 changing through persuasion, 358–359 defined, 356 formation, 356–357 predicting behavior from, 357–358 attraction, 362–365 attraction-similarity hypothesis, 363–364 color and, 364 definition, 362 gender differences, 363 love, 365 physical appearance, 362–363 defined, 355 group behavior, 373–377 altruism and bystander effect, 376–377 decision making, 374–375 groupthink, 375–376 mob behavior and deindividuation, 376 polarization and the risky shift, 375 social facilitation, 374 prejudice and discrimination, 360–362 combating, 361–362 definitions, 360 sources of, 361 stereotyping, 360 social influence, 367–372 conformity, 371–372 obedience to authority, 367–370 social perception, 365–367 attribution theory, 366–367 primacy and recency effects, 366 Social skills training, 341 Sociocultural factors in personality disorders, 327 in suicide, 321 Sociocultural perspective, 13–15, 277–279 acculturation, 279 defined, 278 on ethnicity, 13–14 on gender, 14 individualism versus collectivism, 278 on schizophrenia, 323–324 Sociocultural theory, 242 Socioeconomic differences in intellectual functioning, 196–197 Socrates, 7, Somatic nervous system, 38–39 Somatoform disorders, 316–317 conversion disorder, 316–317 illness anxiety disorder, 316 origins of, 317 Somatosensory cortex, 46 Somnambulism, 102 Sound, 80 See also Hearing locating, 82 perception of, 82–83 pitch and loudness, 80–83 Sound waves, 80, 81 Spearman, Charles, 189, 269 Species-specific behavior, 54 Specificity, 357 Specific phobias, 310 Speech, telegraphic, 186 Sperling, George, 153 Spiders, phobia of, 331–332 Spinal cord, 40 Spinal reflex, 40 Split-brain experiments, 49, 50 Spontaneous recovery, 125, 133 Sport psychologists, Sports heroes, 267 SSRIs (selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors), 349 Stages of sleep, 96–98 Stagnation, 255 Standard deviation, 388–389 Standardization, in psychological testing, 280 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS), 193–194 Stapes, 81 Startle reflex, 235 State-dependent memory, 161 Statistically significant differences, 384, 393–394 Statistics, 382–394 bimodal distribution, 387–388 correlation coefficient, 384, 391–392 defined, 383 descriptive, 383, 384–389 Index 439 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 439 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Statistics (continued) frequency distribution, 384–385 inferential, 383, 392–394 measures of central tendency, 385–388 measures of variability, 388–389 normal curve, 383–384, 389–390 standard deviation, 388–389 statistical significance, 384, 393–394 Stereotyping, 360, 376 Sternberg, Robert, 190 Steroids anabolic, 52 behavior and mental processes, 52 cortical, 51 Stimulants, 106, 110–113 amphetamines, 110–111 cocaine, 111–112 nicotine, 112–114 Stimulation auditory, 80 search for, 207–208 subliminal, 64–65 Stimuli absolute threshold of, 64, 65 attention capturing, 94 conditioned stimulus, 123 defined, 122 difference threshold of, 64–65 discriminative, 134 unconditioned stimulus, 123 Stimulus motives, 207–208 Storage in memory, 150–151, 158 Strange situation method, 244 Stratified sample, 17 Stress, 287–299 body and, 295–299 general adaptation syndrome (GAS), 295–296 immune system and, 279–299 of college freshmen, 288 defined, 288 gender differences in response, 298 health problems, 299–302 cancer, 300, 302 coronary heart disease, 300, 301–302 psychological moderators of, 293–295 emotional support, 295 predictability and control, 294 psychological hardiness, 293–294 self-efficacy expectations, 293 sense of humor, 294 self-assessment, 303–304 sources of, 288–293 in America, 290 conflict, 291 daily hassles and life changes, 289 irrational beliefs, 291–292 type A behavior pattern, 292–293 warning signs of, 290 tip sheet, 299 Stroboscopic motion, 76 Stunkard, Albert, 212 440 Stupor, 323 Subjective elements of experience, 8–9 Subjective moral judgments, 241 Subjective values, 272 Subliminal stimulation, 64–65 Substance use disorder causal factors in, 107–108 defined, 106 Successive approximations, 137, 341 Suggestibility, hypnotic, 103 Suicide, 319–322 myths about, 321–322 sociocultural factors, 321 Suicide bombers, 355 Suicide terrorists, 368 Suinn, Richard M., 14 Superego, 263–264 Supermarket tabloids, 3–4 Support groups, 345 Suppression, 95 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 96 Surveys, 19 Syllables, nonsense, 161 Symbols, language and, 182 Sympathetic arousal, lie detectors and, 227 Sympathetic division, 39–40, 220, 296–297 Synapse, 35–36 Synaptic cleft, 35 Synaptic vesicles, 36 Systematic desensitization, 129, 338 Systematic interaction, 332 Systemic random search, 177 Systems approach, 344 T Taste, 65, 84–85 Taste aversion, 126–127 Taste buds, 84 Taste cells, 84 TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), 219, 281 Taylor, Shelley E., 298 Telegraphic speech, 186 Telepathy, 87–88 Television, violence and, 140–141 Temperature, skin sensation of, 85 Temporal lobe, 46 Terman, Louis, 194 Terminal buttons, 32 Terrace, Herbert, 183 Terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, 159, 314 Terrorists, suicide, 368 Terrors, sleep, 102 Testes, 51 Testing the hypothesis, 16 Testosterone, 51, 52, 214, 218, 247, 298, 364, 372 Test-retest reliability, 196 Tests objective, 280–281 projective, 281 Texture gradient, 77 Thalamus, 44, 169 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 219, 281 Theories of color vision, 72 Theory attribution, 366–367 cognitive-dissonance, 208, 359–360 contingency, 139 defined, of emotions, 224–226 Cannon-Bard theory, 225 cognitive appraisal, 225–226 evaluation of, 226 James-Lange theory, 224–225 of evolution, 9, 52–54 Eysenck’s trait theory, 269 frequency, 83 gate theory of pain, 86, 89 of intelligence, 189–193 emotional and social intelligence, 191 factor theories, 189 multiple intelligences, 189–190 summary chart of, 192 triarchic theory, 190–191 interference, 164–165 moral development, 243–244 of motivation, 205, 206–208 cognitive perspective, 205, 208 drive-reduction theory, 207 evolutionary perspective, 206–207 homeostasis, 207 humanistic theory, 208 stimulation search, 207–208 opponent-process, 72–73 Piaget’s cognitive development theory, 237–242 place, 83 psychoanalytic, 263 psychodynamic, 262–268 psycholinguistic, 187 psychosexual development, 262–265 response set theory of hypnosis, 104 role theory of hypnosis, 103–104 self, 276–277 social cognitive, 272–273 sociocultural theory, 242 of sound perception, 83 trichromatic theory, 72 Therapists, Gestalt, 11 Therapy methods, 331–351 behavior therapy, 337–341 aversive conditioning, 339 defined, 337 fear-reduction methods, 338–339 operant conditioning, 340–341 biological therapies, 348–351 drug therapy, 348–349 effectiveness of, 350–351 Index Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 440 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 349–350 psychosurgery, 350 cognitive therapies, 341–343 Beck’s cognitive therapy, 342 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 343 defined, 341 Ellis’s rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), 342–343 evidence-based practices, 346 eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing, 340 fear-reduction methods, 338–339 modeling, 338–339 systematic desensitization, 338 virtual therapy, 338, 339 group therapies, 343–345 advantages of, 344 couple therapy, 344 family therapy, 344–345 self-help and support groups, 345 history of therapies, 332–334 asylums, 332–333 community mental health movement, 334 mental hospitals, 333 humanistic therapies, 335–337 client-centered therapy, 336–337 defined, 335 Gestalt therapy, 337 psychodynamic therapies, 334–335 modern approaches, 335 traditional psychoanalysis, 334–335 psychotherapy, 332–334 defined, 332 effectiveness of, 345 ethnicity and, 346–347 history of, 332–334 Theta waves, 97 Thinking, 175–182 absolutist, 343 cerebral cortex and, 47 concepts, 175–176 convergent, 191 critical, 24–25 defined, 175 divergent, 192 judgment and decision making, 180–181 motivated reasoning, 181–182 preoperational thought, 239 problems in schizophrenia, 322 problem solving, 176–180 facts affecting, 178–180 methods, 177–178 rational, 351 Thorndike, Edward L., 130 Threshold, neuron, 34 Thurstone, Louis, 189 Thyroxin, 51 Time-based tasks, 150 Time-pressure hassles, 289 Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon, 160–161 Tobacco, 112 Token economy, 340–341 Tolerance, 107, 111 Tolman, E C., 138–139 Top-down processing, 75 Touch, 65, 85 Touching, active, 85 Tracer, 42 Trait perspective, 268–271 evaluation of, 271 Eysenck’s trait theory, 269 five-factor model, 269–270 Hippocrates and, 268–269 Traits anal-expulsive, 264 anal-retentive, 264 biology and, 269–270 defined, 268 feminine and masculine, stereotypical, 274 Trait theory, Hans Eysenck’s, 269 Tranquilizers, 37 Transcendental meditation (TM), 104–105 Transference, 335 Triangular love scale, 378–379 Triangular model of love, 365 Triarchic theory of intelligence, 190–191 Trichromat, 73 Trichromatic theory, 72 Trust versus mistrust, stage of psychosocial development, 244 Truth, deception and, 370 Truth-wins scheme, 374–375 Tsunami, 287 Tuke, William, 333 Tversky, Amos, 181 Twain, Mark, 302 23andMe DNA testing kits, 55 Twin studies, 57–58, 198–199 Twitter, 271 Two-thirds scheme, 375 Type A behavior, 292–293, 301 U Umami, 84 Umbilical cord, 234 Unconditional positive regard, 276, 336 Unconditioned response (UCR), 123 Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), 123 Unconscious, 94, 262–263, 265 collective, 265 desires, dreams as the expression of, 100 Uninvolved parents, 247 V Validity of intelligence tests, 196 in psychological testing, 280 Value of a color, 70 Values inaccessibility of, 370 subjective, 272 Vaping, 112 Variability, measures of, 388–389 Variable-interval schedule, 135, 136 Variable-ratio schedule, 135–136 Variables dependent, 21 independent, 21 person, 272–273 situational, 272–273 Vasocongestion, 215 Vasopressin, 50 Ventromedial nucleus (VMN), 210 Verdi, Giuseppe, 254 Vested interest, 358 Vestibular sense, 87 Video games, violent, 140, 141 Violence in media, 140–142 in video games, 140 Virtual therapy, 338, 339 Visible light, 67, 68 Visible spectrum, 67 Vision, 67–73 absolute threshold for, 65 color blindness, 73 color vision, 70–73 eye, 68–70 light, 67–68 Visual acuity, 69–70 Visual code, 150 Visual illusions, 79–80 Visual perception, 73–80 constancies of, 78–79 of depth, 76–78 of motion, 76 perceptual organization, 74–76 visual illusions, 79–80 Vocalizations, prelinguistic, 185–186 Volley principle, 83 Volunteer bias, 17–18 Vygotsky, Lev, 241–242 W Waking state, consciousness as the, 95 Walden Two (Skinner), 272 Walking distracted, 89 sleepwalking, 102 Wall, Patrick, 86 Warm colors, 71 Watson, James, 55 Watson, John Broadus, 9, 13, 64, 93, 128, 272 Waxy flexibility, 323 Weber, Ernst, 65 Weber’s constant, 65 Webster, Mike, 31 Wechsler, David, 194 Index 441 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 441 9/5/18 6:45 PM www.freebookslides.com Wechsler scales, 194–195 Weight control, 229–230 Wernicke’s aphasia, 48 Wertheimer, Max, 10 White matter, 40 Whole-report procedure, 153 Whorf, Benjamin, 184 Wiesel, Torsten, 66 Wilde, Oscar, 358 Williams, Robin, 319, 320 Wish fulfillment, 335 Withdrawal reflex, 235 442 Withdrawal syndromes, 110 Wolpe, Joseph, 338 Women, 14, 320 Work hassles, 289 Working memory, 155 World Trade Center, 338–339 Worth, conditions of, 276 Wundt, Wilhelm, X X sex chromosome, 56 Y Young, Thomas, 72 Y sex chromosome, 56, 234 Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah, 248 Z Zimbardo, Philip, 355 Zone of proximal development (ZPD), 242 Zygote, 57, 233 Index Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part WCN 02-200-203 41055_em_indx_hr_425-442.indd 442 9/5/18 6:45 PM ... 4-6 Stimulants 110 What Is Psychology? 1-1 Psychology as a Science 1-2 Historical Foundations of? ?Psychology 1-3 Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology 11 1-4 How Psychologists Study Behavior... contribution from other contributions to psychology? a He wrote the first textbook of psychology b He defined psychology as the science of behavior c He established psychology as a laboratory science... Fig.1.1 HUMAN SERVICE PROVIDER SUBFIELDS Clinical Child Psychology School Psychology Counseling Psychology Clinical Psychology WORK SETTING Schools/Educational Business and Government Independent