Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống
1
/ 218 trang
THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Thông tin cơ bản
Định dạng
Số trang
218
Dung lượng
3,14 MB
Nội dung
KYOTO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING A Study on Low Carbon Development with a Computable General Equilibrium Model - Application to Vietnam - TRAN Thanh Tu August 2012 Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Abbreviations ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1.1 INTRODUCTION Rationale 1.1.1 International framework towards global GHG emissions reduction 5 1.1.2 Legal frameworks towards Climate Change mitigation in Vietnam . 6 1.1.2.1 Socio-economic development framework 7 1.1.2.2 Energy development framework 7 1.1.2.3 Environmental protection and climate change mitigation framework 8 1.1.3 Concrete actions of Vietnamese Government towards LCD Plan 8 1.2 Research objectives and activities 1.3 Research originalities 10 1.3.1 National-based scenario development for Vietnam 11 1.3.2 New application theme of CGE model for Vietnam 12 1.3.3 Estimation of AIDADS function and its integration in AIM/CGE model 13 1.4 Structure of this dissertation 13 References (Chapter 1) 15 CHAPTER 2.1 METHODOLOGICAL LITERATURE REVIEWS 17 National-based LCD studies in the world 17 2.1.1 World Bank’s LCD studies for six emerging economies 17 2.1.2 DIIS’s conference on the LCD and poverty reduction in low income countries 18 2.1.3 ECN’s project on LCD strategies . 19 2.1.4 International research network towards LCS studies in Asian countries 20 2.2 Previous applications of CGE models 21 2.2.1 Extension and application of CGE models for LCD analysis 21 2.2.1.1 IMAGE 22 2.2.1.2 IGEM . 23 2.2.1.3 ADAGE 24 i 2.2.1.4 ENVISAGE 25 2.2.1.5 GCAM . 27 2.2.1.6 IMACLIM 28 2.2.1.7 LINKAGE 29 2.2.2 Application of CGE models in Vietnam 30 2.3 2.2.2.1 Static CGE models 30 2.2.2.2 Dynamic CGE models 32 Improvement of consumption function in CGE model for LCD analysis 33 References (Chapter 2) 35 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 38 3.1 Outline of methodological framework 38 3.2 Detail methodology 40 3.2.1 National-based scenario database development 40 3.2.1.1 Overview 40 3.2.1.2 Description . 41 3.2.1.3 Data input 45 3.2.1.4 Main mathematical equations 45 3.2.2 AIM/CGE[basic] model 47 3.2.2.1 Overview 47 3.2.2.2 Description . 48 3.2.2.3 Data input 51 3.2.2.4 Main mathematical equations 53 3.2.3 Estimation of AIDADS parameters and its integration in AIM/CGE[basic] model 67 3.2.3.1 Overview 67 3.2.3.2 Description . 68 3.2.3.3 Data input 69 3.2.3.4 Integration of AIDADS function in AIM/CGE[basic] model 71 3.2.3.5 Main mathematical equations 72 References (Chapter 3) 76 CHAPTER REVIEW OF VIETNAMESE OUTLOOK TOWARDS LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT 77 4.1 Analysis of Vietnam historical development and energy consumption 77 4.1.1 Economic structure 77 ii 4.1.2 Energy consumption 78 4.1.3 CO2 emissions 78 4.1.4 Main drivers of CO2 emissions 79 4.2 Socio-economic outlook of Vietnam 81 4.2.1 Population and urbanization . 81 4.2.2 Economic status and development targets 82 4.3 Energy outlook of Vietnam 83 4.3.1 Energy development in Vietnam 83 4.3.1.1 Coal 84 4.3.1.2 Oil, gas and Petroleum products . 85 4.3.1.3 Electricity 85 4.3.1.4 Nuclear Power 89 4.3.1.5 Renewable energy 90 4.3.2 Energy price in Vietnam 92 4.3.3 Energy saving, efficiency and conservation in Vietnam 94 4.3.4 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Vietnam 95 References (Chapter 4) 97 CHAPTER VIETNAM’S FUTURE LOW CARBON SOCIETY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 99 5.1 Visions of future society in Vietnam 99 5.1.1 National-based scenario for main socio-economic indicators 99 5.1.1.1 Socio-economic indicators 100 5.1.1.2 Housing and Transportation 101 5.1.1.3 Energy consumption . 103 5.1.2 Description of future societies 105 5.2 5.1.2.1 A Scenario of rather STAGnant Society (SSTAG) 110 5.1.2.2 A Scenario for Low Carbon Society (SLCS) 113 Economic implications of future LCD 115 5.2.1 Technology change and energy efficiency 116 5.2.2 Transportation 117 5.2.3 Economic structure and trade 119 5.2.4 Price change 124 5.2.5 GDP loss 127 5.3 Social implications of future LCD 130 iii 5.3.1 Employment and income 131 5.3.2 Change in price of goods and services for household consumption 135 5.3.3 Household expenditure 138 5.4 Energy and environmental issues of LCD in Vietnam 140 5.4.1 Energy supply and consumption . 140 5.4.2 Power generation 146 5.4.3 GHG emissions and reduction measures 149 5.4.4 CCS technology and carbon price 151 References (Chapter 5) 153 CHAPTER 6.1 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND DISCUSSIONS 154 Concluding remarks 154 6.1.1 Summary of economic implications 155 6.1.2 Summary of social implications 159 6.1.3 Summary of energy and environmental issues of LCD in Vietnam 162 6.2 Discussions 166 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 170 APPENDICES 173 Appendix A – List of Vietnamese legal documents 173 Appendix B - Mathematical summary statements in National Scenarios Development System 176 Appendix C - Mathematical summary statements in AIM/CGE[basic] model 178 Appendix D - Mathematical summary statements in AIDADS consumption function 203 Appendix E - Mathematical summary statements in Reconciliation System 206 Appendix F - List of units 207 iv List of Tables Tables Page Table 1.1: Summary of CGE model applications for Vietnam 12 Table 2.1: Summary of ESMAP’s activities and outputs towards LCD studies 18 Table 2.2: List of research institutes in LCS-RNet . 21 Table 3.1: List of macro parameters and potential drivers 42 Table 3.2: List of collected indicators in Driver field 44 Table 3.3: List of collected indicators in Energy field 45 Table 3.4: CCS technology cost 51 Table 3.5: Indicators of input assumption for AIM/CGE[basic] model 52 Table 3.6: Description of GHG emissions reduction measures . 52 Table 3.7: Households classification for AIDADS parameters estimation 69 Table 3.8: Group of sector and commodity classification . 69 Table 3.9: Availability of observations 70 Table 3.10: Summary of Setting initial values and bounds 75 Table 4.1: Economic development targets of Vietnam 83 Table 4.2: Primary energy demand and domestic production outlook 83 Table 4.3: Final energy demand outlook 84 Table 4.4: Summary of targeted electricity production capacity of Vietnam 87 Table 4.5: Vietnam Power demand forecast 88 Table 4.6: Energy price of Vietnam (in 2006) 92 Table 4.7: Household electricity pricing system of Vietnam 93 Table 4.8: By-purpose electricity pricing system of Vietnam . 94 Table 5.1: Key features of SSTAG and SLCS and their scenarios 109 Table 5.2: Key features of BaU_SSTAG and CM_SSTAG 112 Table 5.3: Key features of BaU_SLCS and CM_SLCS 115 Table 5.4: Economic structure of SSTAG and SLCS 119 Table 5.5: GDP loss (-) of reducing GHG emissions (% of total GDP in BaU) 128 Table 5.6: Technologies for reducing non-energy-related emissions 151 Table 6.1: Summary of GHG emissions target and GDP loss . 168 v List of Figures Figures Page Figure 1.1: Overview of research framework . 10 Figure 3.1: Overview of methodological framework 38 Figure 3.2: Overview of National-based Scenario Development 41 Figure 3.3: Structure of National-based Scenario Development 43 Figure 3.4: Overview of AIM/CGE[basic] model 48 Figure 3.5: Overall structure of AIM/CGE[basic] model 49 Figure 3.6: Production structure in AIM/CGE[basic] model 50 Figure 3.7: Overview of AIDADS function estimation 68 Figure 3.8: Overview of integrating AIDADS function into AIM/CGE[basic] model 71 Figure 4.1: GDP change by sectors 77 Figure 4.2: Energy consumption change by sectors 78 Figure 4.3: CO2 emissions by sectors 79 Figure 4.4: Changes of population, GDP, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions . 80 Figure 4.5: CO2 emissions changes by decomposed factors 80 Figure 4.6: CO2 emissions changes by decomposed factors in transport sector . 80 Figure 4.7: CO2 emissions changes by decomposed factors in utility sector 80 Figure 4.8: CO2 emissions changes by decomposed factors in heavy industry sector 81 Figure 4.9: CO2 emissions changes by decomposed factors in light industry sector 81 Figure 4.10: Projection of Vietnam total population and population growth rate 82 Figure 4.11: Map of Zoning power system in Vietnam 86 Figure 5.1: Total population scenarios of Vietnam . 100 Figure 5.2: Total employment scenarios of Vietnam 100 Figure 5.3: GDP scenarios of Vietnam (mil. 2005US$) . 101 Figure 5.4: Floor area per person scenarios of Vietnam 102 Figure 5.5: Passenger transportation volume (mil.passenger-km) . 102 Figure 5.6: Freight transportation volume (mil.ton-km) . 103 Figure 5.7: Total final energy consumption by energy types 104 Figure 5.8: Total energy consumption by economic sectors . 105 vi Figure 5.9: Key scenario indicators of SSTAG and SLCS societies 105 Figure 5.10: GDP projections from international and domestic sources 106 Figure 5.11: Annual population and GDP growth rate of SSTAG and SLCS 107 Figure 5.12: Reduction of transport demand in CM cases (% of demand in BaU) 117 Figure 5.13: Truck transport demand and its energy consumption 118 Figure 5.14: Total passenger transport demand and its energy consumption . 119 Figure 5.15: Total import (-) and export (+) of goods and services (mil. 2005USD) 120 Figure 5.16: Change in import of goods and services in CM cases (% of total in BaU) 121 Figure 5.17: Change in export of goods and services in CM cases (% of total in BaU) . 123 Figure 5.18: Change in price of energy and non-energy commodities in SSTAG . 125 Figure 5.19: Change in price of energy and non-energy commodities in SLCS 127 Figure 5.20: Total GDP and GDP per capita (at Market Exchange Rate, MER) 128 Figure 5.21: Payment of industry in BaU_SSTAG and BaU_SLCS 129 Figure 5.22: Change in payment of industry in CM cases (% of total payment in BaU) 130 Figure 5.23: Total population and total employment in Vietnam 131 Figure 5.24: Total employment by economic sectors in SSTAG and SLCS 132 Figure 5.25: Change in employment demand in CM cases (% of total demand in BaU) 133 Figure 5.26: Total household income and the implications 133 Figure 5.27: Total household income by sources 134 Figure 5.28: Change in total household income by sources in CM cases (% of BaU) 135 Figure 5.29: Change in price of commodities for household consumption in SSTAG 136 Figure 5.30: Change in price of commodities for household consumption in SLCS 137 Figure 5.31: Total household expenditure and expenditure per capita 138 Figure 5.32: Household expenditure share of commodities in SSTAG . 139 Figure 5.33: Household expenditure share of commodities in SLCS 140 Figure 5.34: Total primary energy supply in STTAG 141 Figure 5.35: Total primary energy supply in SLCS 142 Figure 5.36: Total final energy consumption (by energy types) in SSTAG 143 Figure 5.37: Total final energy consumption (by energy types) in SLCS 144 Figure 5.38: Total final energy consumption (by sectors) in SSTAG 144 Figure 5.39: Total final energy consumption (by sectors) in SLCS . 145 vii Figure 5.40: Energy intensity (at Market Exchange Rate, MER) 146 Figure 5.41: Power generation by energy types in SSTAG 147 Figure 5.42: Power generation by energy types in SLCS 148 Figure 5.43: Total GHG emissions and emission intensity 149 Figure 5.44: GHG emissions reduction measures . 150 Figure 5.45: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology and carbon price 152 Figure 6.1: Possibility of feasible LCS in Vietnam 168 viii List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AIDADS An Implicitly Directly Additive Demand System ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AIM/CGE Asian Integrated Modeling/Computable General Equilibrium BaU Business-as-Usual case C&C Contraction and Convergence CDM Clean Development Mechanism CGE Computable General Equilibrium C.I.F Cost Insurance and Freight CM Counter-Measure case EEDD Energy Economic Driver Database EIOT Energy Input-Output Table ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program F.O.B Free On Board GAMS General Algebraic Modeling System GDP Gross Domestic Product GDX GAMS Data Exchange GHG Greenhouse Gases GMID Global Market Information Database GTAP Global Trade Analysis Project GtCO2eq Giga-ton Carbon dioxide equivalent ICP International Comparison Program IDA International Development Association IEA International Energy Agency IEEJ Institute of Energy Economics Japan IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LCD Low Carbon Development LCS Low Carbon Society LES Linear Expenditure System ix ... An Implicitly Directly Additive Demand System ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AIM/CGE Asian Integrated Modeling /Computable? ?General? ?Equilibrium? ? BaU Business-as-Usual case C&C Contraction and Convergence ... Greenhouse Gases GMID Global Market Information Database GTAP Global Trade Analysis Project GtCO2eq Giga-ton? ?Carbon? ?dioxide equivalent ICP International Comparison Program IDA International? ?Development? ?Association ... training and public awareness raising; integration climate change into sustainable development? ? program and systematic observation and climate change monitoring information, etc. MONRE