Pragmatic aspects of the conversations in new interchange 3

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY KHANXAY MUENSOPHA PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF THE CONVERSATIONS IN NEW INTERCHANGE MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYỄN QUANG NGOẠN BINH DINH – 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY KHANXAY MUENSOPHA PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF THE CONVERSATIONS IN NEW INTERCHANGE FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYỄN QUANG NGOẠN BINH DINH – 2020 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN KHANXAY MUENSOPHA CÁC KHÍA CẠNH NGỮ DỤNG TRONG HỘI THOẠI CỦA GIÁO TRÌNH NEW INTERCHANGE CHUN NGÀNH: NGƠN NGỮ ANH MÃ SỐ: 8.22.02.01 Người hướng dẫn: PGS.TS NGUYỄN QUANG NGOẠN BÌNH ĐỊNH – 2020 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I declare that this thesis is my own and original No other person’s work has been used without acknowledgement in the thesis, which has not been submitted for any degree at any institution Binh Dinh, 2018 Signature Khanxay Muensopha i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Ngoan for his support and guidance in my completion of the thesis I am also thankful to all the lecturers at Quy Nhon University for their profound knowledge and endless support during my study at Quy Nhon University I would also like to thank my educational leaders in Laos who gave me the chance to study for my Master’s Degree at Quy Nhon University as well as my classmates who were always willing to help me and give me their best suggestions and encouragement during my process of conducting the study Finally, I owe the completion of this research paper to my wife and children, who have always been cheering me up and standing by me on my road to success ii ABSTRACT This study is to identify and analyze types and frequencies of occurrence of presuppositions, types of hedges, and types of politeness constraints in the conversations in New Interchange The quantitative approach and qualitative approach are combined and the statistic, analytic, synthetic, descriptive, and comparative methods are used to examine 530 linguistic items collected from 32 conversations in the text book and analyzed on the basis of the theories by Yule (1996), Vartalla (2001), Grice (1975), and Leech (2005) The results show that in terms of presuppositions, six types of presuppositions including existential, factive, lexical, structural, nonfactive, and counter-factual presuppositions are used, with existential presuppositions being the most frequently used As regards hedges, six out of seven types of hedges are realized, including: modal auxiliary, verb, adjective, adverb, phrase, and clause hedges, with adverb hedges being the most popular When it comes to politeness constraints, all the ten politeness constraints suggested by Leech (2005) are found at different frequencies, of which the opinion-reticence constraint proves to be employed the most iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP…………………………………… i AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………… ii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………… iii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………… iv ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS ……………………… viii LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………… … ix LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………… … x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale .1 1.2 Aim and Objectives 1.2.1 Aim .2 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Structure of the Thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Pragmatics and Pragmatic Competence .6 2.1.1 Pragmatics 2.1.2 Pragmatic Competence 68 iv 2.2 Presupposition .7 2.2.1 Definitions of Presupposition 2.2.2 Types of Presuppositions 2.3 Hedges 11 2.3.1 Definitions of Hedge .11 2.2.2 Types of Hedges 13 2.4 Politeness Theories .18 2.4.1 Definitions of Politeness 18 2.4.2 Politeness Theories 18 2.5 An Overview of the Previous Studies 23 2.5.1 Previous Studies on Presuppositions 23 2.5.2 Previous Studies on Hedges 25 2.5.3 Previous Studies on Linguistic Politeness 27 2.5.4 Previous Studies on the data of the New Interchange Series 29 2.6 Summary .31 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32 3.1 Research Methods 32 3.2 Data Source and Samples .33 3.3 Data Analysis 34 3.4 Validity and Reliability .37 3.5 Summary .37 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .38 4.1 Presuppositions in the conversations in New Interchange 39 v 4.1.1 Existential Presuppositions 40 4.1.2 Factive Presuppositions 41 4.1.3 Lexical Presuppositions 42 4.1.4 Structural Presuppositions .43 4.1.5 Non-factive Presuppositions 45 4.1.6 Counter-factual Presuppositions 46 4.1.7 Concluding Remarks .47 4.2 Hedges in the conversations in New Interchange 48 4.2.1 Modal Auxiliary Hedges 49 4.2.2 Verb Hedges 50 4.2.3 Adjective Hedges 52 4.2.4 Adverb Hedges 52 4.2.5 Noun hedges 54 4.2.6 Phrase Hedges 54 4.2.7 Clause Hedges 55 4.2.8 Concluding Remarks .57 4.3 Politeness Constraints in the Conversations in New Interchange .58 4.3.1 Generosity Constraint .59 4.3.2 Tact Constraint .60 4.3.3 Approbation Constraint 61 4.3.4 Modesty Constraint 62 4.3.5 Obligation of S to O Constraint 63 4.3.6 Obligation of O to S Constraint 64 vi APPENDIX 32 CONVERSATIONS NEW INTERCHANGE Conversation - Book 3, Unit 1, p 2: That’s what friends are for! Chris: Do you have a date for a party yet? Kim: Actually, I don’t … Do you think you could help me find one? [H4] {C2} Chris: Hmm What kind of guys you like? (P4) Kim: of humor Oh, I like guy who aren’t too serious and who have a good sense You know… like you [H7] {C3} Chris: OK, what else? Kim: Well, I’d prefer someone I have something in common with- who I can talk to easily [H6] [H1] Chris: I think I know just the guy for you Bob Branson Do you know him? [H2] Kim: No, I don’t think so [H7] (P1) (P5) Chris: Let me arrange for you to meet him, and you can tell me what you think [H7] {C2} Conversation - Book 3, Unit 1, p 5: That’s what friends are for! Dave: Hello? Jim: Hi My name’s Jim Hunt I’m calling about the ad for a roommate (P1) Dave: Oh, right Jim: Are you still looking for someone? (P3) Dave: Yes, we are Jim: Oh, good I’m really interested [H4] Dave: Well, there are four of us, and it’s a fairly small house, so we want someone who easy to get along with [H4] {C10} Jim: I’m pretty easygoing [H4] {C10} 79 Dave: Great! So can I ask you a few fairly straightforward questions about yourself? [H1] [H4] Jim: No problem I like it when people are direct {C7} Conversation - Book 3, Unit 2, p 8: Career moves Tim: Wow! There are so many jobs to choose from! What you think? {C2} Diane: Working in the media could be fun – there’s TV, newspapers, the Internet… [H1] {C8} (P1) Tim: Well, let’s look Hmm How about this? You could be a TV news director [H1] {C8} Diane: Are you kidding? Directing the news would be nerve-racking! [H1] {C8} Tim: Well, writing for a magazine must be exciting How about that? [H1] {C8} Diane: No I’m really more interested in working with computers Hey, look Designing interactive media I’d like that! [H1] [H4] {C8} Tim: Designing interactive media? It sounds interesting, but what is it? [H2] {C7} Conversation - Book 3, Unit 2, p 11: Career moves Tracy: Good news! I’ve found a summer job! Mark: That’s great! Anything interesting? {C7} Tracy: Yes, working as an amusement park Doesn’t that sound fantastic? [H7] Mark: Sure, it does [H4] Tracy: So, have you found anything? Mark: Nothing yet, but I’ve got a couple of leads One is working as an intern for a record company – mostly answering phones Or I can get a landscaping job again [H1] [H4] (P3) Tracy: Being an intern sounds more interesting than landscaping And it’s probably not as hard! [H2] [H4] (P5) Mark: Yeah, but a landscaper earns more money than an intern And you get a great tan! {C7} 80 Conversation - Book 3, Unit 3, p 14: Could you me a favor? Jack: Hi, Rod This is Jack (P) Rod: Oh, hi, Jack What’s up? (P1) Jack: I’m going to my best friend’s wedding this weekend I’d love to videotape it Would you mind if I borrowed your video camera? [H1] [H7] {C2} (P1) (P4) Rod: Um, yeah That’s OK, I guess I don’t think I’ll need it for anything [H2] [H7] {C1} (P2) (P5) Jack: Thanks a million Rod: Sure Have you used a video camera before? It’s pretty easy [H4] Jack: Yeah, a couple of times Would it be OK if I picked it up on Friday night? [H7] {C2} Rod: Fine No problem {C1} Conversation - Book 3, Unit 3, p 17: Could you me a favor? Amy: Hello? Jeff: Hello May I speak to Sophia, please? {C2} (P1) Amy: I’m sorry, she’s not in right now Would you like to leave a message? {C2} Jeff: Yes, please This is Jeff Would you tell her that Tony is having a party on Saturday? {C2} (P1) Amy: Uh-huh Jeff: And would you ask her if she’d like to go with me? {C2} Amy: All right, Peter I’ll give her the message [H1] {C1} (P1) Jeff: No, this is Jeff, not Peter (P1) Amy: Oh, I’m sorry {C5} Jeff: By the way, who’s Peter? [H6] (P1) Conversation - Book 3, Unit 4, p 20: What a story! Jake: What an awful story! A couple was sailing their yacht from Hawaii to Mexico While they were crossing the Pacific, their boat hit a whale and sank! (P1) 81 Anne: Is that true? What happened to the whale? (P4) Jake: It doesn’t say Oh and here’s another one A guy in Los Angeles was robbing a bank But as he was escaping, he got caught in the revolving door (P1) Anne: I guess it was his first bank robbery! [H2] {C8} (P5) Jake: Yeah Oh, and listen to this Some guy got locked out of his house, so he tried to get in through the chimney {C7} Anne: Don’t tell me! He got stuck in the chimney! [H7] {C8} (P1) Jake: Exactly And he was still trying to get out two days later when the police rescued him [H4] {C7} (P3) (P4) Conversation - Book 3, Unit 4, p 23: What a story! Brian: Someone stole my wallet last night! (P1) Kate: Oh no! What happened? (P4) Brian: Well, I was working out, and I had put my stuff in my locker, just like I always When I came back, someone had stolen my wallet I guess I’d forgotten to lock the locker [H2] (P1) (P5) Kate: I’m sorry That’s terrible! Did you lose much money? {C9} Brian: Only about $20 But I lost my credit card and my deriver’s license What a pain! (P3) Conversation - Book 3, Unit 5, p 28: Crossing cultures Fred: I hear Maggie is going to work in India [H2] (P1) Pam: India! Wow! I hear it’s a beautiful place, but I don’t think I could ever live there [H2] {C8} (P1) (P5) Fred: Why not? Pam: Well, it’s too far from home I’d miss my family [H1] (P1) Fred: I don’t think I’d mind moving to a foreign country The language is the only thing that I’d be worried about [H1] [H3] [H7] {C8} (P4) (P5) Pam: Yeah, but wouldn’t you miss your friends? [H7] {C7} (P1) Fred: Sure, for the while, but I’d make new ones [H1] {C8} Pam: You certainly sound very confident [H6] {C7} (P5) Fred: You know, actually, there is one thing I’d miss [H1] [H4] [H7] 82 Pam: What’s that? (P4) Fred: My dog! (P1) Conversation 10 - Book 3, Unit 5, p 31: Crossing cultures Marta: Guess what! I just got invited to my teacher’s house for dinner! (P1) Karen: Oh, how nice! {C9} Marta: Yes, but what you when you’re invited to someone’s house here? {C7} (P4) Karen: Well, it’s the custom to bring a small gift {C8} (P1) Marta: Really? Like what? {C7} Karen: Oh, maybe some flowers or dessert [H4] {C8} Marta: And is it all right to bring a friend along? {C7} Karen: Well, if you want to bring someone, you’re expected to call first and ask if it’s OK {C8} Conversation 11 - Book 3, Unit 6, p 34: What’s wrong with it? Clerk: Can I help you? {C1} Helen: Yes, I’d like to return this jacket [H1] {C2} (P3) Clerk: Is there something the matter with it? Helen: Yes I didn’t notice when I bought it, but there are a few problems First, it has a tear in the lining (P1) (P4) Clerk: Hmm Actually, it’s torn in several places [H4] Helen: And some of the buttons are very loose This one came off, in fact And there’s a stain in the collar (P1) Clerk: I’m really sorry about this Would you like to exchange it for another one? {C5} Helen: Well, to be honest, I don’t think this jacket is very well made I’d rather get a refund [H6] [H7] {C8} (P3) (P5) {C6} Clerk: I understand Do you have the receipt? {C1} (P1) Conversation 12 - Book 3, Unit 6, p 36: What’s wrong with it? 83 Ms Lock: Hello? Mr Burr: Hello, Ms Lock This is Jack Burr (P1) Ms Lock: Uh, Mr Burr … in Apartment 205? (P1) Mr Burr: No, in Apartment 305 (P1) Ms Lock: Oh, yes What can I for you? Does your refrigerator need fixing again? {C1} (P1) (P3) Mr Burr: No, it’s the oven this time (P3) Ms Lock: Oh, so what’s wrong with it? (P4) Mr Burr: Well, I think the temperature control needs to be checked Every thing I try to cook gets burned [H2] {C2} (P1) (P5) Ms Lock: Really? OK, I’ll have someone look at it right away [H1] {C1} (P3) Mr Burr: Thanks a lot, Ms Lock Ms Lock: Uh, by the way, Mr Burr, are you sure it’s the oven and not your cooking? [H6] (P1) Conversation 13 - Book 3, Unit 7, p 40: The world we live in Andy: Excuse me Would you like to make a contribution to Greener World? {C2} (P1) Carla: Sure What are you working on right now? (P4) Andy: Well, we’re developing education programs for schools We want to show children how the oceans are being polluted by industrial waste And we want to tell them about how fish supplies have been depleted through over fishing (P1) Carla: I think what you are doing is terrific I wish I could more to help [H2] {C8} (P5) (P6) Andy: So, have you ever thought about becoming a member of Greener World? {C2} (P1) Carla: No, but tell me a little more about it (P3) Conversation 14 - Book 3, Unit 7, p 43: The world we live in Andy: You know, there’s factory outside town that’s pumping chemicals into the river [H7] (P1) Carla: How can they that? Isn’t that against the law? {C2} (P1) (P4) 84 Andy: Yes, it is But a lot of companies ignore those laws {C7} (P1) Carla: That’s terrible! What can Greener World do? {C7} (P4) Andy: (P3) Well, one thing to about it is to talk to the management (P1) Carla: What if that doesn’t work? (P4) Andy: Well, then another way to stop them is to get a TV station to run a story on it (P3) Carla: Yes! Companies hate bad publicity By the way, what’s the name of this company? [H6] {C7} (P1) (P4) Andy: It’s called Apex Industries (P) Carla: Oh no! My uncle is one of their top executives! (P1) (P4) Conversation 15 - Book 3, Unit 8, p 46: Learning to learn Paula: {C2} (P1) Do you want to take a class with me at the community college? Jason: Maybe What are they offering? [H4] {C1} (P4) Paula: Well, here’s the course catalog Take a look (P1) Jason: Hmm They’ve got a lot of language classes – Chinese, German, Japanese Would you rather learn an Asian language or a European one? (P1) Paula: Um, actually, I think I’d rather take an art class They have one on landscape photography and another on making videos [H2] [H4] [H7] {C8}(P3) (P5) Jason: That sounds OK But I think I’d prefer studying video to learning about photography [H2] [H7] {C8} (P5) Paula: Oh, wait It says here that you need to provide your own video equipment [H7] (P1) Jason: Oh, I’d rather not spend a lot of money Let’s see what else they’re offering [H7] {C8} (P4) Conversation 16 - Book 3, Unit 8, p 48: Learning to learn Won Gyu: So how’s your French class going? (P1) Jan: Not bad, but I’m finding the pronunciation difficult (P1) Won Gyu: Well, it takes a while to get it right You could improve your accent by listening to tapes [H1] {C8} (P1) 85 Jan: That’s a good idea But how you learn new vocabulary? I always seem to forget new words [H6] {C7} (P4) (P5) Won Gyu: I learn new words by writing them on pieces of paper and stick them on my bedroom wall I look at them every night before I go to sleep (P1) Jan: Maybe I should try something like that! [H1] [H4] {C7} Conversation 17 - Book 3, Unit 9, p 54: Self-improvement Ken: You know, I’ve always wanted to have my fortune told (P1) Lisa: Really? Do you know where you can get it done? (P4) Ken: I’m not sure But maybe there are some fortune-tellers listed in the phone book Let’s take a look [H4] {C8} (P5) Lisa: Hmm Here’s one You have your palm read by Madame Zara for $ 70 (P41 Ken: That’s really expensive [H4] Lisa: What about this one? You can get your fortune told over the phone for only $ 3.75 a minute [H1] {C8} (P1) (P3) Ken: That’s reasonable Come on Try it with me! {C7} Conversation 18 - Book 3, Unit 9, p 57: Self-improvement James: This has got to stop! Another Friday night without a date! What can I do? {C2} (P4) Mike: What about looking through the personal ads in the newspaper? That’s how I met Stephanie {C8} (P1) (P4) James: Actually, I’ve tried that But the people you meet are always different from what you expect [H4] [H7] {C7} Mike: Well, why don’t you join a dating service? A friend of mine met his wife that way {C8} (P14) James: That’s not a bad idea {C7} Mike: Also, it might be a good idea to check out singles’ night at the bookstore [H1] {C8} (P1) (P5) James: Yeah If I don’t find a date, at least I might find a good book! [H1] [H6] {C7} (P3) (P5) Conversation 19 - Book 3, Unit 10, p 60: The past and the future 86 Emma: Look Here’s a quiz on events of the twentieth century (P1) Steve: Oh, let me give it a try I’m good at history {C1} Emma: All right First question: When did World War I begin? (P4) Steve: I think it began in 1917 [H2] {C8} (P5) Emma: OK And how long has the United Nations been in existence? (P4) Steve: Uh, since Kennedy became president in 1961 Emma: Hmm Next question: How long was the Berlin Wall up? (P4) Steve: Well, they built it right after World War II, and it came down in 1989, so it was up for 44 years Uh, how am I doing so far? (P1) (P3) Emma: Not very well None of your answers is correct! (P3) Conversation 20 - Book 3, Unit 10, p 63: The past and the future Kathy: Have you heard about the new computer they’re coming out with? It’ll be able to recognize any voice command, so you won’t ever need to use the keyboard [H7] (P1) John: Yeah, and soon everyone will be using computers that fit into the palm of your hand [H1] {C7} (P1) Kathy: Within 20 years, I bet all our news and information will be coming through computers [H1] [H2] {C8} (P5) John: By then, maybe even newspapers will have disappeared! [H1] [H4] {C8} (P5) Kathy: Wow! Computers are going to take over our lives one of these days (P1) John: Yeah! Isn’t it great! {C7} Conversation 21 - Book 3, Unit 11, p 66: Life’s little lessons Alan: So what were you like as a kid? (P4) Carol: When I was a kid, I was kind of rebellious [H6] (P4) Alan: You? Really? What was the turning point? (P4) Carol: When I graduated from high school (P4) Alan: What you mean? (P4) 87 Carol: Until you graduate, you don’t understand that life is just beginning After I finished high school, I realized that I still had a lot to learn {C4} (P3) (P4) Alan: I know what you mean I was really immature when I was a kid [H4] [H7] {C4} {C7} (P2) (P4) Carol: What changed? (P4) Alan: I think I became more mature after I got my first job Once you have a job, you learn to be more independent [H2] {C8} (P4) (P5) Carol: That’s true Where did you work? {C7} (P4) Alan: In my father’s bank (P1) Conversation 22 - Book 3, Unit 11, p 69: Life’s little lessons Peter: I’m thinking of going back to school to get another degree It’s so hard to find a job with a degree in literature [H6] (P3) (P5) Kay: Yeah, I know what you mean [H7] {C7} (P2) Peter: I should have studied something more practical If I’d been more sensible, I would have majored in economics [H7] (P4) (P6) Kay: Why did you major in literature? (P4) Peter: I don’t know! I should have listened to my mother She wanted me to major in business [H7] {C10} (P4) Kay: Oh? What does she do? (P4) Peter: Mom? She’s a literature professor (P1) Conversation 23 - Book 3, Unit 12, p 72: The right stuff Kelly: I hear you’re going to open your own restaurant [H2] (P1) (P5) Joe: Yeah, I’ve always wanted my own place [H4] (P1) Kelly: But isn’t it a little risky? [H7] {C8} Joe: Sure, but in order to succeed in business, you need to take a few risks –calculated risks, of course That’s what they taught me in business school anyway! [H4] {C7} {C8} (P4) Kelly: So what you have to in order for a restaurant to succeed in this town? I mean, don’t you need some sort of gimmick? [H2] [H7] {C7} (P1) (P4) Joe: Well, I’ve come up with a concept that I think will work very well [H2] {C8} (P54) 88 Conversation 24 - Book 3, Unit 12, p 75: The right stuff Alice: What’s your favorite club, Eric? (P1) (P4) Eric: The Downtown club They have great music, and one nice thing is that it’s never crowded (P1) (P3) Alice: That’s funny There’s always a long wait outside my favorite club And I like it because it’s absolutely packed most nights [H4] (P1) (P4) Eric: Why you think it’s so popular? [H7] (P4) Alice: Well, it just opened a couple of months a go, everything is brand new and modern, and there are lots of “hip” people who go there It’s called The Casablanca (P1) (P3) (P4) Eric: Oh, right It’s the newest “in” place I hear the reason people go there is just to be seen [H2] {C7} {C8} (P5) Alice: Exactly! Do you want to go some night? {C2} {C7} Eric: I thought you’d never ask! {C1} Conversation 25 - Book 3, Unit 13, p 80: That’s a possibility Jackie: (P1) You asked Beth to be here around seven o’clock, didn’t you? [H7] Bill: Yes What time is it now? (P4) Jackie: (P4) It’s nearly a quarter to eight I wonder what happened [H4] (P3) Bill: Hmm She might have forgotten the time Why don’t I call and see if she’s on her way? [H7] (P1) (P5) A few minutes later Bill: I got her answering machine, so I guess she must have left already [H2] {C8} (P1) (P5) Jackie: I hope she didn’t have a problem on the road Her car could have broken down or something [H2] [H7] {C8} (P1) (P3) (P5) Bill: Of course she may have simply forgotten our invitation and done something else today [H7] {C8} (P1) (P5) Jackie: No, she couldn’t have forgotten I talked to her only yesterday Let’s just start without her [H4] [H7] (P3) (P4) 89 Conversation 26 - Book 3, Unit 13, p 82: That’s a possibility Brent: How was your dinner party? (P4) Adam: I think it went pretty well People really seemed to enjoy themselves [H2] [H6] {C8} (P3) (P5) Brent: That’s good {C7} Adam: Yeah, but we shouldn’t have invited my wife’s boss again We can never get him to leave! [H4] [H4] (P4) (P5) Brent: Really? How late did he stay this time? (P4) Adam: Until two o’clock in the morning! And we both had to get up early the next day (P1) Brent: Oh, he shouldn’t have stayed so late That was really inconsiderate You should have asked him to leave earlier [H4] [H7] {C8} (P4) Adam: (P1) (P3) Well, it’s pretty difficult to that to your wife’s boss [H4] {C7} Conversation 27 - Book 3, Unit 14, p 86: Behind the scenes Ryan: Working on movies must be really exciting [H1] [H4] {C8} Nina: Oh, yeah, but it’s also very hard work A one-minute scene in a film can take days to shoot {C7} Ryan: Why is that? (P4) Nina: Well, each scene isn’t filmed just once Lots of different shots have to be done Only the best ones are used in the film [H4] (P4) Ryan: So, how many shots are taken? (P4) Nina: It depends, but sometimes as many as 20 One scene may be shot from five or six different angles [H1] [H2] (P5) Ryan: Wow! I didn’t realize that {C9} Nina: Why don’t you come visit the studio? You can see how the special effects are done [H1] [H7] {C1} (P1) (P5) Ryan: Great, I’d love to! [H1] Conversation 28 - Book 3, Unit 14, p 89: Behind the scenes Liz: Where are you working now, Bob? (P1) (P4) 90 Bob: The Daily Advertiser I have two jobs, actually My main job is working as an assistant editor [H4] (P1) (P3) Liz: What does an assistant editor do? (P4) Bob: Well, an assistant editor, who is often relatively new to journalism, gets the stories ready for the editor [H4] (P1) Liz: That sounds kind of interesting [H1] [H6] {C8} (P5) Bob: It’s OK But my other job is more interesting {C7} (P3) Liz: And what’s that? Bob: I’m the movie critic, too It’s terrific And I get to see all the latest movies for free (P1) (P3) Liz: So you’re the one who writes those sarcastic reviews You don’t like anything! (P4) Bob: That’s me! {C7} Conversation 29 - Book 3, Unit 15, p 92: There should be a law! April: Rich, you look exhausted! [H2] {C9} (P5) Rich: I know I didn’t get much sleep last night April: What happened? (P4) Rich: Remember those guys I told you about? (P4) April: The ones that just moved in next door? [H4] (P4) Rich: Yeah They had another party, and the noise kept me awake all night (P1) (P3) April: Well, something has got to be done This has happened every weekend since they moved in! {C8} (P4) Rich: (P3) Yeah Tell me about it I finally had to call the police [H4] {C7} April: I could have done the same thing They shouldn’t be allowed to disturb people like that And anyway, they should have at least invited you to the party! [H1] [H4] [H6] [H7] {C9} (P1) (P4) Conversation 30 - Book 3, Unit 15, p 95: There should be a law! Sarah: Health insurance bills, child-care bills, rent! Now that I’m going to school and only working part time, I have a hard time making ends meet [H4] (P3) 91 Todd: Health insurance is so expensive, isn’t it? {C9} Sarah: Yeah! My company used to pay for it when I was working full time (P4) Todd: And child care isn’t cheap either, is it? {C9} Sarah: No, it’s not After I pay for rent and groceries, almost all my money goes to pay for my son’s day care [H6] (P1) (P3) (P4) Todd: Your college should provide free day care for students with children [H1] {C9} (P1) Sarah: I think so, too But they don’t have any services like that [H7] Conversation 31 - Book 3, Unit 16, p 98: Challenges and accomplishments Kurt: So, how long have you been in the Peace Corps? (P1) (P4) Brenda: For about a year now (P3) Kurt: Do you enjoy it? {C9} Brenda: Most of the time The work can be extremely difficult, but it has its rewards [H1] [H4] [H6] (P5) Kurt: What’s the most challenging thing about being in the Peace Corps? (P1) (P4) Brenda: For me, it’s finding a way to fit into a community that’s very different from my own It can be frustrating! [H1] [H4] [H6] {C8} (P1) (P4) (P5) Kurt: And what’s the most rewarding thing? (P3) (P4) Brenda: That’s easy The most rewarding thing about being in the Peace Corps is learning about another culture (P1) (P3) Conversation 32 - Book 3, Unit 16, p 100: Challenges and accomplishments Grandfather: Happy birthday, Alison So how does it feel to be 21? {C1} (P1) (P4) Alison: Kind of strange I suddenly feel a little anxious, like I’m not moving ahead fast enough [H2] [H4] [H6] {C8} (P5) Grandfather: But don’t you think you’ve accomplished quite a bit in the last few years? [H6] [H7] {C8} (P4) 92 Alison: Oh, I’ve managed to get good grades in all my courses, but I still haven’t been able to decide on a career [H7] (P3) Grandfather: Well, what you hope you’ll have achieved by the time you’re 30? {C9} (P4) Alison: For one thing, I hope I’ll have seen more of the world But more important than that, I’d like to have made a good star on my career by then [H1] [H2] {C10} (P1) (P5) 93 ... constraints in the conversations in New Interchange Figure 4.2 Distribution of types of presuppositions in the 39 conversations in New Interchange Figure 4 .3 Distribution of types of hedges in the conversations. .. presuppositions used in the conversations in New Interchange 3; - To identify and analyze the types of hedges used in the conversations in New Interchange 3; - To identify and analyze the types of politeness... questions: What are the types of presuppositions used in the conversations in New Interchange and how frequently are they used? What are the types of hedges used in the conversations in New Interchange