www.ajlobby.com Practical Procedures in the Management of Tooth Wear www.ajlobby.com www.ajlobby.com Practical Procedures in the Management of Tooth Wear Subir Banerji BDS, MClinDent(Prostho), PhD, MFGDP(UK), FDS RCPS(Glasg), FICOI, FICD FIADFE Dental Practitioner, Programme Director MSc Aesthetic Dentistry Senior Clinical Lecturer, King’s College London, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Private Practice, London, UK Shamir Mehta BDS, BSc, MClinDent(Prosth), FFGDP(UK), FDS RCPS (Glasg), FDS RCS (Eng), FICD Dental Practitioner, Senior Clinical Lecturer, King’s College London, Faculty of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences/Deputy Programme Director MSc Aesthetic Dentistry, Private Practice Middlesex, London, UK; Undertaking research at Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Niek Opdam DDS, PhD Associate Professor, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Nijmegen; Dental Practitioner in Adhesive Dentistry, Tandzorg Ulft, The Netherlands Bas Loomans DDS, PhD Assistant Professor, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Dentistry, Nijmegen; Dental Practitioner, Mondzorg Oost, Nijmegen, The Netherlands www.ajlobby.com This edition first published 2020 © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions The right of Subir Banerji, Shamir Mehta, Niek Opdam and Bas Loomans to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a specialist where appropriate Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Banerji, Subir, 1961– author | Mehta, Shamir B., author | Opdam, Niek, 1956– author | Loomans, Bas, 1974– author Title: Practical procedures in the management of tooth wear / Subir Banerji, Shamir Mehta, Niek Opdam, Bas Loomans Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2020 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2019026465 (print) | ISBN 9781119389866 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119389842 (adobe pdf ) | ISBN 9781119389927 (epub) Subjects: MESH: Tooth Wear–therapy | Tooth Wear–diagnosis Classification: LCC RK340 (print) | LCC RK340 (ebook) | NLM WU 166 | DDC 617.6/34–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019026465 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019026466 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Images: Subir Banerji, Shamir Mehta, Niek Opdam and Bas Loomans Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.ajlobby.com v Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgement xi About the Companion Website xiii Introduction and the Prevalence of Tooth Wear 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Physiological Wear and Pathological Wear: The Concept of Severe Tooth Wear 1.3 The Prevalence of TW 1.4 An Overview of the Challenges Associated with TW 1.5 Conclusion 7 References The Aetiology and Presentation of Tooth Wear 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Intrinsic Mechanical Wear 12 2.3 Extrinsic Mechanical Wear 13 2.4 Non‐carious Cervical Lesions 14 2.5 Chemical Wear 15 2.6 Cofactors 20 2.7 Conclusion 20 References 23 Further Reading 24 The Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis of the Wear Patient 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 The Initial Assessment: The Presenting Complaint and the History of the Presenting Complaint 26 3.3 Medical History 27 3.4 Dental and Socio‐behavioural History 29 3.5 Patient Examination 30 3.6 Special Tests 42 3.7 Summary 43 3.8 Conclusion 43 References 48 Further Reading 49 www.ajlobby.com vi Contents The Diagnosis of Tooth Wear, Including the Use of Common Clinical Indices 51 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 The Use of Descriptive Means to Qualify and Quantify Tooth Wear 53 4.3 The Use of Clinical Indices for the Diagnosis of TW 57 4.4 Conclusion 61 References 65 Clinical Occlusion in Relation to Tooth Wear 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 The Concept of the Ideal Occlusion 67 5.3 The Fabrication of Appropriate Study Casts and Records to Enable Occlusal Analysis 70 5.4 How and When to Take the Conformative Approach to Restorative Rehabilitation 80 5.5 How and When to Adopt a Reorganised Approach 82 5.6 The Placement of Dental Restorations in Supra‐occlusion: The Dahl Concept 85 5.7 Summary and Conclusions 88 References 92 Further Reading 94 Management of Tooth Wear: Monitoring and Prevention Strategies 95 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Counselling and Monitoring 95 6.3 Prevention 98 6.4 Preventive Measures in Case of Chemical Wear 98 6.5 Preventive Measures in Case of Mechanical Wear 99 References 101 The Role of Occlusal Splints for Patients with Tooth Wear 103 7.1 Introduction 103 7.2 The Role of Stabilisation Splints for the Management of Tooth Wear 103 7.3 Clinical Protocol for the Fabrication of a Stabilisation Splint: The Conventional Approach 105 7.4 The Use of CAD/CAM for Fabrication of a Stabilisation Splint 107 7.5 The Use of Soft (Vacuum‐formed) Occlusal Splints for the Management of TW 108 7.6 Summary and Conclusion 109 References 113 Further Reading 113 Treatment Planning and the Application of Diagnostic Techniques 115 8.1 Introduction 115 8.2 Developing a Logically Sequenced Treatment Plan for a Patient with Pathological Tooth Wear 116 8.3 Forming the Aesthetic Prescription for the TW Patient 121 8.4 The Preparation and Evaluation of the Diagnostic Wax‐Up 124 8.5 Summary and Conclusions 125 References 127 www.ajlobby.com Contents Concepts in the Restoration of the Worn Dentition 129 9.1 Introduction 129 9.2 The Additive/Adhesive Approach Versus the Conventional/Subtractive Approach for the Management of Worn Teeth 129 9.3 Concepts in Dental Adhesion 135 9.4 Some Pragmatic Considerations when Attempting to Apply Adhesive Techniques to the Management of TW 140 9.5 Summary and Conclusions 141 References 142 Further Reading 144 10 Dental Materials: An Overview of Material Selection for the Management of Tooth Wear 145 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 The Use of Resin Composite to Treat TW 146 10.3 The Use of Cast Metal (Nickel/Chromium or Type III/IV) Gold Alloys 153 10.4 Adhesive Ceramic Restorations 154 10.5 Summary 156 References 157 Further Reading 160 11 The Principles and Clinical Management of Localised Anterior Tooth Wear 161 11.1 Introduction 161 11.2 Inter‐occlusal space availability 162 11.3 Restoration of Localised Anterior TW 163 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 179 References 180 12 The Principles and Clinical Management of Localised Posterior Tooth Wear 183 12.1 Introduction 183 12.2 The Canine–Riser Restoration 184 12.3 Techniques for the Restoration of Localised Posterior Wear Using Adhesively Retained Restorations 184 12.4 Restoration of Localised Posterior Wear Using Conventionally Retained Restorations 190 12.5 Management of the Occlusal Scheme When Using Indirect Restorations to Treat Localised Posterior TW (Other than in the Supra‐Occlusal Location) 191 12.6 Summary and Conclusions 193 References 194 13 The Principles and Clinical Management of Generalised Tooth Wear 197 13.1 Introduction 197 13.2 The Prosthodontic Approach to the Restorative Rehabilitation of Generalised Tooth Wear 199 13.3 Conclusions 203 References 205 www.ajlobby.com vii viii Contents 14 The Prognosis of the Restored Worn Dentition: Contingency Planning, the Importance of Maintenance, and Recall 207 14.1 Introduction 207 14.2 Survival of Direct and Indirect Restorations 208 14.3 Repair and Replacement 209 14.4 Repair Techniques 210 14.5 Conclusions 214 References 216 Index 219 www.ajlobby.com 218 Practical Procedures in the Management of Tooth Wear 24 Sharif, M.O., Catleugh, M., Merry, A et al (2014) Replacement versus repair of 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 defective restorations in adults: resin composite Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD005971 Loomans, B.A.C., Cardoso, M.V., Opdam, N.J.M et al (2011) Surface roughness of etched composite resin in light of composite repair J Dent 39 (7): 499–505 Pioch, T., Jakob, H., García‐Godoy, F et al (2003) Surface characteristics of dentin experimentally exposed to hydrofluoric acid Eur J Oral Sci 111 (4): 359–364 Loomans, B.A.C., Mine, A., Roeters, F.J.M et al (2010) Hydrofluoric acid on dentin should be avoided Dent Mater 26 (7): 643–649 Asvesti, C., Guadagni, F., Anastasiadis, G et al (1997) Hydrofluoric acid burns Cutis 59 (6): 306–308 Özcan, M., Allahbeickaraghi, A., and Dündar, M (2012) Possible hazardous effects of hydrofluoric acid and recommendations for treatment approach: a review Clin Oral Investig 16 (1): 15–23 Edelhoff, D., Marx, R., Spiekermann, H., and Yildirim, M (2001) Clinical use of an intraoral silicoating technique J Esthet Restor Dent 13 (6): 350–356 Swift, E.J Jr., Cloe, B.C., and Boyer, D.B (1994) Effect of a silane coupling agent on composite repair strengths Am J Dent (4): 200–202 Filho, A.M., Vieira, L.C., Araújo, E., and Monteiro Júnior, S (2004) Effect of different ceramic surface treatments on resin microtensile bond strength J. Prosthodont 13 (1): 28–35 Baur, V and Ilie, N (2013) Repair of dental resin‐based composites J Adh Dent 17 (2): 601–608 Souza, E.M., Francischone, C.E., Powers, J.M et al (2008) Effect of different surface treatments on the repair bond strength of indirect composites Am J Dent 21 (2): 93–96 219 Index a abfraction 14 abrasion (extrinsic mechanical wear) 2, 11 aetiology 13 diagnosis 53–54 presentation 13–14, 21–22, 55 acid etching dentine 136–137 enamel 135, 136 restorations 210–211 acids, causing erosion 15–16 extrinsic 5, 18–19 intrinsic 16–17 active restorative intervention 118–119 active tooth wear 54 additive/adhesive approach see adhesively retained restorations adhesion, dental 135–140 adhesive ceramic restorations 154–156 localised anterior wear 177–178 localised posterior wear 189, 194 adhesively retained restorations adhesive bonding systems 135–140 conventional techniques vs 129–135 generalised wear 200, 205 localised anterior wear 164–178, 179 localised posterior wear 184–190, 194 pragmatic aspects 140–141 adhesive onlay restorations 184–190 direct composite 184–188 indirect 153–154, 188–190 see also veneers adhesive resins, intermediate 212 Adult Dental Health Survey (ADHS), UK 4 aesthetic(s) assessment 31–34 gingival 41, 123 impaired 26, 27 pragmatic 135 prescription 121–124, 126–127 resin composite restorations 134–135 treatment planning 163 aesthetic zone definition 39 designing a new 41 evaluation 39–41, 47 aetiology of tooth wear 11–23 age‐related tooth wear 1, 2–3, air abrasion 211 air inhibition phenomenon 167 alcohol intake 30 alcoholism, chronic 18, 29 alginate impressions 105 all‐ceramic crowns 155, 178 survival 208–209 alveolar growth, compensatory see dento‐alveolar compensation amalgam restorations 208 amelogenesis imperfecta 20 anatomical reference point 71 Practical Procedures in the Management of Tooth Wear, First Edition Subir Banerji, Shamir Mehta, Niek Opdam and Bas Loomans © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/banerji/toothwear 220 Index anorexia nervosa 17–18 anterior clinical erosive (ACE) classification 60 anterior de‐programming devices 77–78 anterior guidance see incisal guidance anterior guidance table, customised see customised incisal guidance table anterior reference point 71, 72, 90 anterior tooth wear, localised see localised anterior tooth wear apical pathology 26, 42–43 arcon articulator 71, 124 articulated study casts 42 accuracy of mounting 79–80 centric relation record 78–79 conformative approach 81–82 fabrication 70–71 generalised wear 197–198 localised posterior wear 191, 192, 193 occlusal splint fabrication 105–106 articulating paper/foil conformative approach 82 inter‐occlusal records 75, 77, 78, 90 occlusal splint fabrication 106, 107, 112 articulators, dental 71 assessment, clinical 25–47 examination 30–42 history taking 26–30 initial 26–27 special tests 42–43 templates 25–26, 44 athletes 19 attachment levels, clinical 35 attrition (intrinsic mechanical wear) 2, 11 aetiology 12 diagnosis 53–54 presentation 12–13, 21, 55 axial inclination 40–41, 122–123 b balanced occlusion 38 Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) 52, 56, 58–60 management guide 59–60 risk assessment score 58, 59 Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE) 35, 57, 58 Bennet angle 38, 71 Bennet movement 38, 71 bevelling, enamel 140–141, 165 beverages, acidic 5, 18 bilaterally balanced occlusion 38 bimanual manipulation 76–77 biological width 202 bite fork 72–73 bite registration materials 72, 73, 74, 78 black triangles 202 bleeding on probing 35 bleeding scores 35 bruxism 12, 21 occlusal stabilisation splints 104, 107 patient counselling 96 prevention 99 restoration failure 207 restorative options 133 risk factors 19, 29, 30 soft occlusal splints 108, 109 bulimia nervosa 17–18, 29 c CAD/CAM techniques 83, 104 manufacture of restorations 156 occlusal splint fabrication 107–108 virtual diagnostic wax‐up 124, 125, 127 caffeine intake 30 calcium fluoride (CaF2) 210 calculus 54 canine guidance 38, 184 canine‐guided/canine‐protected occlusion 38, 69–70, 124–125 canine rise 106, 107 canine–riser restoration 184, 185, 186 canines 69–70 direct resin composite restorations 167 intra‐oral mock‐up 123 carbonated drinks 5, 18 cast metallic restorations anterior tooth wear 174–176, 179 Index localised posterior wear 188–189, 194 materials 153–154, 157 casts, study see study casts central incisors aesthetic assessment 40–41 age‐related wear rates 2–3 intra‐oral mock‐up 121–122 centric relation (CR) 69 location 76–78, 91 record 74, 75–79, 90 restoration to 85 centric relation contact position (CRCP) 75, 201 centric stops occlusal splints 106, 107 restorations 165, 191, 200 ceramic materials 177, 208–209 ceramic restorations adhesive see adhesive ceramic restorations all‐ceramic crowns 155, 178, 208–209 facial veneers 177 repair 212–213 survival 208–209, 216 see also metal‐ceramic crowns; porcelain veneers cervical lesions, non‐carious (NCCLs) 14–15, 22 Challacombe Scale 34 chemical wear 15–20 classification 2, 11 extrinsic see intrinsic chemical wear intrinsic see intrinsic chemical wear presentation 16, 18–19, 21–22, 55 prevention 98–99 see also erosion chewing difficulties 26 children 5, Children’s Dental Health Survey, UK clinical assessment see assessment, clinical clinical attachment levels 35 clinical attachment loss 35 clinical indices 57–61 cobalt chromium onlays 188–189 cofactors 20 compensation, dento‐alveolar see dento‐alveolar compensation compliance, treatment 83, 87, 118, 201 composite resin restorations 146–153 direct see direct composite resin restorations indirect see indirect composite resin restorations intermediate (ICR) 118, 186 repair 207–208, 213 shade selection 165 survival 208, 214–215 condylar guidance angle 71 conformative approach indications 80–82 localised posterior wear 183, 191–192 connectors 41 consent, informed 115, 119 contact points 41 contingency planning 134, 207–214 continual tooth wear conventionally retained restorations 129–135 aesthetic outcome 134–135 disadvantages 130–134 generalised wear 200–201, 203 localised anterior wear 178–179 localised posterior wear 190 precision approach 178 see also subtractive tooth preparation corrosion 15 costs, treatment/time 133 cotton wool balls 77 counselling 95–97 crown height, loss 2–3, 8, 56 crown lengthening intra‐oral mock‐up 121–122, 123 surgical 132, 202–203, 204 crown restorations 129 all‐ceramic 155, 178, 208 custom indirect shell‐type acrylic based provisional 83–84 dentine‐bonded 177–178 generalised tooth wear 201 metal‐ceramic 179, 201, 208, 209 posterior teeth 190 post‐retained 203 221 222 Index crown restorations (cont’d) risks of pulp tissue trauma 131–132 survival 208–209, 216 tooth preparation 130–131 treatment/time costs 133 crown to root ratio 202 cupping, occlusal 16 customised incisal guidance table conformative approach 81, 82, 91 generalised tooth wear 201 multiple posterior restorations 191–192 d Dahl appliance 86, 87, 118, 174–175 Dahl concept 85–88, 92 dead soft matrix 166, 169 definitive complex restorations 120 definitive restorations 82, 84, 120 generalised wear 201, 202–203 localised posterior wear 191, 192 deflective contacts 75 Denar Slidematic facebow 72–74 dental history 29–30 dental materials 145–157 dental midlines 40 dentine bonding 136–139 exposure 8, 13, 26 hypersensitivity 16, 26, 54 dentine‐bonded crowns 177–178 dentine bonding resins 138–139 dentine bonding systems 136–137 classification 139–140 dentine cone 172 dento‐alveolar compensation 32, 55, 80, 85 dento‐labial relationships 39 diagnosis, tooth wear 51–65 clinical assessment 25–47 clinical indices 57–61 qualification and quantification 53–56 diagnostic wax‐up 124–125, 126 generalised wear 198 localised anterior wear 168, 169 localised posterior wear 187–188, 189, 190 occlusal splints 108 surgical crown lengthening 202 diet analysis 29 dietary advice 98 diet history 29 digital 3D scans assessing tooth wear 42, 52–53, 63 monitoring tooth wear 97, 100 digital mock‐up 126 digital smile evaluation 124 direct composite resin restorations 146–151, 156–157 aesthetics 134 anterior mandibular teeth 171–173 canine riser 185, 193 custom‐made provisional 83 diagnostic 146–147, 151 direct shaping by occlusion (DSO) 164, 167–168, 186–187 freehand technique 164–167, 186 generalised wear 150, 186–187, 205 injection moulding technique 171, 172–173 intermediate 118, 186 localised anterior wear 147–150, 164–173, 179 localised posterior wear 184–188, 194 mechanical failure 147, 149, 150 medium‐term 134, 146–147 patient information 164 polyvinyl silicone (PVS) index guide 168, 169–170 supra‐occlusion 147 survival 147–150, 151, 208, 214–215 treatment cost/time costs 133 vacuum‐formed matrix guide 168, 170–171 direct restorations, survival 208 direct shaping by occlusion (DSO) technique anterior teeth 164, 167–168 posterior teeth 186–187 disclusion, posterior teeth 69 canine–riser restoration 184, 185, 193 occlusal examination 38 occlusal stabilisation splints 103, 104, 107, 110–111, 112 Index distalisation of the mandible 82, 183, 201 drugs, recreational 30 dry mouth 20 see also hyposalivation dulling effect, metallic restorations 176 e earbows 71 eating difficulties 26 eating disorders 6, 17–18, 28, 29 ecstasy 30 edentulous patients, centric relation record 79 edentulous spaces assessment 41–42, 47 restoration 120 E‐line 33 embrasure spaces 41 emergence profile 166 emergency treatment 116 enamel bonding 135–136 margins, preparation 140–141 selective etching 136 enamel ring of confidence 135–136 endodontics, elective 203 episodic tooth wear erosion 2, 15–20 active 16 aetiology 5–6, 15–19 diagnosis 53–54 grading of severity 58–61 presentation 16, 19–20, 22–23, 55 prevalence in children 5, prevention 98–99 restored worn teeth 207 temporal trends 4–5 treatment options 133 see also chemical wear erosive tooth wear (ETW) 2, 15 eruptive potential, reduced 87 etch‐and‐rinse systems 136, 137 etching patterns 136 phosphoric acid 135, 136 selective enamel 136 ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) 108 European Consensus Statement, Management Guidelines 3, 56, 119, 130 examination, patient 30–42 extra‐oral 30–34, 44 intra‐oral 34–42, 45–46 exercise, vigorous 30 extractions, tooth 118 extra‐oral examination 30–34, 44 extreme tooth wear 56 extrinsic chemical wear 2, 11, 18–20 aetiology 15, 18–19 presentation 19–20, 23, 55 see also erosion extrinsic mechanical wear see abrasion extrusion, controlled 86, 87 f face examination 31–34 horizontal reference plane 32 midline 32 shape 33 symmetry 32 vertical proportions (thirds) 32 vertical reference plane 32 facebow fork 72–73 facebow records 71–74, 90 facebows arbitrary 71 kinematic 72 facial profile, lateral 33 failed restorations 26, 207 repair 207–208, 209–213 replacement 207, 209–210 see also survival of restorations feldspathic porcelain 178 finishing, gross 167 five‐point ordinal occlusal/incisal grading scale 61 fixed dental prostheses, fracture repair 212–213 foods, acidic 18, 23 fractures of restorations ceramic and metal‐ceramic 209, 216 repair techniques 212–213 repair vs replacement 209–210 resin‐based materials 147, 149, 150 223 224 Index freehand technique, composite resin placement 164–167, 186 freeway space (FWS) 32, 55, 198 fruit consumption 18, 23 g gastric disorders 28 gastritis, alcohol‐induced 18 gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) 17, 18 clinical signs 17, 22 history taking 28 preventive measures 98–99 gender differences generalised tooth wear 197–205 classification 55, 64–65, 197 conformative approach 81 direct composite resin restorations 150, 186–187, 205 excessive, without OVD loss 201 excessive, with OVD loss 199–201 no loss of OVD and limited space 202–203 OVD alterations 197–199 phased management 199, 200 prosthodontic approach 199–203 GHM Occlusal indicating paper 77, 106 gingiva aesthetics 41, 123 biotype 41 recession 202 gingival cuff 16 gold alloy restorations 153–154, 157 localised anterior wear 175, 176, 179 localised posterior wear 189, 194 golden proportion 40, 123 gothic‐arch tracing 78 grading of severity 51, 56, 57–61 grooving 16 group function 38, 69, 125 gummy smile 39 gypsum stone, vacuum‐mixed type III 70–71 h H2 antagonists 28 habits, oral 12, 13, 209 hard tissues, dental assessment 34–35 presenting complaint 26 quantity and quality of residual 132, 163 heartburn 17 hiatus hernia hingebows see facebows history, clinical 26–30 history of presenting complaint 26–27 horizontal reference plane 32 hydrofluoric acid 210–211 hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) 138 hypersensitivity, dentine 16, 26, 54 hypomineralisation 20 hyposalivation 28, 31, 34 i ideal occlusal scheme 67–70, 83 temporary removable 83, 103 immediate side shift 38, 71 impressions diagnostic wax‐up 125 intra‐oral mock‐up 123 occlusal analysis 70–71, 89 occlusal splint fabrication 105 impression trays, rigid 70, 89 incisal bite table 81, 82 incisal guidance 37–38 incisal guidance table see customised incisal guidance table indices, clinical 57–61 indirect adhesive onlay restorations 153–154, 188–190 indirect composite resin restorations 151–153 contingency planning 134 localised anterior wear 152–153, 173–174 localised posterior wear 189 indirect restorations cast metal alloys 153–154, 157 conformative approach with 83, 191–192 survival 148, 149–150, 208–209, 216 indirect shell‐type acrylic based provisional crowns 83–84 Index injection moulding technique, resin 171, 172–173 inner canthus of eye 71 inter‐condylar width 71, 73 inter‐cuspal position (ICP) 37, 69 generalised tooth wear 201 recording 74–75, 81 restorations in supra‐occlusion 88 retruded contact position (RCP) relations 75, 76, 85 intermediate composite restorations 118, 186 inter‐occlusal clearance cast metal restorations 175 conformative approach 80, 81 Dahl concept for increasing 86–87 dento‐alveolar compensation 85 generalised wear 201, 202–203 localised anterior wear 162–163 localised posterior wear 186, 188–189 occlusal splints 104, 105 reorganised approach 82–85, 162 inter‐occlusal records 74–80 inter‐proximal pillars 166, 169 interpupillary line 32, 122 intra‐oral examination 34–42, 45–46 intra‐oral mock‐up 121–124, 126 generalised tooth wear 198 intrinsic chemical wear 2, 11, 16–18 aetiology 15, 17–18 presentation 16, 22, 55 see also erosion intrinsic mechanical wear see attrition intrusion, controlled 86, 87 in vitro quantification of tooth wear 51–52 isolation, tooth 140, 142, 165 k Kennedy classification system 41 l lateral excursive mandibular movements 38, 74, 79–80 lateral facial profile 33 lateral incisors, intra‐oral mock‐up 122–123 Leaf Gauge device 77, 79, 90 light curing 141 lip line 39 lip mobility 33–34 lithium disilicate posterior occlusal veneers 189 localised anterior tooth wear 161–179 adhesive ceramic restorations 177–178 cast metal restorations 174–176, 179 conventionally retained restorations 178–179 direct composite resin restorations 147–150, 164–173, 179 indirect composite resin restorations 152–153, 173–174 inter‐occlusal space availability 162–163 restoration 163–179 treatment planning 161–163 localised posterior tooth wear 183–194 adhesively retained restorations 184–190, 194 canine–riser restoration 184, 185, 193 conventionally retained restorations 190 occlusal management 191–193 localised tooth wear classification 54, 64 conformative approach 81 location of tooth wear 54–55 long centric 37 longevity of restorations see survival of restorations lower third, face 32 Lucia Jig 77–78, 79, 91 m maintenance, restored worn dentition 120–121, 207–214 management, tooth wear 95–101 mandible, distalisation of 82, 183, 201 masseteric hypertrophy 31 materials, dental 145–157 225 226 Index mechanical failure ceramic restorations 209 resin‐based restorations 147, 149, 150 see also fractures of restorations mechanical wear 2, 11 aetiology and presentation 12–14 extrinsic see abrasion intrinsic see attrition prevention 99 medical history 27–29 medications 19, 28 medium‐term composite restorations 134, 146–147 Memosil 170 metal‐ceramic crowns generalised wear 201 localised anterior wear 179 survival 208, 209, 216 metal‐ceramic fixed dental prostheses, ceramic fractures 212–213 metallic restorations, cast see cast metallic restorations metal palatal veneers 153, 154 localised anterior wear 163, 175–176, 179 metal prosthesis, fixed 87, 175 10‐methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10‐MDP) 138, 211 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) 211 Michigan splint 104, 109–112 fabrication 105–107 generalised tooth wear 199 mild tooth wear 56, 64 moderate tooth wear 56 monitoring 95–97 methods 96–97, 100 treatment planning 119, 120–121 muscles of mastication, examination 31 musicians 13 mutually protected occlusion (MPO) 68–69, 70, 124 generalised tooth wear 201 patient assessment 37 Myo‐monitor 78 n nail biting 13, 21 nasion 71 negative buccal corridors 39, 123 nickel/chromium (Ni–Cr) alloys 153–154, 175 nightguards 99 non‐carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) 14–15, 22 non‐working side 38 notching, tooth 13, 14 nut cracking 13 o Occlude Aerosol Indicator Marking Spray 106 occlusal analysis 70–80 facebow record 71–74 inter‐occlusal records 74–80 localised posterior wear 191 occlusal splint fabrication 105 study casts 70–71 occlusal examination 36–39, 46 dynamic 37–39 static 36–37 occlusal interferences 38–39, 69 occlusal scheme acceptance of planned 83–84 correct 67–68 ideal 67–70, 83 incorrect 68 localised posterior wear 183, 191–193 stable see mutually protected occlusion occlusal splints 103–112 hybrid/bilaminar 109 post‐restoration 156 soft (vacuum‐formed) 108–109 occlusal stabilisation splints 103–108 CAD/CAM fabrication 107–108 conventional fabrication 105–107 generalised tooth wear 199, 200, 201 indications 78, 83, 104 removable polycarbonate 108 role in managing tooth wear 103–104, 109–112 Index treatment planning 118 two opposing 108 occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) 32 CAD/CAM occlusal splints 108 categorisation 55 direct resin composite restorations 167, 168 generalised tooth wear 197–201, 202 planned increase 80, 82–83, 86–88 occlusion balanced 38 canine‐guided/canine‐protected 38, 69–70, 124–125 definition 36 restorative rehabilitation and 67–92 stabilisation 119–120 occupation‐related tooth wear 13, 19 older people physiological wear 2–3, prevalence of tooth wear onlay restorations adhesive see adhesive onlay restorations conventionally retained 188, 190 operator‐guided centric relation location 76–77 Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) 12, 27 oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) 27 oral hygiene 29, 35 Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) 12 orthodontic treatment 120, 203 osseous re‐contouring 202–203 OVD see occlusal vertical dimension overclosure 32 overlays, indirect resin 174 ox hunger 28 p pain 26, 27 palatal enamel wall 169 palatal shelf 166 palatal shims see metal palatal veneers palatal silicone index 169 parafunctional habits 12, 209 see also bruxism parotid gland enlargement 31 passive management 119 pathological tooth wear 3, 7–8 counselling and monitoring 95–97 definition 3, 56 occlusal splints 104, 105 retruded contact position (RCP) 75–76 treatment planning 115–121 perimolysis 19–20 periodontal assessment 35–36 phobia, dental 30 phonetic tests 122, 123 phosphoric acid 135, 136, 210 photographs diagnostic wax‐up 125 extra‐oral 34 intra‐oral 43, 52, 62 intra‐oral mock‐up 123 physiological tooth wear 1, 2–3, 7, 56 pipe smoking 13 plaque scores 35 polishing 167 polycarbonate, tooth‐coloured CAD/ CAM 108 polymerizing vinyl chloride (PVC) matrix 125 polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), heat‐cured 104, 105 polyvinyl silicone (PVS) bite registration paste 74, 78 impression materials 70, 105, 125 matrix guide 168, 169–170 porcelain veneers 152, 155, 178 posterior reference point 71 posterior teeth adhesive cast restorations 154, 188–189, 194 adhesive ceramic restorations 155, 189 carrying first point of contact 192–193 direct composite resin restorations 150, 184–188, 194 227 228 Index posterior teeth (cont’d) indirect composite resin restorations 153, 189 multiple indirect restorations 191–192 see also localised posterior tooth wear post‐retained crown restorations 203 pragmatic aesthetics 135 pre‐definitive restoration casts 81, 84 premature tooth contacts 75 pre‐restorative treatment 132 presentation of tooth wear 11–23 presenting complaint 26–27 pressure‐formed templates 172 prevalence, tooth wear 4–6 prevention, tooth wear assessing efficacy 117 methods 98–99 posterior teeth 183 prescription 116–117 primers 137–138 probing, periodontal 35 prognosis restored worn dentition 207–216 teeth with hopeless 118 progressive tooth wear 2–3, 96, 97, 119 prostheses, dental assessment 42 occlusal stabilisation 119–120 repair of fractured 212–213 prosthodontic approach, generalised tooth wear 199–203 proton pump inhibitors 28, 98, 99 protrusive guidance 37 protrusive mandibular movements 37, 74, 79–80 provisional restorations 132–133 generalised tooth wear 200–201 indirect adhesive onlays 190 reorganised approach 83–84 psychological problems 27, 29 pulp tissue trauma, risks 131–132 q qualification of tooth wear 53–54, 55 quantification of tooth wear 51–52, 54–56 quiescent tooth wear 54 r Radboud Tooth Wear Project 197 radiation therapy 29 radiographs 42 RCP see retruded contact position recall, patient 207 recreational factors 30 reference pin 73 reference point indicator 72 regurgitation 6, 16–17 reorganised approach 82–85, 162 repair, failed restorations 207–208, 209–213 clinical protocols 212–213 replacement vs 209–210 techniques 210–213 replacement, failed restorations 207, 209–210 resin composite acid etching 210 enamel bonding 135–136 hybrid materials 165 intra‐oral mock‐up 121–123 restorations see composite resin restorations resin injection moulding technique 171, 172–173 restorations definitive see definitive restorations examination 35 failed see failed restorations material selection 145–157 prognosis 207–216 repair and replacement 207–208, 209–213 space requirements 163 supra‐occlusal see supra‐occlusal restorations restorative rehabilitation additive/adhesive approach see adhesively retained restorations aesthetic prescription 121–124, 126–127 concepts 129–142 conformative approach 80–82 conventional/subtractive approach see conventionally retained restorations Index diagnostic wax‐up 124–125 generalised wear 197–205 localised anterior wear 161–179 localised posterior wear 183–194 occlusal aspects 67–92 operator skill 132 patient counselling 97 reorganised approach 82–85, 162 treatment planning 117, 118–120, 121 treatment/time costs 133 retruded axis position (RAP) 75 retruded contact position (RCP) 37, 69, 75 inter‐cuspal position (ICP) relations 75, 76, 85 pathological wear 75–76 restoring posterior teeth in 192–193 supra‐occlusal restorations 88 reversible intra‐oral prototype 121–124 riser restoration 183, 184 risk assessment 98 rumination 17 s saliva analysis 43 functions 20 reduced production 28, 31, 34 salivary glands, examination 31 sandblasting 176, 211 sandwich approach 60, 177 scratch tests 53 sealant restorations 183 seed cracking 13 self‐etching dentine bonding systems 137, 138, 139 sensibility tests 42–43 sensitivity, tooth 13, 54 post‐surgical crown lengthening 203 presentation with 26, 27 severe tooth wear 3, 8, 56, 64 counselling and monitoring 95–97 prevalence 4 risk assessment 98 severity of tooth wear, grading 51, 56, 57–61 sextants, oral cavity 54 Shimstock foil 77, 79, 90 silane coupling agents 211–212 silicoating 211 silicone index 187–188, 189 silicone key 169, 189 silicon stops 167–168 skill, operator 132 sleep apnoea 30 smear layer 135, 139 smile, digital evaluation 124 smile arc 39 smile line 39 smile width 39, 123 smile zone see aesthetic zone smoking 30 Snap‐on‐Smile 125 snoring 30 socio‐behavioural history 29–30 soft drinks, acidic 5, 18 soft tissues assessment 34 trauma/irritation 26 spicy foods 18 sports drinks 19, 30 stabilisation occlusal 119–120 tooth wear process 117–118 stamp technique 187–188 stannous fluoride/chloride 98 stomato‐gnathic system (SGS) 36 stress, psychological 30 stress‐induced cervical lesions see non‐carious cervical lesions Stuart lift see canine–riser restoration study casts articulated see articulated study casts diagnosis of tooth wear 52, 62 fabrication 70–71 monitoring tooth wear 97, 100 subtractive tooth preparation 130–131 conformative approach 80, 81 Dahl concept vs 85–86 posterior teeth 183 229 230 Index subtractive tooth preparation (cont’d) treatment planning 120 see also conventionally retained restorations supplements, dietary 28 supra‐occlusal restorations 80, 81 adhesive techniques 130 anterior teeth 162–163 cast metal 175 Dahl concept 85–88, 92 direct composite resin 147, 148 posterior teeth 183, 189 surgical crown lengthening 132, 202–203, 204 survival of restorations 208–209 ceramic and metal‐ceramic 208–209, 216 composite resin 148, 149–150, 151, 208, 214–215 swimmers 19 t Tanner appliance 104, 112 temporomandibular disorder (TMD) 12, 26 temporomandibular joint (TMJ), examination 30–31 terminal hinge axis 37, 71–72 terminal hinge position (THP) 75 terminology 1–3 tests, special 42–43 three‐day diet diary 29 three‐point ordinal non‐occlusal/non‐ incisal grading scale 61 time costs 133 tin plating 176 tongue blade method, central relation location 77 toothbrushing excessive and incorrect 13–14, 22 history taking 29 tooth colour 40 tooth form 40 tooth mobility 35 tooth position 40–41 tooth preparation adhesive techniques 140–141 generalised tooth wear 200 indirect onlay restorations 189 subtractive see subtractive tooth preparation tooth proportion 40–41, 121–122, 123 tooth shape 40–41 tooth size 40–41 tooth surface loss (TSL) 1–2 tooth symmetry 40–41 tooth texture 40 Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES) 52, 61 Tooth Wear Index (TWI) 52, 57–58 transparent silicones 170 treatment costs 133 treatment planning 115–121, 161–163 trial‐smile 125 tribochemical surface conditioning 211 u undercuts, hard or soft tissue 42 unilaterally balanced occlusion 38 v vacuum‐formed templates anterior teeth 168, 170–171, 172 posterior teeth 188 provisional restorations 83 veneers ceramic facial 177 indirect resin 152–153, 174 lithium disilicate posterior occlusal 189 metal palatal see metal palatal veneers porcelain 152, 155, 178 vertical reference plane 32 video recordings 34, 123, 125 virtual wax‐up 124, 126 vitality testing 43 vitamin C tablets 19 vomiting tendencies 28 Index w x wax records centric relation 78–79 facebow 72, 73 intercuspal position 74 wine tasting 30 wooden spatulas 77 working side 38 xerostomia 20 see also hyposalivation z zirconia fixed dental prostheses, repair 213 231 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA ... www.wiley.com/go/banerji/toothwear Practical Procedures in the Management of Tooth Wear the nature of dental wear may be broadly divided into mechanical wear and chemical wear, and both forms further subdivided into intrinsic... habit of holding citrus fruits against their teeth The role of spicy foods in erosive wear is discussed in Chapter 2 The process of conducting a diet analysis involving recording the intake of. .. (base of the nose), and the lower third, which includes the area between the interalar line and the tip of the chin.17 The lower third region appears to be the most significant in determining the