Detecting the presence of nocturnal birds in cat tien national park using bioacoustics method

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF NOCTURNAL BIRDS IN CAT TIEN NATIONAL PARK USING BIOACOUSTICS METHOD Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Vũ Huyền Linh Student ID:1453092355 Class: K59B_ Natural Resources Management Course: 2014 - 2018 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Vu Tien Thinh Hanoi, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc.Prof.Vu Tien Thinh for his great support, patience, motivation, and immense knowledge His guidance was really helpful so this thesis has been finished I am very grateful to him for enlightening me the first glance of the thesis Besides, I would like to extend my thanks to Ms Nguyen Thi Hoa, member of the Department of Wildlife in the Vietnam National University of Forestry for guiding me to apply RAVEN software on the process of analyzing data There are no words to show my appreciation to her for assisting and helping me during the period of two months when I did my thesis in the office of the Department of Wildlife I also would like to thank my fellow labmates Ms Lan Tran for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last years Also, I want to send my thank to my friend, Mr An Le for his insightful comments, encouragement and hard questions which incented me to widen my thesis from various perspectives Last but not least, I would like to thank my family: my parents, my brothers, and sisters for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life in general ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: STUDY GOALS, OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goals 2.2 Objectives CHAPTER 3: STUDY SITES 3.1 Natural condition 3.1.1 Geographical location 3.1.2 Geography conditions 3.1.3 Hydrology Soil 3.1.4 Climate 3.1.5 Flora 10 3.1.6 Fauna 11 3.1.7 Forest type 11 3.2 Social features 13 CHAPTER 4: METHODS 15 4.1 Study site selection 15 4.2 Data Collection 15 4.3 The locations recorders in Cat Tien National Park 18 4.4 Sound Analysis 21 4.5 Pre-analysis of results 24 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS 26 5.1 Determining the presence of nocturnal birds in Cat Tien NP 26 5.1.1 Nocturnal bird detected species from the recording in the study site 26 5.1.2 The comparison between the spectrograms of detected birds and the spectrogram of sample targeted birds in Cat Tien NP 27 5.1.3 Determining the frequency of appearance of the nocturnal bird in Cat Tien NP 33 5.2 Determining the distributions of some bird species and favorite habitat for the targeted bird in Cat Tien NP 36 5.2.1 Distribution of nocturnal bird species of them at location in Cat Tien NP 36 5.2.2 Distributions of detected bird species and their favorite habitats in Cat Tien NP 39 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION 42 6.1 Detected the presence of the nocturnal bird in Cat Tien NP 42 6.2 Distribution of some bird species and favorite habitat for the detected birds in each forest types Cat Tien NP 44 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 47 REFERENCE 48 APPENDIX 49 ABSTRACT Detection and recognition of birds are important to reduce bird mortality and, thereby, in order to protect endangered species Consequently, we need to find out exactly what their presence and habitats are When a bird sings, it's telling you what it is and where it is Especially, determining of bird sound from nocturnal birds is difficult to study Researching the nocturnal bird species is a painstaking process, with every piece of data collected to understand their habitats However, surveying for nocturnal birds by the traditional method had many limitations and often did not give accurate information, which causes many difficulties for conservation Some methods can hurt the birds, as well as the researchers, could have trouble if they researched in bad conditions or in the dark In this thesis, the utility of automated bioacoustics recorders was examined and the associated classification by RAVEN software which was used as a way to survey for the nocturnal bird species The survey was conducted at study sites which belong to three communes in Cat Tien National Park, Dong Nai province from August 17th to October 4th, 2018 The thesis detected bird species divided into orders and families in the total of targeted bird species at the locations with different habitat types in Cat Tien National Park The data obtained from the recorders revealed that nocturnal bird was most active just at midnight and before dawn, and least active during the dusk As a result, the study found that recording at both midnight and dawn or only at dawn would give reasonably high levels of detection The study also pointed out that their frequencies of occurrence of bird vary among species Moreover, some bird species sing many times in the recordings On the contrary, some birds species sing only one in recordings The thesis also found that almost detected birds live in Bang Lang Da Co forest and Tuong mountain and a small number of them live in Bau Sau, Rang stream and Cat Tien center which are mainly evergreen forests LIST OF FIGURE Figure 4.1: Map of study site in Cat Tien National Park 15 Figure 4.2: An automatic recorder was attached to a tree 16 Figure 4.3: The location of 30 automatic recorders in Cat Tien National Park 18 Figure 4.4: The interface of the RAVEN software 21 Figure 4.5: The process of converting spectrogram’s frequency by Audacity software 22 Figure 4.6: The interface of correlation configuration 23 Figure 5.1: The detection of percentage nocturnal bird in locations in Cat Tien NP 27 Figure 5.2: The percent of the active time during surveying time of Oriental Scops Owl 33 Figure 5.3: The percent of the active time during surveying time of Asian Barred Owlet 33 Figure 5.4: The percent of the active time during surveying time of Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl 34 Figure 5.5: The percent of the active time during surveying time of Brown Hawk-Owl 34 Figure 5.6: The percent of the active time during surveying time of Great Eared-Nightjar 35 Figure 5.7: Map of nocturnal bird detected species in the study site 37 Figure 5.8: Forest types of recorded locations in Cat Tien 41 LIST OF TABLE Table 3.1: Area according to forest status and land types in Cat Tien National Park Table 3.2: Climate of Cat Tien National Park Table 3.3: The species recorded in Cat Tien National Park 11 Table 4.1: List of targeted bird species in Cat Tien National Park 17 Table 4.2: Characteristics of 30 automatic recorders in study sites in Cat Tien National Park 19 Table 4.3: Birdsong detected at location … in … from… 23 Table 4.4: List of nocturnal bird species detected in the study site 24 Table 4.5: The most active time during surveying time of nocturnal bird 24 Table 4.6 Distribution of nocturnal bird species of them in Cat Tien NP 25 Table 4.7: Characteristics of 30 automatic recorders in study sites in Cat Tien National Park 25 Table 5.1: List of nocturnal bird species detected in the study site 26 Table 5.2: Comparison between the spectrogram of Great Eared-Nightjar and the sonogram of sample Great Eared-Nightjar 28 Table 5.3: Comparison between the spectrogram of Asian Barred Owlet and the sonogram of sample Asian Barred Owlet 29 Table 5.4: Comparison between the spectrogram of Brown Hawk-Owl and the sonogram of sample Brown Hawk-Owl 30 Table 5.5: Comparison between the spectrogram of Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl and the sonogram of sample Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl 31 Table 5.6: Comparison between the spectrogram of Oriental Scops-Owl and the sonogram of sample Oriental Scops-Owl 32 Table 5.7: The most active time during surveying time of nocturnal bird 35 Table 5.8 Distribution of nocturnal bird species of them in Cat Tien NP 38 Table 5.9 Distributions of bird species detected and favorite habitat of them in Cat Tien NP 40 ABBREVIATIONS EBA Endemic Bird Area IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature NP National Park WWF World Wildlife Fund UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization LC Least Concern CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION For centuries, deforestation, farming, urbanization, and other human activities have wreaked bird species generally and wild animal species in particular and sent them to the verge of extinction That's also why management of endangered bird species requires detailed information on the distribution and abundance of the species that are often hard to obtain Thesis understands the importance of detection and recognition of birds’ species to reduce bird mortality and protect endangered species, which is the aim of the thesis In this thesis, bioacoustics method with high-end sound recorders and advanced RAVEN software were used to detect the presence of the nocturnal bird in Cat Tien NP to and provide base data for conservation purposes.( Birds (Aves) are some of the most amazing animals on earth They are very diverse groups of animals with amazing characteristics They are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton Their bodies are covered with feathers and they have wings Feathers have three functions: flight, temperature regulation, and display (wikipedia.org) Nocturnal birds are quite different from their diurnal (daytime) relatives Physically, these birds have a number of traits different from more familiar daytime birds They have dull plumage colors because bright colors which are difficult to see at night, most nocturnal bird species lack red, blue, orange or other bold colors Instead, these birds have more muted plumage with shades of brown, gray, black and white Males and females typically look very similar Moreover, camouflaged patterns are common among nocturnal birds When these birds are roosting during the day, strongly camouflaged plumage helps them blend into their surroundings and keeps them safe from predators Nocturnal birds often have eyes that are exceptionally large in relation to their head and body size These oversized eyes help collect what limited light is available to enhance their vision In addition to larger eyes for better vision, other senses, such as hearing and smell, maybe acuter in nocturnal birds than in diurnal birds For example, owls have facial disks that help enhance their hearing Birds that are active at night also behave differently than daytime birds When they are spotted during the day, they may seem relatively tame and calm, but that is a defense mechanism rather than a sign of mellow behavior These birds will instinctively freeze and remain immobile when they feel threatened in the daylight, hoping that their camouflage conceals them and trying not to attract additional attention by moving (Melissa mayntz, 2018) In the thesis, I have chosen which species are the most popular bird species to research include: Barn Owl (Tyto-Alba -Scopoli 1769), Oriental Scops-Owl (Otus-sunia - Hodgson, 1836), Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl (Bubo nipalensis - Hodgson, 1836), Brown Fish-Owl (Ketupa zeylonensis Gmelin, 1788), Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides - Vigors, 1831),Brown HawkOwl (Ninox scutulata - Raffles, 1822), Collared Scops Owl (Otus bakkamoena Pennant,1769), Great Eared-Nightjar (Lyncornis macrotis - Vigors,1831) (birdlist.org) The thesis was studied in Cat Tien National Park, which covers 71,920 hectares (278 square miles) of lowland forests and swamps in southern Viet Nam and is home to numerous birds and mammals It is approximately 160 km (100 miles) northeast of Ho Chi Minh City There are many mammals including a number of primate species such as the endemic Golden-cheeked gibbon, Bears, Elephant, and Gaur Many birds can be found such as Germain's Peacock Pheasant, Bar-bellied Pitta, and the rare endemic Orangenecked Partridge The diversity of the Park has been recognized by WWF when this international organization selected the Park as one of 200 global ecological zones including the land and its water area with its well-known biological diversity In 2001 Cat Tien National Park has been listed by UNESCO as the 411th biosphere Reserve Zone in the world However, determining of bird sound from nocturnal birds are very difficult to study Researching the nocturnal is a painstaking process, with every piece of data I need to understand the habitat it requires and its landscape Surveying for nocturnal birds by the traditional method has many limitations and often not give accurate information, cause many difficulties for conservation Some methods can hurt the bird and the researchers could have trouble if they research in bad conditions and in the dark So, the method used in the thesis is the bioacoustics method with high-end sound recorders automatic and advanced RAVEN software help easily to identify the sounds of each species at different points in Cat Tien NP Acoustic communication in birds is rich and lends itself to one of the primary ways in which birds make their presence is known to each other, as well as one of the most direct ways for humans to detect them, often at times when they are difficult to see Further, the vast majority of birds have songs or calls that serve as a species-specific acoustic signature that readily announces their presence This abundance of sound provides a readymade source of information that can be used to explore the composition of bird diversity in particular regions of interest Moreover, electronic developments and subsequent miniaturization of the equipment have opened up new horizons for bioacoustics in recent years Today, it is easy and cheap to obtain basic equipment for bio-acoustical research, and even powerful laptops can now be used in the field along with high-end sound recorders and advanced software These new technologies have transformed the way sounds can be sampled, analyzed, stored and accessed As a consequence, currently, the collections of animal sounds produced by insects, amphibians, mammals, and birds for communication, are widely used and applied for research (Gianni Pavan, 2008) I hope this thesis will give the best results in the detected of nocturnal birds through the use of the bioacoustics method in Cat Tien National Park 6.2 Distribution of some bird species and favorite habitat for the detected birds in each forest types Cat Tien NP The thesis was conducted to investigate and analyze the characteristics habitats of five detected nocturnal birds in Cat Tien National Park The record locations were located mainly in the evergreen forest and some are in forest trees mixed with bamboo forest and bamboo forest However, one hundred percent bird species were detected to live in the evergreen forests Evergreen forests are distributed in the southwest and northwest of Cat Loc and southeast of Nam Cat Tien, which are cut into small flats, usually good land areas According to the book “Birds of Southeast Asia” of (Craig Robson, 2005), living environment’s characteristics of detected nocturnal bird are as following: + Oriental Scops-Owl (Otus-sunia): broad-leaved evergreen and mangrove forest + Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl (Bubo nipalensis): broad-leaved evergreen forest + Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides): broad-leaved evergreen forest + Brown Hawk-Owl (Ninox scutulata): broadleaved deciduous and broadleaved evergreen woodland, open forest, mangroves, migrants also parks + Great Eared-Nightjar (Lyncornis macrotis): Open area and clearings in or near broad-leaved evergreen and deciduous forest Overall these findings are in accordance with findings in the book "Birds of Southeast Asia " of Craig Robson(2005) It is notable that they distributed in different forest statuses Specifically, the evergreen forest has four statuses: Rich evergreen broad-leaved forest, medium evergreen broad-leaved forest, poor evergreen broad-leaved forest, and regrowth evergreen broadleaved regrowth forest 44 Rich evergreen broad-leaved forests: Four species detected in this forest status were Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl (Bubo nipalensis), Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides), Brown Hawk-Owl (Ninox scutulata), Great Eared-Nightjar (Lyncornis macrotis) Rich forests contain large amounts of food and forest resources which make this place become the best place of owls to live Medium evergreen broad-leaved forest: In this forest status, four species were also detected: Oriental Scops-Owl (Otus-sunia), Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides), Brown Hawk-Owl (Ninox scutulata), Great Eared-Nightjar (Lyncornis macrotis) The average forest status does not contain many resources like rich forests, but medium forest also contains sufficient food and is also a good place for owls to stay Regrowth Evergreen broad-leaved forest: Only three species were detected in this forest status They are Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides, Great Eared-Nightjar (Lyncornis macrotis), Oriental Scops-Owl (Otus-sunia) Regrowth forest is forest status formed after a severe disturbance, such as wildfire, insect infestation, or harvesting The main target for regrowth forest is unused hilly land and an important part of the protection and special use forest areas This forest status is suitable for "Asian Barred Owlet" Because they often found perched on bare branches or dead tree stumps in the full sunlight Poor evergreen broad-leaved forest: The poor forest is forest devastated by a human with low biodiversity, lack of nutrients that leads the decrease in the number of food resources and shelters for birds So, detection the bird species in this forest status is very difficult The study showed that each nocturnal bird was live different status forests types of natural habitat Although there was much overlap in the resources that different habitats provide 45 Bird habitats may include food resources, shelters, and factors such as moisture, temperature, height level of influence of human on each habitat can impact on the distribution of birds Therefore, two forest status: poor evergreen broad-leaved forest and regrowth evergreen broad-leaved forest where affected by humans are usually difficult to detect birds 46 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION Use the bioacoustics method with high-end sound recorders and advanced RAVEN software were detected the sound of species divided into orders and families in the total of targeted bird in Cat Tien National Park They including Oriental Scops-Owl (Otus-sunia ), Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl (Bubo nipalensis ), Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides ), Brown Hawk-Owl (Ninox scutulata), Great Eared-Nightjar (Lyncornis macrotis) The results showed that each of this bird species have the frequency of appearance of depending on the habit and hobby of each species Moreover, some bird species sang many times in the recordings such as Asian Barred Owlet (Glaucidium cuculoides ) and Oriental Scops-Owl (Otus-sunia ).On the contrary, some bird singing species only sang one in recordings The data obtained from the recorders revealed that nocturnal birds were most active just midnight and before dawn, and least active during the dusk The study found that recordings at both midnight and dawn or only at dawn would give reasonably high levels of detection All the five species of the owls detected to live in the evergreen forest The reason for this is the evergreen forest is the shelter of most owl species because it contains large amounts of food and suitable habitats for them However, each nocturnal bird was live in different status forests types of natural habitat Although there was much overlap in the resources that different from habitats provide They appeared mainly in Bang Lang Da Co forest and Tuong mountain and a small number of them live Bau Sau and Rang stream The thesis provides base data for forest rangers and National Park staff for the conservation purposes, reduce bird mortality and increase the benefits of using the bioacoustics method 47 REFERENCE a http://birdlist.org/vietnam.htm (accessed on August 23, 2018) b https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird (accessed on August 23, 2018) c http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed on August 15, 2018) d http://www.birdsongs.it “Bird vocalization” (accessed on August 23, 2018) e https://www.owlpages.com/owls/ (accessed on September 15, 2018) f https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5070/( accessed on August 15, 2018) g Mieke C Zwart et al, 2014, "The Use of Automated Bioacoustic Recorders to Replace Human-Wildlife Surveys: An Example Using Nightjars" h Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2004) “Common standards monitoringguidance for birds” Part I & II 8160: 1–85 Acedevo et al,2009 “Automated classification of bird and amphibian calls using i machine learning: A comparison of methods” Ecological informatics Gianni Pavan, 2008 “Short field course on bioacoustics” Taxonomy Summer j School k T Scott Brandes (2008) Automated sound recording and analysis l Dan Stowell and Mark D Plumbley,2011 Birdsong and C4DM: “A survey of UK birdsong and machine” m Melissa mayntz (2018), What Bird Species Are Nocturnal? n Craig Robson (2005) " Birds of Southeast Asia " 48 APPENDIX Data in study sites are described in these following tables: (Note: No species found on other days because of poor weather conditions (rain, storm, thunder) or bird not singing) Table1: Birdsong detected at location in Bang Lang Da Co Forest from 20 – 25 July No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Oriental Scops-Owl 20/7/2016 04:03:19 - 04:04:31 Dawn CT304785 Asian Barred Owlet 20/7/2016 05:37:00 - 05:43:06 Dawn CT304785 20/7/2016 18:49:00 - 18:54:15 Dusk CT304785 20/7/2016 19:28:00 - 19:29:00 Dusk CT304785 20/7/2016 23:55:00 - 23:58:00 Midnight CT304785 21/7/2016 00:26:00 - 00:30:00 Midnight CT304785 21/7/2016 04:03:00 - 04:06:00 Dawn CT304785 21/7/2016 05:03:00 - 05:04:00 Dawn CT304785 22/7/2016 23:34:37 - 23:53:07 Midnight CT304785 23/7/2016 05:10:36 - 05:14:36 Dawn CT304785 24/7/2016 04:13:18 - 04:13:32 Dawn CT304785 24/7/2016 05:04:19 - 05:17:05 Dawn CT304785 25/7/2016 05:06:26 - 05:18:28 Dawn CT304785 22/7/2016 00:07:10 - 00:29:40 Midnight CT304785 Great Eared-Nightjar 49 No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Great Eared-Nightjar 19/7/2016 20/7/2016 05:10:19 - 05:22:00 05:08:00 - 05:14:00 Dawn Dawn CT304814 CT304814 23/7/2016 22:31:31 - 22:47:40 Midnight CT304814 23/7/2016 23:00:18 - 23:06:31 Midnight CT304814 24/7/2016 00:00:06 - 00:21:16 Midnight CT304814 19/7/2016 05:14:00 - 05:15:06 Dawn CT304814 19/7/2016 05:46:00 - 05:49:02 Dawn CT304814 19/7/2016 18:31:00 - 18:32:29 Dusk CT304814 19/7/2016 23:03:00 - 23:04:00 Midnight CT304814 20/7/2016 05:07:00 - 05:18:00 Dawn CT304814 20/7/2016 23:29:00 - 23:30:00 Midnight CT304814 20/7/2016 23:52:00 - 19:52:56 Midnight CT304814 21/7/2016 05:13:00 - 05:14:50 Dawn CT304814 24/7/2016 00:18:46 - 00:19:00 Midnight CT304814 24/7/2016 23:02:35 - 23:05:09 Midnight CT304814 25/7/2016 00:35:28 - 00:35:52 Midnight 19/7/2016 23:39:00 - 23:52:00 Midnight CT304814 20/7/2016 03:40:00 – 03:43:08 Midnight CT304814 23/7/2016 19:27:17 – 19:47:44 Dusk CT304814 21/7/2016 04:34:00 – 03:41:00 Dawn CT304814 Asian Barred Owlet Oriental Scops-Owl Brown Hawk-Owl 50 No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Great Eared-Nightjar 20/7/2016 00:00:00 - 00:09:18 Midnight CT304194 Asian Barred Owlet 20/7/2016 05:11:00 - 05:16:43 Dawn CT304194 20/7/2016 23:52:17 - 23:52:33 Midnight CT304194 21/7/2016 05:11:51 - 05:21:32 Dawn CT304194 23/7/2016 23:31:24 - 23:31:52 Midnight CT304194 23/7/2016 23:16:44 - 23:17:02 Midnight CT304194 23/7/2016 05:12:40 - 05:12:59 Dawn CT304194 24/7/2016 05:01:16 - 05:01:30 Dawn CT304194 20/7/2016 23:41:15 - 23:47:12 Midnight CT304194 20/7/2016 00:22:19 - 00:27:59 Midnight CT304194 21/7/2016 03:30:04 - 03:34:44 Midnight CT304194 21/7/2016 00:10:59 - 00:11:05 Midnight CT304194 Oriental Scops-Owl Brown Hawk-Owl 51 No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Asian Barred Owlet 23/7/2016 05:15:03 - 05:15:07 Dawn CT304188 23/7/2016 23:16:44 - 23:17:03 Midnight CT304188 23/7/2016 23:31:10 - 23:31:52 Midnight CT304188 24/7/2016 00:18:45 - 00:19:00 Midnight CT304188 24/7/2016 05:01:15 - 05:01:31 Dawn CT304188 23/7/2016 23:00:03 - 23:06:42 Midnight CT304188 23/7/2016 23:35:54 - 23:40:58 Midnight CT304188 24/7/2016 00:14:47 - 00:21:15 Dawn CT304188 Oriental Scops-Owl 52 Table2: Birdsong detected at location in DaBongKua belonging Dak Lua commune from 2-6 August Note: Recorder was not found the bird No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Table 3: Birdsong detected at location in Rang stream - Thanh Son from 10-13 August Data of No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Great Eared-Nightjar 08/11/2016 05:23:12 - 05:23:27 Dawn No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Great Eared-Nightjar 08/11/2016 05:22:55 - 05:23:17 Dawn CT304814 Asian Barred Owlet 08/11/2016 05:32:38 - 05:32:38 Dawn CT304814 08/11/2016 05:25:49 - 05:26:02 Dawn CT304814 53 recorder CT304785 Data of recorder Table4: Birdsong detected at location in DangHa commune from 13-16 August Note: Recorder was not found the bird No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Table 5: Birdsong detected in location in Bau Sau - Tuong Mountain from17-18 August No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Asian Barred Owlet 17/8/2016 18:03:09 - 18:03:32 Dusk CT304785 18/8/2016 05:16:53 - 05:29:59 Dawn CT304785 18/8/2016 18:30:29 - 18:30:47 Dusk CT304785 18/8/2016 22:57:21 - 22:58:36 Midnight CT304785 Spot-bellied EagleOwl No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Asian Barred Owlet 18/8/2016 05:17:25 - 05:27:05 Dawn CT304814 19/8/2016 05:20:54 - 05:24:30 Dawn CT304814 18/8/2016 22:56:46 - 22:58:18 Midnight CT304814 Spot-bellied EagleOwl 54 Table 6: Birdsong detected at location in National Park Center 28 August 2016 No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Asian Barred Owlet 29/7/2016 05:14:32 - 05:14:49 Dawn CT304785 29/7/2016 05:33:22 - 05:33:40 Dawn CT304785 55 Table 7: Birdsong detected at location in Tuong Mountain 17-30 September No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Asian Barred Owlet 17/09/2016 16:42:44 - 16:43:08 Dawn CT304785 17/09/2016 18:01:36 - 18:08:25 Dusk CT304785 18/09/2016 00:47:39 - 00:48:00 Midnight CT304785 18/09/2016 03:32:56 - 03:33:09 Midnight CT304785 18/09/2016 18:03:00 - 18:07:02 Dusk CT304785 19/09/2016 00:45:08 - 00:46:05 Midnight CT304785 19/09/2016 22:57:24 - 22:57:50 Midnight CT304785 20/09/2016 04:55:00 - 04:58:00 Dawn CT304785 20/09/2016 05:25:00 - 05:25:38 Dawn CT304785 21/09/2016 05:00:00 - 05:10:38 Dawn CT304785 24/9/2016 05:19:00 - 05:23:00 Dawn CT304785 24/9/2016 18:04:00 - 18:04:56 Dusk CT304785 18/09/2016 18:46:00 - 18:56:00 Dusk CT304785 18/09/2016 23:08:00 - 23:13:09 Midnight CT304785 19/09/2016 00:15:34 - 00:22:00 Midnight CT304785 19/09/2016 19:03:00 – 19:08:00 Dusk CT304785 19/09/2016 22:58:35 - 22:59:30 Middle CT304785 Oriental Scops-Owl 56 Great Eared-Nightjar 19/09/2016 23:40:45 - 23:47:40 Midnight CT304785 20/09/2016 00:08:00 - 00:10:05 Midnight CT304785 20/09/2016 00:45:00 - 00:57:16 Midnight CT304785 24/09/2016 18:49:04 - 18:59:40 Dusk CT304785 24/09/2016 19:05:04 - 19:14:00 Dusk CT304785 26/09/2016 22:07:04 - 19:07:40 Midnight CT304785 26/09/2016 02:30:00 - 02:39:50 Midnight CT304785 26/09/2016 23:17:04 - 23:28:30 Midnight CT304785 27/09/2016 00:52:04 - 19:59:40 Midnight CT304785 27/09/2016 03:30:04 - 00:14:00 Midnight CT304785 27/09/2016 04:05:00 - 00:12:36 Dawn CT304785 20/09/2016 23:58:21 - 23:58:27 Midnight CT304785 20/09/2016 05:14:22 - 23:16:00 Dawn CT304785 57 No Species name Day Time of detection Time Periods Data of recorder Asian Barred Owlet 18/09/2016 05:03:00 - 05:07:48 Dawn CT304814 18/09/2016 05:44:20 - 05:47:34 Dawn CT304814 19/09/2016 05:36:00 - 18:37:19 Dawn CT304814 20/09/2016 23:53:00 - 23:58:16 Midnight CT304814 20/09/2016 05:31:00 - 23:36:18 Dawn CT304814 24/09/2016 05:00:40 - 05:07:02 Dawn CT304814 26/09/2016 04:37:00 - 04:45:15 Dawn CT304814 27/09/2016 28/09/2016 06:05:07 - 06:08:06 05:11:31 - 05:17:30 Dawn Dawn CT304814 CT304814 29/09/2016 05:58:03 - 05:58:21 Dawn CT304814 29/09/2016 05:23:33 - 05:28:26 Dawn CT304814 30/09/2016 05:17:35 - 05:25:20 Dawn CT304814 19/09/2016 19:07:35 - 19:08:20 Dusk CT304814 24/09/2016 05:05:35 - 05:11:00 Dawn CT304814 29/09/2016 04:38:08 - 04:42:00 Dawn CT304814 28/09/2016 04:16:00 - 05:19:25 Dawn CT304814 28/09/2016 22:19:52 - 05:21:56 Midnight CT304814 29/09/2016 04:49:22 - 05:50:56 Dawn CT304814 30/09/2016 05:19:22 - 05:19:26 Dawn CT304814 Brown Hawk-Owl Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl 58 ... for the targeted bird in Cat Tien NP 5.2.1 Distribution of nocturnal bird species of them at location in Cat Tien NP The map showing the distribution of detected birds in location in Cat Tien. .. next year The climate of the two regions is also quite different between the North and the South of Cat Tien National Park Because of the terrain of Cat Tien National Park is located in two areas:... sound of the nocturnal bird species The interface of the RAVEN software is shown in Figure 4.4 Figure 4.4: The interface of the RAVEN software Before analyzing the sound, I set up the process of the