Fundamental of conservation biology of asarum glabrum in ba vi national park ha noi

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS Title FUNDAMENTAL OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGY OF ASARUM GLABRUM IN BA VI NATIONAL PARK, HA NOI Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D7850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Lam Tieu Hong Student ID: 1453092346 Class: K59A Natural Resources Management Course: 2014 – 2018 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Vu Quang Nam Dr Tran Minh Tuan Hanoi, September 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENT With all of my respectation and from bottom of my heart, I would like to say thanks to my honorable supervisor - Assoc Prof Dr Vu Quang Nam who helped me a lot to accomplish my graduation thesis His enthusiasm, caring, and immense knowledge are invaluable motivation for me Besides that I would like to express my unlimited gratitude to Dr Tuan Tran and all of officers in Ba Vi national park, for their given information which helped me a lot in my research During the study they helped me with all unconditional help and extremely create condition to avail me Additionally if without my friend’s support I wouldn’t know how can I finish my thesis My interview, field trip, research may not have been accomplished well without their helps whose extremely means to me The last words I would like to thank to my parents who always facilitate to support, mobilize me with infinite love If lack of any factors above I am not sure that my thesis whether be completed Sincerely thank! i ABSTRACT Nature gives Ba Vi rich ecosystems and diversified vegetation Asarum glabrum is a precious herbal species in Ba Vi National Park Survey results show that Asaurm glabrum has many uses and gives local people a lot of benefits The majority of people collect Asarum glabrum for medicine and sale However, the regeneration capacity of the species in the wild is poor and people over-exploit it, leading to the serious decline of the species To this research, I use some main methods: observation method to determine size of trunk, rhizomes, root, leaves, flower, fruit; setting standard plot to investigate the distribution and structure of the forest where the species distribute; investigating the distribution of tree regeneration and their quality Besides that, interviewing local people are also used Interview the local people how to use, exploit, plant in the local Through the process of investigation and data collection, this thesis gives a general overview about phenological, morphological, ecological characteristics of Asarum glabrum in Ba Vi National Park, Ha Noi Learn some ways to plant and develop species in Ba Vi, that is premise for the conservation of Asarum glabrum in Ba Vi as well as in Vietnam ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT i ABSTRACT .ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii ABBREVIATION v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii I INTRODUCTION II GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal 2.2 Objectives III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study area 3.1.1 Natural condition of Ba Vi National Park 10 3.1.2 Forest resources 15 3.1.3 Social and economic conditions 17 3.2 Field survey and data collection 18 3.2.1 Field survey 18 3.2.2 Data collection 18 3.3 Data processing and analysis 24 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25 4.1 General introduction 25 4.2 Biological characteristics of Asarum glabrum 25 4.2.1 Morphological and regenerative characteristics 25 4.3 Ecological characteristics of Asarum glabrum 31 iii 4.4 Study the distribution characteristics of Asarum glabrum 35 4.5 Exploitation, using, planting and conservation of Asarum glabrum 36 4.5.1 Situation of exploitation of trees 36 4.5.2 Use situation 36 4.5.3 Planting situation 37 4.6 Analyzing, evaluating, proposing conservation measures 38 4.7 Proposed solutions for conservation and development of Asarum glabrum 38 V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 40 5.1 Conclusion 40 5.2 Recommendation 41 VI REFERENCES VII APPENDICES iv ABBREVIATION NP : National Park IUCN : The International Union for Conservation of Nature SP : Sample plot/ Standard plot v LIST OF TABLES Table Investigating morphological characteristics of Asarum glabrum 20 Table Shade cover, height and forest status in sample plot 20 Table : Distribution network tree regeneration in sample plot 21 Table Characteristics of regenerated tree quality 22 Table 4.1: Morphological characteristics of Asarum glabrum 26 Table 4.2: Shade cover, height and forest status in standard plot 32 Table 4.3: Distribution network tree regeneration in standard plot 33 Table 4.4: Characteristics of regenerated tree quality 34 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Map of Ba Vi National Park, Ba Vi Commune Figure Ba Vi National Park tourist map ………………………………………….9 Figure Gate of Ba Vi National Park Figure Standard plot 19 Figure Questionnaire for local people 23 Figure Asarum glabrum 27 Figure Field survey 28 Figure Morphological characteristics of Asarum glabrum 29 Figure Flower and fruit of Asarum glabrum 31 Figure 10 Investigating regeneration tree 35 vii I INTRODUCTION The botany have been formed since the appearance of humans in order to live and fight in harmony with nature Humans have used plants for their livelihood (such as plants for food, housing, medicinal plants, essential oils ) In addition to being of great value to humans, plants have a strong positive effect on the environment, animals and a variety of other factors Plants provide a lot of essential necessities for human beings, helping people's lives become better Environment and nature play a very important role in human life They provide vital human life, such as water, air, land, etc The role of natural resources in human life has been greatly exemplified and undeniably evident However, due to various causes, human beings have been and will be adversely affected by this resource and have caused serious biodiversity loss Many fauna and flora species have been exposed to the threat of extinction, including species that are special and important value in science and human life Vietnam is one of the centers of biodiversity in the world with rich fauna and flora There are many national parks and nature reserves built to study and preserve and maintain the growth of plant and animal species throughout the country From ancient times people have been constantly exploring, learning and accumulating experience to use the plants next to themselves to serve for themselves, family, society as well as in all aspects of life living Due to differences in customary practices as well as the knowledge that each region uses different plant species as well as the effect it brings For the past 20 years, the herbs (research, application and use of herbs) have grown historically, with herbaceous species accounting for the major components of medicines in developing countries and gradually spread throughout the world Humans have struggled to protect their health in the areas of environmental pollution and to reduce stress, to cure diseases with drugs in combination with the body's defense system A revolution has been silently taking place, now about 80 million people around the world have used herbal medicines (such as Parabour, Artichoke, etc.) to maintain mental health and physical strength The number of people who consulted with herbalists and natural therapists increased More and more scientific evidence suggests that herbal remedies can be as effective as traditional medications, but have fewer side effects Sales of herbal medicines have increased dramatically - about 55% of the total in the United States in 1998 - now many pharmaceutical companies are turning to the trend of producing and trading herbs The diversity and perfection of some plants combined with therapies is surprising Herbics in medicine and botany are considered as inseparable areas of human activity; the physician is often referred to as the first botanist in human history Western medicine is of interest in most medical schools around the world Although people tend to replace natural herbs with artificial remedies produced in the factory, herbal remedies have so far been of great importance in traditional medicine in many countries is developing (Vo Van Chi, 1997) In the recent years, under the pressure of population explosion, socio-economic development in which the general resources, as well as the plants in particular, are under serious threat High-value tree species are heavily exploited to serve human uses leading to extinction Low value or valuable plant species, but people who not know how to use it, are destroyed to make room for other high economic returns such as agriculture and industry In addition, research into the development of precious plant species also takes a lot of time, money and effort so it may also face the existence and development of natural plants Following Clause 14, Article of the Forest Protection and Development Law, rare and precious plants are of special economic, scientific and environmental value, of small numbers in nature or in danger of extinction A list of rare forest plant species regulated by the government on management and protection Investigating, identifying plant species and valuable plant communities for conservation is an important task for plant researchers All species in the Asarum L family Canopy cover Canopy cover is the level of coverage of canopy trees in a vertical direction per unit of forest area expressed in tenths From the results obtained in the survey as shown in Table 4.2 below, it was found that: Asarum glabrum often grows under rich forest condition IIIA1, IIIA2, with forest cover from 0.5 to 0.84 Table 4.2: Shade cover, height and forest status in standard plot Species Standard plot Height (m) Shade cover Forest status 1210 0.67 IIIA1 1278 0.71 IIIA1 1260 0.8 IIIA1 1221 0.7 IIIA2 1282 0.82 IIIA2 1155 0.53 IIIA2 1163 0.5 IIIA1 1169 0.82 IIIA2 1192 0.65 IIIA2 10 1137 0.84 IIIA1 Asarum glabrum IIIA1: Type of evergreen closed forest, tropical wet rain is strongly impacted IIIA2: Type of evergreen closed forest, tropical wet rain, harvested and have time to recover The regeneration characteristics of the Asarum glabrum are mainly regenerated by the underground body, from the underground eye that grows on young branches such as Tre Therefore, they often regenerate clusters, creating clusters, clusters of flowers in nature under the canopy of natural forests at an altitude of 1000 m or more 32 Granular reproduction is very poor, during the investigation very rare seed regeneration Studying the distribution of regenerated trees in the horizontal plane is very important in the process of taking advantage of natural regeneration to restore the forest The distribution of trees on the soil surface depends on the biology of the plant species and the nutrient space, the natural source of the seed Regenerating trees are unevenly distributed on the ground, which creates unrecoverable gaps, which is reflected in the results of the study of the distribution of regenerated trees in the horizontal plane To study the morphology of the regeneration, the topic uses the Poisson distribution The results of the tree regeneration test are shown in the following table: Table 4.3: Distribution network tree regeneration in standard plot Species Standard plot Density (trees/ha) Distribution K 550 0.22 Even 370 0.60 Even 420 0.89 Even 360 0.76 Random Asarum 400 0.44 Even glabrum 480 0.71 Even 410 0.81 Even 490 1.33 Random 440 1.11 Random 10 430 0.38 Even 33 From the table above, the density of regenerated trees on plots ranged from 360 to 550 trees / In general, this is a low level of regeneration Also according to the results above, the distribution of regenerated trees on the ground is mainly regeneration, because the forest is natural forest and the regeneration has no significant impact of external conditions Next is the regeneration of the cluster, the last is the random regeneration The quality of regenerated trees is the result of synthesizing the interactions between forest trees and between forest trees and conditions To assess the quality of the regenerated seedlings, the authors have conducted a qualitative study on the quality of seedlings in the following table: Table 4.4: Characteristics of regenerated tree quality Quality (%) Species Standard plot Good Medium Bad 21.33 71.56 7.11 14.82 74.68 10.5 19.05 75.32 5.63 20.88 72.67 6.45 Asarum 26.79 60.00 13.21 glabrum 20.17 75.57 4.26 22.69 72.73 4.58 36.01 62.63 1.36 20.00 75.00 5.00 10 16.25 83.75 0.00 34 Figure 10 Investigating regeneration tree The table above shows that most of the plots conducting regeneration survey have the quality of regenerated trees at medium level, the number of regenerated trees at bad quality level is very low The highest percentage of regenerated trees was found in plot 10 is 83.75% 4.4 Study the distribution characteristics of Asarum glabrum Asarum glabrum is distributed according to the climate belt at a single elevation zone of the low montane subtropical wet evergreen forest type They are concentrated on the top of some high peaks of Ba Vi NP, which is the summit of the Vua, Tan Vien and Ngoc Hoa Peak Asarum glabrum has the lowest elevation at 950 m in the Ngoc Hoa Peak and is highest at 1283m at the top of the King The distribution of Asarum glabrum in the Vua, Tan Vien and Ngoc Hoa peak, from 950 m or higher Distribution center of the Asarum glabrum at the top of Ngoc Hoa from a height of 1100m or more; at the top of Tan Vien from 1150 meters above and the top of the Vua from 1200 meters or higher They usually grow in areas 35 where there are forest reserves - status III, high humidity and thick litter Asarum glabrum is a species distributed by clusters because they usually grow into small clusters on the top of high mountains, sometimes growing in rock niches where the humidity is high According to the analysis of the soil samples in the study of Asarum glabrum shows that it grows on yellowish brown or brown feralit soil with the mother stone of the lamellae and the conglomerate stone, the thickness is from medium to thick layer of soil 4.5 Exploitation, using, planting and conservation of Asarum glabrum To collect information on the exploitation, use, planting and conservation of species, we conducted a survey of 10 communes in the buffer zone The communes of the old district (Ba Vi district) include: Tan Linh, Ba Vi, Ba Trai, Minh Quang, Khanh Thuong, Van Hoa and Yen Bai communes Survey of expanded communes including Yen Trung, Yen Quang and Phuc Tien The number of interviewed households were 30 4.5.1 Situation of exploitation of trees Survey data show that up to 80% of households are involved in natural forest collection - The most harvested parts are flowers of 100%, followed by leaves of 75%, stem of 25% and roots of 15% for medicinal purposes, collection of whole plants with 20% of households According to the assessment of households, they have to collect very far away (80% of households interviewed) - The number of households collecting: high 15.5%, medium 45% and low 13.6% The purpose of collecting drugs is 91.7%; for sale 58.3% and to cultivate 41.7% 4.5.2 Use situation For Asarum glabrum, 45% of the households use fresh food for medicine, 100% of the households use dry product for medicine, 82.6% use to soak alcohol and 8.3% use for other methods (pounding, embossing ) 36 4.5.3 Planting situation 4.5.3.1 Planting in home gardens: For the Asarum glabrum, only households (20%) are planted in the garden, the growth of the individual is bad Some other households have planted but no more, or 100% dead 4.5.3.2 Reason for planting: - For the Asarum glabrum: 42.8% of the households planted for medicine; 34.6% cultivate their seedlings and 22.6% planted to sell 4.5.3.3 Place of collection: - Asarum glabrum: 75% of households get seed from Ba Vi National Park; 15.5% said that the flowers in Hoa Binh, Phu Tho 4.5.3.4 Growing needs: According to survey data, up to 75% of households have needs to plant family medicine garden for the Asarum glabrum Figure 11 Branches are cut to get the leaves 37 4.6 Analyzing, evaluating, proposing conservation measures Based on the result of the survey of distribution areas, the monitoring of species and the study of ecological characteristics and propagation methods of conservation species, the following topics are proposed for conservation of Asarum glabrum Asarum glabrum has narrow distribution, the number of individuals is not much, sporadic As valuable species, individuals in the stands are still harvested Flowers with low seeds, poor regeneration, seeds with low germination rate In situ conservation is main: Zoning for protection with supplementary planting, planting conservation in the botanic garden Limit dispersal planting because of inadequate climate belt 4.7 Proposed solutions for conservation and development of Asarum glabrum - Organizing workshops to find solutions for species conservation : Those workshops are really necessary for individuals and organizations who want to find out how to preserve Asarum glabrum Give ideas and solutions that are truly effective for the conservation of species - Establishing project to conserve species : As well as organizing workshops, the establishment of projects is also very important The establishment of the project will greatly assist conservation because we will have the right direction and the right solution for each problem - Mobilize domestic and foreign funds for the conservation and development of species - To well manage the scientific research activities to regularly update the species conservation measures - Give priority to local people in planting species : Local people will be the most knowledgeable about the species and they will be able to find a way to cultivate effectively 38 - Strengthening economic policy for local people, especially people in buffer zones, making livelihood for local people to reduce pressure in and out NP - Strengthen forest patrol and protection, habitat protection : Capacity building and knowledge for local government officials and forest rangers, forest protection department, forest patrolling skills and the implementation of Forest Protection and Development Law - Strengthen the propaganda : Propagating to inform people about the importance of species, prohibiting illegal exploitation Mobilize local people to find out how to plant Asarum glabrum get the most effective - Finding appropriate conservation measures, extensive propagation 39 V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion - Asarum glabrum Merr belongs to Aristolochiaceae and distributes in Ha Noi (Ba Vi National Park) Listed in the Vietnam Red Book 2007 (Classification: VU A1c, d) and listed in the "Endangered" list, belongs to group IIA Decree No 32/2006 / ND-CP of March 30, 2006, restricting exploitation and use for commercial purposes - In general, the study has identified the basic characteristics of the species: morphological characteristics; phenological characteristics; ecological characteristics: distribution, regeneration, forest structure Moreover, this research also shows the situation of using, harvesting and developing of local people + Asarum glabrum is a herb living for many years, the trunk from 4-22.9cm, the rhizomes has rounded with many minor long roots Leaves are sparse and average number is per one tree The petiole is long, smooth Thin leaf blade, pointed heart + Asarum glabrum has specific flower and fruit Flowers usually grow in the leaves or at the top, usually 1-3, short petiole, hairy often grows down Flowers bloom from April to the end of June, fruit can be collected from July to September + Asarum glabrum only distributes in high elevation, where has the cold climate and low temperature Asarum glabrum often grows under rich forest condition IIIA1, IIIA2, with shade cover from 0.5 to 0.84 + The majority of SP show that the quality of regenerated trees at medium level, the number of regenerated trees at bad quality level is very low + The majority of interviewed households use Asarum glabrum for medicine because its benefits are very large Asarum glabrum can cure some diseases such as : cough, sore and making a tonic 40 + Local people have tried to plant but the efficiency is not high Creating the premise for research and development as well as species conservation in Ba Vi in particular as well as in Vietnam in general - Through research, we also realize that the economic value and health that Asarum glabrum brings to humans is enormous However, due to the high demand for exploitation, some conservation and development measures have not really brought into full effect and the awareness of local people has not been good, leading to the risk of serious damage to Asarum glabrum 5.2 Recommendation Based on the results of research, to contribute in conservation and development Asarum glabrum in Ba Vi NP as well as in Vietnam, the thesis would have some recommendation below: - The management of Ba Vi National Park should have specific measures and policies for local people to support the people in planting, protecting and developing species Add knowledge and experience to help people learn more about this rare species There should also be clear regulations on illegal collection of Asarum glabrum in Ba Vi National Park - Getting economic-social solutions is main to solve livelihood for local people through developing economic policy in buffer zone, mobilizing local people participate in conservation and development national forest If necessary, support the cost to the people to preserve and develop the species - Because of the limited time this study was the first simply research for the species conversation and development, to be more knowledge we should have more research in deeper Besides, the values for searching and collecting are inconvenient That is a problem for the planting and conserve medicinal plants and the proposal is just the orientation not have the time to verify 41 VI REFERENCES Nguyen Anh Tuan, Tran Huy Thai, Jenn-Che Wang, Chang-Tse Lu, 2012 Addition of Asarum yunnanense T Sugaw., Ogisu & C.Y Cheng (Aristolochiaceae) for the flora of Vietnam Nguyen Anh Tuan, Tran Huy Thai, 2012 Ecological characteristics and distribution of Asarum balansae Franch at Bung village, Na Hang district, Tuyen Quang province Journal of Biology, 34 (1): p75-81 Vietnam Red Data Books 2007 s.l : Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Vol II Vietnamese Forest Biology http://www.vncreatures.net/, accessed October 14, 2014 Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam, 1996 Vietnam Red Book Department of Plants publishing company Science and Technology, Hanoi Tran Khac Bao (2001), Research on solutions to preserve gene sources and medicinal plant varieties Proceedings of the International Biological Conference, Vietnam Union of Scientific and Technical Associations (2-5 / 7/2001) Hanoi Le Tran Chan, Tran Ty, Nguyen Huu Tu, Tran Van Thuy (1993), Ha Tay vegetation and basic characteristics of Ba Vi flora, Ha Tay biological resources journal, p 60-63 Le Tran Chan (1993), Ba Vi Flora - Endemic Genetic Resources to be Protected, Journal of Forestry, (5), p 13 - 14 Tran Van On (2003), Contributing to research on preserving medicinal plants in Ba Vi National Park, Ph.D thesis, Hanoi University of Pharmacy 10 Primack, Pham Binh Quyen, Vo Quy, Hoang Van Thang, 1998 Biological basis for conservation Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi 11 Vu Van Son (2007), Assessment of biological diversity of medicinal plant resources in Ba Vi National Park as a basis for conservation and sustainable use, Master's thesis, Vietnam Forestry University, Ha Tay 12 Nguyen Tap (1997), Conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in Vietnam, Scientific Workshop on Conservation of Biodiversity of Traditional Medicinal Plants, Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi 13 Nguyen Tap (2007), Handbook of medicinal plants for protection in Vietnam, Institute of materia medical, Hanoi 14 Nguyen Nghia Thin, Do Thi Thu Ha (1998), Ethnic medicine research of Dao people in Hop Nhat village, Ba Vi commune, Ba Vi district, Ha Tay province, Journal of Pharmacy, (8), p - 15 Le The Trung, Nguyen Van Liem, Tran The Tang, Chu Quoc Truong (1996), Report on the use and preservation of medicinal plants in Ba Vi National Park, Vietnam's Plant Genetic Resources, , Hanoi, p 86-87 16 Institute of Medicinal Materials (2000), Plan for implementation of the project "Conservation of genetic resources and medicinal plant varieties", Hanoi 17 Husain A Economic Aspects of Exploitation of medicinal planls, In O Akerele, V Heywood, H Synge, ibid., 1991, p 125 – 140 18 Heywood V (1991), Botanic Garden and Conservation of Medicinal Plants The Conservation of Medicinal Plants, Cambridge University Press, pp 213-228 19 Inga Hedberg, Frants Staugard (1989), Traditional Medicinal Plants in Botswana, Ipeleng Publishers 20 Islam A.S (1991), Utilization of Indigenous Medicinal Plants and their Conservation in Bangladesh, The Conservation of Medicinal Plants, Cambridge University Press, p 329 – 336 21 Lambert J., Srivastava J., Noel Vietmeyer (1997), Medicinal Plants, Rescuing a Global Heritage, World Bank Technical, p.355 VII.APPENDICES Photographs of field trip Asarum glabrum Field survey Mr Chinh Mr Thang Forest rangers helped in the fieldwork Ngoc Anh Long My classmate who helped me in the fieldwork My field survey Using GPS to investigate Code 1,100m ... conditions Ba Vi National Park is located on the administrative territory of 16 communes in districts of Hanoi and Hoa Binh provinces Hanoi has Ba Vi district (Tan Linh, Ba Trai, Yen Bai, Van Hoa, Minh... districts of Ha Noi and Hoa Binh provinces: Ba Vi, Thach That, Quoc Oai in Hanoi and Luong Son and Ky Son districts in Hoa Binh province Ba Vi National Park is located in the geographical coordinates:... topic FUNDAMENTAL OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGY OF ASARUM GLABRUM IN BA VI NATIONAL PARK, HA NOI to improve knowledge, propose the direction of conservation and development of species this promising