Let’s sing: - Look and introduce the ABC song - Let’s students to look at the picture and read the letters.. -Whole classes sing a song.[r]
(1)Period: 1st Preparation date: September 9th 2012 Prepare for the beginning of the academic year I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson, S.s will be communicative words B Knowledge: Vocabulary: commands C Skills: Listening and writing II Preparation: III Procedures: Teacher's activities Warm up: * Board race T puts eight Ss' objects cards, Ss rewrite words, which groups write many right words, they will win Presentation: * Commands Open your notebook (mine) Close your notebook (antonym) May I go out (situation) May I come in (antonym) Listen to me (situation) Read again (example) Copy down (situation) Write down (mine) Read after me (situation) - Asks Ss to listen to the T to read commands twice or thee times - Asks Ss to read in chorus then individually - Asks Ss to write commands in their notebook * Concept check (matching) Open your notebook Xin phép vào lớp May I go out Mở Close your notebook Đọc lại Read after me Hãy lắng nghe Read again Hãy chép vào Write down Đọc theo cô May I come in Xin phép ngoài Copy down Gấp lại Listen to me Hãy viết vào - Asks Ss to match English with Vietnamese meaning able to speak with each other by Students' activities -SS play the game in group of six ( Listen Read Write ) -Listen to the T carefully -Read in chorus then individually -Write down them in notebook Individual work Teacher - whole class read their (2) - Give feedback and correct IV Homework assignment: - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 1, on P.6- Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ……………………………………………………………………………….………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………… ………………… ………………………………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………… ……………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… -= = nd Period: Preparation date: September 9th 2012 Unit 1: Hello Lesson 1: PART 1, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson, S.s will be able to greet each other and introduce about oneself B Knowledge: - Vocabularies about work: hello, hi, I, To Be(am/ is/ are) - Model Sentences: Hello/ Hi I'm + name I'm = I am C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, tape, poster B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: - Greet the Ss in Vietnamese -Greet in Vietnamese - Introduce Name and new subject Look, listen and repeat: -Listen: - Let’s Ss to introduce the picture in 1.1 -They are greeting and introduce New lesson: a Look, listen: -Look at the picture and listen - Ask Ss to look at the picture and present people -Look, listen, repeat then take in it note - Present new words: Hello, Hi, Mai, Nam -Listen, repeat and copy - Introduce how to use Hi and Hello -Read aloud (3) - Present model sentences: -Work in pairs Hello, I’m Mai -Work in pairs and groups Hi, Mai I’m Nam -Listen and repeat I’m = I am - Call some Ss to read the sentences in 1.1 - Ss look at picture in 1.1 practices - Play CD three times listen and repeat b Look and say: -Practice in people: student is - Who are they in the picture? Nam, S,2 is Mai, S.3 is Nga and - Look at the picture and speak other is Phong - Call some students to stand up and read aloud S.1: Hello I’m Nam - Have some Ss work in pairs and groups and S.2: Hi, Nam I’m Mai practice Play the role in picture 2.a, b, c, d the S.3: Hello I’m Nga look and say S.4: Hi, Nga I’m Phong - Check some pairs, group at class -Do Ex 1, in workbook Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the vocab, M.S and lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 3, on P.7 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……… ……………………………… …………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… .………………………… -= = rd Period: Preparation date: September 11th 2012 Unit 1: Hello Lesson 1: PART 3, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson, S.s will be able to greet each other and introduce about oneself B Knowledge: - Vocabularies about work: - Model Sentences: Hello/ Hi I'm + name C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing (4) II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, tape, poster B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: - Greet the Ss in Vietnamese -Greet in Vietnamese - Introduce name New lesson: -They are greeting and introduce a Talk: - Look at the picture and introduce What are they talking? -Look at the picture and answer - Look at the conversation and complete the the question conversation - Practice in pairs - In pairs students introduce their name the same in the book -Describe - Ask Ss to describe the situation -Work in pairs and groups to make - Have some Ss make a dialogue with their true the dialogues with their names names -Practice - Call Ss work in pairs - Do as example if the Ss don’t understand -The Picture: two Ss introducing - Look the picture and then work in pairs with and play roles the name of picture before class -Look, listen, repeat then take - Teacher give the correct answer note b Let’s chant: -Listen and read - Ask Ss look at the picture and song in the -Look, listen and repeat books then read aloud - play cassette and repeat -Listen and read aloud - Listen repeat and chants - Play games: Chants and clap who clap right is winner -Talk and say your names - Using the puppet and play the roles Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the vocab, M.S and lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 1, on P.8 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… (5) ……… ……………… ……………………………………… -= = th Period: Preparation date: September 11th 2012 Unit 1: Hello Lesson 2: PART 1, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to keep practicing on greeting and introducing names in different situations B Knowledge: - Phonics: Hello Hi C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, tape, poster B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: - Tell Ss that the lesson today is to -Listen and practice keep practicing on greeting and introducing the names -They are greeting and introduce - Sing a song: New lesson: -Whole class a Greeting: b Check up: Ask Ss to greet and introduce -Greeting their names -Answer and introduce * Listen and repeat: -Ss listen and repeat - Student practice how to pronounce the letter h and the letter i look at two letters h and i in the -Read aloud words - Open the tape and listen the sound of the -Read: Hi i words Hello Hi - Turn on the tape and ask Ss to listen and repeat - Call some Ss to read aloud before class -Ss answers - provide the way to remember the -Let’s some students to stand up pronunciations of “ h” and “I” and read * Listen and number: -Listen to the tape carefully and - Pre- listen : Ask Ss to tell about the differences number hear between the picture + Tell Ss the way to listen -Ss listen and take note (6) While listen: + Ask Ss to listen to the tape and choose , number the right picture -Compares - Listen and write the number in the picture you hear -In pairs or groups and guess - Who are they in the picture? + Play the tape three times to listen -Listen and give their answer in + Listen and number the mentioned picture the class + Listen and give the correct - Check the answer, open the tape once and -Correct the answer and write in check their notebooks Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 3, on P.9 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………… …………… ………………………… …………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………… .………………… -= = - Period: 5th Preparation date: September 16th 2012 Unit 1: Hello Lesson 2: PART 3, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to greeting, introduce and say the sentences B Knowledge: - Pattern Sentences: The boy is Nam The girl is Mai (7) C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, tape, pictures B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Warm up: (Slap the board) - Follows the techniques of warmer - Checks Students' activities -Follow the T’s guides -Work in group -Slap a word -Check New lesson: Read and match -Read and match - Read the conversation and match it -Some students to stand up and - Read the conversation read and other listen and give - Read and match: 1- d; 2- c; 3- b; 4- a answer - Sentences pattern: -Individually The boy is Nam -Work in pairs The girl is Hoa -Groups The girl is Mai The boy is Phong - Read the pattern sentences and play roles Let’s play -Look at the picture and practice in - Let’s students to look at the picture and read groups people the sentences one play one name in the picture - Guide the Ss how to play games -Listen and play - Using the name cards to play games / Greeting and introducing their name -Play and trace to find the rights - Another games Give the sentences and picture picture with sentence to find the right picture with sentence Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 1, on P.10 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… …… .………… ……………………………………… (8) …………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………… .……………………………… -= = th Period: Preparation date: September 16th 2012 Unit 1: Hello Lesson 3: PART 1, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to greeting, introduce and say goodbye B Knowledge: - Vocabularies about work: Bye, goodbye C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, CD, pictures B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: Sing “Hello, Goodbye” song -Follow the T’s guides - The teacher’s guides -Whole class - Play cassette and sing a song New lesson: a Listen and repeat: -Look at the picture and guess then * Set the scene: Look at the picture in the book Answer and Ask the Ss + What can you see in the picture? +Students : Boy and girl and + How many students are there? school + What are they doing? +They are greeting… - Listen and seek acquaintance with sweet greetings -Ss listen and repeat - Ss read the words aloud - Turn on the tape and ask Ss to listen and repeat -Read aloud ( three times) -Ss listen carefully and repeat - Call some Ss to read aloud before class -Ss stand up and read b Look and Say: * Set the scene: Look at the picture in the book (9) read and practice, Play roles Answer the -Answer the Teacher questions +Mai, Nam, Phong, Nga … - Who are they in the picture? +Practices with the teacher’s - Look at the picture and speak guide - Call some students to stand up and read aloud the names in picture -Works in Pairs with play roles - Have some Ss work in pairs and groups and practice Play the role in picture 2.a,b,c,d the -Listen the comment of teacher look and say - In pairs students introduce their name the same -Listen in the book - Check some pairs, group at class - Give key Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 3, on P.11 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… …………… … ……………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… .………………………………… -= = th Period: Preparation date: September 18th 2012 Unit 1: Hello Lesson 3: PART 3, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to greeting, introduce and say goodbye B Knowledge: - Pattern Sentences: Hello, I’m Nam Hello, Nam I’m Mai C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, CD, pictures (10) B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: Sing a song and play game “Slap -Sing and play the Board” New Lesson: a Write: - Pre write: Teacher guide the Ss to -Listen the teacher’s guide - Ss look at the words in the table and guess then complete the blanks -Look and fill in the blanks - Students have to complete the sentences - Practice in pairs Some pairs stand up and read -Practice their answer - Look at the book and listen to give answer -Listen - Give answer: 1.1 Hi I’m -Checks the answers - Give answer: 1.2 Boy girl * Play: - Divide class in to some groups one group is -Practice in groups or students one groups lift one student to -Listen to teacher and write the header teacher say one sentence and each groups word they hear the write it in the write out in the piece of paper if which group piece of the paper write true a lot which group win b Let’s Sing: - Ask Ss look at the picture and song in the -Read and sing books then read aloud - Play cassette and repeat -Listen and sing follow - Listen repeat and sing - Play games: Sing and clap who clap right is -Play game and guess by the clap winner Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 1, on P.12 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……… ……………………………… (11) …………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… .………………………… -= = th Period: Preparation date: September 18th 2012 Unit 2: My Name Is Lesson 1: PART 1, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to greeting, introduce your name B Knowledge: - Pattern Sentences: Hello, I’m Nam Hello, Nam I’m Mai C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, CD, pictures B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: Sing a song “ Hello what’s your - Sing name? - Listen: - Introduce name and new subject -They are greeting and introduce Let’s Ss to introduce the picture in 1.1 New lesson: a Look, listen and repeat: -Look at the picture and listen - Ask Ss to look at the picture and present people -Look, listen, repeat then take in it note - Present new words: Hello, Hi, Mai, Nam, - Introduce the new friends: Tom and Linda -Listen, repeat and copy - Present model sentences: Hello, I’m Mai Hi, Mai I’m Nam -Read aloud I’m = I am - Call some Ss to read the sentences in 1.1 -Work in pairs - Play the CD listen and repeat three times - Ss look at picture in 1.1 practice -Listen and repeat b Look and say: (12) - Who are they in the picture? - Look at the picture and speak - Call some students to stand up and read aloud - Have some Ss work in pairs and groups and practice Play the role in picture 2.a,b in look and say - Check some pairs, group at class Consolidation: - T consolidates the content of the lesson IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart -Work in pairs and groups -Practice in people: student is Mai St is Tom, St is Nam and other is Linda -Practice to introduce their names -Whole class -Listen carefully - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 3, on P.13 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………… ……… ……………………………… …………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… .………………………… -= = - Period: 9th Preparation date: September 23rd 2012 Unit 2: My Name Is Lesson 1: Part 3, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to greeting, introduce their name B Knowledge: - Pattern Sentences: Hello, I’m Mai Hello, Mai I’m Nam C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, CD, pictures B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen (13) III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: Hello Song Whole class listen and sing a song New lesson: a Talk: -Class discussing and Call Ss to - Look at the picture and introduce What are get answers they talking? - In pairs students introduce their name the same -Work in pairs in the book - Ask Ss to describe the situation - Have some Ss make a dialogue with their true -Group of Ss to make the names dialogue - Call Ss work in pairs -Pair works - Do as example if the Ss don’t understand -Listen and remember - Look at the picture and then work in pairs with the name of picture before class -Play games With group - Teacher gives the correct answer If the Ss get mistakes * Play games: Find Ss with the names and Words Cards b Let’s Chant: -Whole class and individual - Ask Ss look at the picture and chant in the book then read aloud -Listen and repeat three times - play cassette three times and repeat - Listen repeats and chants with Rhymes and -Chants and clap the hands follow clap teacher - Play games: Chants and clap who clap right is -Feedback the words by Clap winner hands - Using the puppet and play the roles Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 1, on P.14 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… …………… .… ……………………………………… …………………………………………… …………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… (14) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… …………………………………… -= = th Period: 10 Preparation date: September 23rd 2012 Unit 2: My Name Is Lesson 2: Part 1, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to introduce their names and spell their names B Knowledge: - Vocabularies about work: Spell, Linda, Nam - Pattern Sentences: I’m Linda How you spell Linda? C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, CD, pictures B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: -Whole class What’s your name? Song -Listen and sing a song - Introduce the name of Linda and Nam by -Look , listen and guess their picture names New lesson: a Listen and repeat: * Set the scene: Look at the picture in the book -Answer the questions and Ask the Ss: + What can you see in the picture? +Classroom, a boy and a girl + How many students are there? +Two Ss + What are they doing? +Asking about their names + What’s his/ her name? +Linda and Nam - Student practice how to pronounce the letter L -Ss pronounce the letter and the letter N look at two letters L and N in the words ( Linda and Nam) - Open the tape and listen the sound of the words -Listen and repeat - Turn on the tape and ask Ss to listen and repeat -Read aloud - Call some Ss to read aloud before class (15) - Note and give to understand: “How you -Listen and practice to ask and spell Linda? L-I-N-D-A Spell true names - Provide the way to remember the pronunciation -Listen and remember of “ L” and “N” b Listen and tick: - Pre- listen: Ask Ss to tell about the differences -Compare between two pictures between the picture + Tell Ss the way to listen -Listen - While listen: + Ask Ss to listen to the tape and -Listen to the tape carefully and choose, which picture you hear, tick tick picture you hear - Listen and tick the picture you hear -Ss listen and take note - Who are they in the picture? -Compares + Play the tape three times to listen + Listen and tick the mentioned picture -In pairs or groups and guess + Listen and give the correct - Check the answer, open the tape once and -Listen and give their answer in check the class Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 3, on P.15 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… … …… ………… ……………………………………… -= = th Period: 11 Preparation date: September 25th 2012 Unit 2: My Name Is Lesson 2: Part 3, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to introduce their names and spell their names B Knowledge: - Vocabularies about work: Spell, Linda, Nam, Tom - Pattern Sentences: I’m Linda How you spell Linda? (16) C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, CD, pictures B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: -Whole class What’s your name? Song -Listen and sing - Count to five song New lesson: a Read and match: -Whole class - Look at the picture and guess the text -Look and guess - Read the conversation and match it -Read and choose the right picture - Read the conversation - Read and match: 1- b; 2- a -Match - Sentences pattern: + Hi I’m Linda + How you spell Linda? L-I-N-D-A - Work in pairs to spell with true names -Work in pairs * Play games: Jumbled letter - Divided the class into two team to play games -Listen and play games - Teacher gives them how to play the game b Let’s sing: - Look and introduce the ABC song - Let’s students to look at the picture and read the letters -Whole classes sing a song - Read from A to Z and sing a song - Teacher give them how to say from A to Z and teach them the to sing a song Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 1, on P.16 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… … …… (17) … ……… ……………………………………… -= = th Period: 12 Preparation date: September 25th 2012 Unit 2: My Name Is Lesson 3: Part 1, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to introduce their names and spell their names B Knowledge: - Vocabularies about work: Spell, Tom, name, your - Pattern Sentences: I’m Linda How you spell your name? C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: A Teacher: Cassette, CD, pictures B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: - Sing the ABC song -Whole class sing New lesson: a Listen and repeat: -Whole class * Set the scene: Look at the picture in the book -Answer the questions and Ask the Ss + What can you see in the picture? +Two boys + How many students are there? +Two Ss + What are they doing? +Asking about their names + What’s his/ her name? +Tom and Nam - Student practices how to introduce and spell the -Ss spell the names: Tom and names Nam - Turn on the tape and ask Ss to listen and repeat -Listen and repeat - Call some Ss to read aloud before class -Read aloud - Note and give to understand: “ How you -Listen and practice to ask and spell your name? T-O-M Spell true names b Look and say: - Who are they in the picture? -Answer the question: Linda, - Look at the picture and speak Nam, Hoa and Tony (18) - Call some students to stand up and practice to -Spelling the names in the book spell - Have some Ss work in pairs and groups and -Work in pairs and group to spell practice Play the role in picture 2.a,b,c,d in look and say - Check some pairs, group at class - Listen and check the answers Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 3, on P.17 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… … …… ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… … …… -= = - Period: 13th Preparation date: October 21st 2012 Unit 2: My Name Is Lesson 3: Part 3, I Objectives: A Aims: By the end of the lesson Ss will be able to introduce their names and spell their names B Knowledge: - Vocabularies about work: Spell, name, your - Pattern Sentences: The boy is The girl is C Skills: Listening, speaking, reading and writing II Preparations: (19) A Teacher: Cassette, CD, pictures B Students: Textbook, notebook, pen III Procedures: A Warm up: B New lesson: Teacher's activities Students' activities Warm up: * Play games: Jumbled letter -Play the games - Divided the class into two team to play games - Teacher gives them how to play the game + write some letter in the board and call Ss to rewrite the words which you knew + Which team rewrite first is winner and give them Flower New lesson: a Write: -Whole class - Pre write: Teacher guides the Ss to - Ss look at the words in the table and guess then -Guess and complete the complete the blanks sentences - Students have to complete the sentences - Practice in pairs Some pairs stand up and read their answer - Look at the book and listen to give answer -Practice in pairs - Give them answer: 1.1 The girl is Mai The boy is Tony -Listen and check the answers - Give answer: 1.2 + How you spell your name? b Let’s play: Circle the names: - Teacher guide how to this game -Individual games - Call some Ss to answers - Give the correct answers Consolidation: -Whole class - T consolidates the content of the lesson -Listen carefully IV Homework assignment: - To learn the lesson by heart - To prepare "Unit Lesson Part 1, on P.18 - Textbook" for next period V Textbook adaptation: ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… … …… (20) ………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… … …… -= = - (21)