1. Trang chủ
  2. » Luận Văn - Báo Cáo

Extraction of bioactives and oil from gac seeds

280 115 0

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU

Cấu trúc

  • STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

  • DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP

  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  • LIST OF PUBLICATIONS INCLUDED AS PART OF THE THESIS

  • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

  • LIST OF TABLES

  • LIST OF FIGURES

  • LIST OF EQUATIONS

  • TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • ABSTRACT

  • SYNOPSIS

  • Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

    • 1.1. Gac (Momordica cochichinensis Spreng)

    • 1.2. Gac seeds

      • 1.2.1. Oil and fatty acids in Gac seeds

      • 1.2.2. Bioactive compounds in Gac Seeds

        • 1.2.2.1. Trypsin inhibitors

        • 1.2.2.2. Saponins

        • 1.2.2.3. Phenolic compounds

        • 1.2.2.4. Flavonoids

        • 1.2.2.5. Tocopherols

      • 1.2.3. Biological properties of bioactive compounds in Gac seeds

        • 1.2.3.1. Anticancer and antiviral activities

        • 1.2.3.2. Immuno-enhancing anti-inflamatory activity

        • 1.2.3.3. Antioxidant activity

        • 1.2.3.4. Gastroprotective and antiulcerogenic activities

        • 1.2.3.5. Ribosome inactivating protein activity

        • 1.2.3.6. Trypsin inhibitory activity

        • 1.2.3.7. Traditional medicinal uses

        • 1.2.3.8. Other uses

      • 1.2.4. Processing of Gac seeds

    • 1.3. Extraction of oil and bioactives from Gac seeds

      • 1.3.1. Extraction of oil

        • 1.3.1.1. Soxhlet extraction

        • 1.3.1.2. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction

      • 1.3.2. Extraction of bioactive compounds

        • 1.3.2.1. Extraction solvents

        • 1.3.2.2. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)

        • 1.3.2.3. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE)

        • 1.3.2.4. Comparison of different novel extraction methods

      • 1.3.3. Extraction of trypsin inhibitors

      • 1.3.4. Extraction of saponins

      • 1.3.5. Response surface methodology for optimising extraction conditions

    • 1.4. Spectrophotometry method for quantification of bioactive compounds

      • 1.4.1. Principle of spectrophotometry measurement

      • 1.4.2. Devices and mechanism for spectrophotometry measurement

    • 1.5. Oxidation and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants

    • 1.6. Cancer and anticancer activity of medicinal plants

    • 1.7. Experimental rationale

    • 1.8. Hypotheses, Aims and Objectives

  • Chapter 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS

    • 2.1. Gac seeds

      • 2.1.1. Drying of the Gac seeds

      • 2.1.2. De-coating of the Gac seeds

      • 2.1.3. Grinding of the Gac seeds

      • 2.1.4. Freeze-drying of the Gac seed powder

    • 2.2. Optimisation the extraction of oil

      • 2.2.1. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Gac seed oil

        • 2.2.1.1. Extraction procedure

        • 2.2.1.2. Optimisation process

      • 2.2.2. Soxhlet extraction of Gac seed oil

    • 2.3. Optimisation the extraction of trypsin inhibitors

      • 2.3.1. MAE procedure

      • 2.3.2. UAE procedure

      • 2.3.3. Optimised conventional extraction

        • 2.3.2.1. Extraction procedure

        • 2.3.2.2. Optimisation process

    • 2.4. Optimised MAE for extraction of Gac seed saponins

      • 2.4.1. Extraction procedure

      • 2.4.2. Optimisation process

    • 2.5. Evaporation of solvents from extracts

    • 2.6. Analysing methods

      • 2.6.1. Oil characterising

        • 2.6.1.1. Specific gravity

        • 2.6.1.2. Refractive index

        • 2.6.1.3. Slip melting point

        • 2.6.1.4. Iodine value

        • 2.6.1.5. Saponification value

        • 2.6.1.6. Free fatty acid

        • 2.6.1.7. Peroxide value

        • 2.6.1.8. Unsaponifiable matter

        • 2.6.1.9. Moisture and volatile matter

        • 2.6.1.10. Insoluble impurities

      • 2.6.2. Oil antioxidant activity

      • 2.6.3. Oil colour measurement

      • 2.6.4. Determination of trypsin inhibiting activity using spectrometric method

        • 2.6.4.1. Principle of the assay

        • 2.6.4.2. Determination of trypsin inhibiting activity of Gac seed extracts

      • 2.6.5. Determination of protein content

        • 2.6.5.1. Principle of the Lowry assay

        • 2.6.5.2. Building the standard curve

        • 2.6.5.3. Determination of soluble protein content

      • 2.6.6. Determination of total saponin content

        • 2.6.6.1. Principle of the vanillin-sulfuric acid assay for TSC analysis

        • 2.6.6.2. Building the standard curve of aescin

        • 2.6.6.3. Determination of total saponin content

      • 2.6.7. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC)

        • 2.6.7.2. Building the standard curve for TPC assay

        • 2.6.7.3. Determination of TPC

      • 2.6.8. Determination of total antioxidant capacity of Gac seed extracts

        • 2.6.8.1. The 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic (ABTS) acid assay

        • 2.6.8.2. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay

        • 2.6.10.3. The Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay

      • 2.6.9. Determination of anticancer activity

    • 2.7. Statistical analysis

  • Chapter 3: RESULTS

    • 3.1. Synopsis of research result papers

    • 3.2. Extraction of oil – the research papers

      • 3.2.1. Optimisation of process parameters for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from Gac seed kernel powder

      • 3.2.2. Physicochemical properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) seeds and their oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and Soxhlet methods

  • Introduction

  • Materials and Methods

    • Materials

      • Chemicals

      • Gac Seed Kernels

    • Proximate Analysis of the Gac Seed Kernels

    • Preparation of Gac Seed Kernel Powder for Oil Extraction

    • Methods for the Extraction of Gac Seed Oil

      • SC-CO2 Extraction

      • Soxhlet Extraction

    • Oil Yield Calculation

    • Methods for Characterisation of Oils

      • Determination of Physicochemical Indices

      • Colour Measurement

      • Determination of Antioxidant Activity

    • Statistical Analyses

  • Results and Discussion

    • Characteristics of Gac Seeds

    • Oil Yield

    • Characterisation of the Extracted Oils

    • Colour Characterisation

  • Conclusions

  • References

    • 3.3. Extraction of trypsin inhibitors – the research papers

      • 3.3.1. Effect of solvents and extraction methods on recovery of bioactive compounds from defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds

  • Introduction (1)

  • Materials and Methods (1)

    • Materials

      • Solvents, Reagents, and Chemicals

      • Gac Seeds

    • Methods

      • Extraction Methods

      • Determination of Trypsin Inhibitor Activity (TIA)

      • Determination of Total Saponin Content (TSC)

      • Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)

      • Determination of Antioxidant Capacity

      • Determination of Total Solids

      • Statistical Analyses

  • Results and Discussion (1)

    • Effect of Extraction Methods on the Trypsin Inhibitor Yield

    • Effect of Extraction Methods on the Total Saponin Content (TSC)

    • Effect of Extraction Methods on Total Phenolic Content (TPC)

    • Effect of Extraction Methods on Total Solids and Antioxidant Capacity

    • Correlations between Bioactive Compounds and Total Solids and Antioxidant Activity in the Extracts

  • Conclusions (1)

  • References (1)

    • 3.3. Extraction of trypsin inhibitors – the research papers

      • 3.3.2. Optimised extraction of trypsin inhibitors from defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds for production of a trypsin inhibitor‐enriched freeze-dried powder.

  • Untitled

  • Chapter 3: RESULTS (2)

    • 3.4. Extraction of saponins – the research papers

      • 3.4.1. Improving the vanillin-sulphuric acid method for quantifying total saponins

  • Introduction (2)

  • Materials and Methods (2)

    • Materials

    • Methods

      • The Usual Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid TSC Assay

      • Solvents and the Reagent Blank

      • Solvents Used to Prepare Saponin (Aescin) Solutions

      • The Modified Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid TSC Assay

      • Determining the TSC of a Gac Seed Extract Using the Modified Method

      • Statistical Analyses

  • Results

    • The Effect of Different Solvents in the Reagent Blank

    • Effect of Solvents on the Aescin Standard Curve

    • Aescin Standard Curve for the Modified Method

    • Saponin Content of the Gac Seed Kernel Powder

  • Discussion

    • Effect of Common Extraction Solvents on the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method

    • Modifications of the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method

    • Advantages of the Modified Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method

    • Implementation of the Modified Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method

  • Conclusions (2)

  • References (2)

    • 3.4. Extraction of saponins – the research papers

      • 3.4.2. Optimisation of the microwave-assisted ethanol extraction of saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds

  • Introduction (3)

  • Materials and Methods (3)

    • Materials

      • Solvents, Reagents and Chemicals

      • Gac Seed Kernel Powder

      • Preparation of Gac Seed Kernel Powder

      • Preparation of Defatted Gac Seed Kernel Powder

    • Methods

      • Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)

      • Extraction of Saponins from Full-Fat and Defatted Gac Seed Kernel Powders

      • Extraction of Saponins from the Full-Fat Seed Kernel Powder

      • Verifying Optimal Conditions for Gac Seed Saponin Extraction

    • Analytical Methods

      • Determination of Total Saponin Content (TSC)

      • Determination of Antioxidant Capacity

    • Statistical Analyses

  • Results (1)

    • Effect of the Ethanol Concentration on the MAE of Saponins from Full-Fat and Defatted Gac Seed Kernel Powders

    • Effect of the Ethanol to Sample Ratio on the MAE of Saponins from the Full-Fat Gac Seed Kernel Powder

    • Effect of the Microwave Parameters on the MAE of Saponins from the Full-Fat Gac Seed Kernel Powder

    • Correlations between the TSC and the MAE Temperature

    • Verification of the Optimal MAE Conditions for the Extraction of Saponins from Full-Fat Gac Seed Kernel Powder

  • Discussion and Conclusions

  • References (3)

    • 3.5. Anticancer and antioxidant activities of Gac seed extracts – the research paper

      • 3.5.1. Bioactive composition, antioxidant activity, and anticancer potential of freeze-dried extracts from defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds

  • Introduction (4)

  • Materials and Methods (4)

    • Materials

      • Solvents, Reagents, and Chemicals

      • Gac Seeds

    • Methods

      • Extraction

      • Freeze Drying Extracts

      • Determination of Extractable Yield

      • Determination of Dry Mass Yield

      • Determination of Trypsin Inhibitor Activity (TIA)

      • Determination of Total Saponin Content (TSC)

      • Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)

      • Determination of Antioxidant Capacity

      • Determination of Cytotoxicity

      • Statistical Analyses

  • Results (2)

    • Effect of Solvent on the Extractable Yield and the Dry Mass Yield

    • Effect of Solvents on the Content of Bioactive Compounds

      • Trypsin Inhibitors

      • Saponins

      • Phenolics

    • Effect of Solvents on Antioxidant Activity

    • Effect of Extraction Solvent on Cancer Cell Viability

    • Correlations between Extract Yields, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Cancer Cell Viability across the FD Crude Extracts

  • Discussion (1)

  • Conclusions (3)

  • References (4)

  • Chapter 4: GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

    • 4.1. General discussion

      • 4.1.1. Gac seed oil

      • 4.1.2. Gac seed bioactives

        • 4.1.2.1. Gac seed trypsin inhibitors

        • 4.1.2.2. Gac seed saponins

        • 4.1.2.3. Gac seed phenolic compounds

      • 4.1.3. Antioxidant activity and anticancer potential of Gac seed extracts

    • 4.2. Conclusions

  • BIBLIOGRAPHY

  • APPENDICES

  • Page 1

Nội dung

Ngày đăng: 11/07/2021, 16:55

TỪ KHÓA LIÊN QUAN

TÀI LIỆU CÙNG NGƯỜI DÙNG

TÀI LIỆU LIÊN QUAN