Joint effects of global warming and pollutants on damselflies

W‘ KU LEUVEN ARENBERG DOCTORAL SCHOOL FACULTY OF SCIENCE Joint effects of global warming and pollutants on damselflies mu' v i £n oh nha trang lotc Dr Dr, 2000005772 Khuong DINH VAN Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Science (Biology) October 2014 \N / ٧ ■ Joint effects of global warming and pollutants on damselflies Khương ĐINH VĂN TRƯG.HG BAI HLỊC HMĩmh ĩ H VIỀN 20005772 Promotors: Prof Dr Robby Stoks Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Science (Biology) University of Leuven, Belgium Prof Dr Lieven Bervoets University of Antwerp, Belgium October 2014 Examination committee Prof Dr Em Frans Ollevier University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium Prof Dr Luc De Meester University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium Dr Lizanne Janssens University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium Prof Dr Tom Wenseleers University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium Dr Hélène Arambourou IRSTEA - Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, France Prof Dr Matthias Liess UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany © 2014 KU Leuven, Groep Wetenschap & Technologie Uitgegeven in eigen beheer, Khuong Dinh Van, Leuven Alle rechten voorbehouden Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, elektronisch o f op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaandelijke schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever All rights reserved No part o f the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, electronic or any other means without vvritten permission from the publisher Cover photo: Ischnura elegans larva (Photo credit: Christophe Brochard) ISBN: 978-90-8649-762-1 D/2014/10705/70 The research presented in this dissertation was funded by the Vietnam International Educational Development (VIED) and the IRO-expat supplement Acknowledgements Time had flown when I realized that I have been in the lab for four years Completion of a doctoral programme in a prestigious university like University o f Leuven is just a dream come true that did not dare to think about during my childhood To achieve this, have been received great supports and assistance from many people “around the world” and I highly appreciate all these valuable supports I would like to express my deep gratitude to my promotor Professor Robby Stoks who provided me a best opportunity to start a scientific career as an eco(toxico)logist am always inspired by his ideas to improve the quality of research both in conducting experiments and writing manuscripts With the respect I would like to thank you very much for your support A special thank is also sent to Lizanne who always provides me a great technical and scientific assistance, even when she was extremely busy with her experiments and manuscripts I also thank Lizanne for a translation of the summary o f my thesis into Flemish Lizanne also helped me time after time to solve the housing problems in Leuven I highly appreciate all your assistance would also like to express my gratitude to my co-promotor Professor Lieven Bervocts for the important contributions to my research am very happy with all the great results from your assistance i would also like to thank ail the assessors and jury members Professor Luc De Meester, Professor Matthias Liess, Professor Frans Ollevier, Dr Hélène Arambourou, and Professor Tom Wenseleers for their constructive comments for my thesis [ would like to thank R.ia for a great assistance in laboratory works Ria is always available to answer my questions Ria also helped me and my family a lot in personal life also thank Conny, Eddy, Melissa, Geert and Ronny for all the administrative and technical assistance I would like to thank F an s for solving a lot o f computer issues, particularly when I had a ‘‘crashed hardware" or installed new windows and softwares Special thanks are sent to E3 group for always willing to help and helped me a lot during high workload o f the experiments I would like to thank Eleven and Hajnl for great assistance during the c scitulum experiments, even under the rain in ARENA or freezing temperatures in Redingenhof I would like to thank Sara and Hốlồne for excellent discussions when ١٨^ tin g manuscripts would like to thank Sarah, Lin, Marie, Nedim, Tâm and Chao for providing assisầnce during my study and preparations for my public defence All o f you are not only my best colleagues ever but also my great friends in Leuven I would also like to thank Philippe Lambret and ٧ iktor Nilsson-Ortman for collecting eggs o f Jschnura elegans damselfly and their contribution to the edition and revision of the chapter A thank is also sent to Christophe Brochard for the pem ission to use his photos in my thesis I would like to thank Maarten De Jonge and Steven Joosen for technical assistance when worked with radioactive materials and analysing metal concenfrations at the University o f Antwerp would like to thank the Internationalization team for “happy hours" together I would also thank Dr Pham Quoc Hung, Dr Nguyen Tan Sy, Professor Nguyen Dinh Mao and leaders of the Nha Trang University who have always provided me strong supports and always encourage me during my study abroad would appreciate all their supports I would like to thank Professor Hoang Tung at International University, Vietnam who always provides me supports and advices since I worked at Nha Trang University I also thank him for recommending me to KU Leuven for my PhD study This was one o f the most important recommendations for me so far I would like to thank colleagues at the section of Ecology, Evolution and C onsolation and friends in Leuven who have provided various kinds o f assistance or make my life here more memorable, particularly Anna, Frans and Aister for lunches together at Alma; Quan, Duong, Hiep, Duong-Phuong and Trung for a “home'١environment in Leuven would like administrative officers at the Vietnam International Educational Development, particularly Ms Bui Hong Thuy, Ms Nguyen Thi Ha Anh, and Ms Ngo Thi Dieu Linh for handling my reports and scholarship would like to thank Mr Edmundo Guzman at the International Office, KU Leuven for assisting with IRO expat A special thank is also sent to mv parents Đinh Cơng ưấn and Hồng Thị Bon and parents-in-law Vũ Văn Tiến and Đoàn Thị Hiền, brothers and sisters who always encourage me during my time abroad My total gratitude goes to my wife VŨ Thị Thùy Minh and daughter Đinh Vũ Minh Ngọc for their endless love and support while they have to go throu,gh all the challenges in life without my assistance for a long time D edication I dedicate this thesis to my wife, daughter and parents Summary Global warming and contamination are two major threats to freshwater biodiversity, which, moreover, have the potential to interact synergistically To persist in a warming world, organisms have to either adapt in situ to the temperature increase or shift their range to track their moving climate niche However, we poorly know the roles of thermal adaptation, life history and the rapid evolution at an expanding range front in shaping the vulnerability to contaminants under global w^arming In this study, i investigated the separate and joint effects of global warming and contaminant stress on damselflies focusing on two aspects: (i) a 4.C temperature increase and how this is further modulated by thermal and latitudinal adaptation and (ii) a poleward range expansion and associated life history evolution In chapters I-IV, describe the results of common garden warming experiments where larvae of replicated populations from low, central and high latitudes of Ischnura elegans were reared at 20.C and at 24.C corresponding to the mean summer water temperatures in ponds in southern Sweden and Southern France, respectively Importantly, the ٥C temperature difference also corresponds to the predicted temperature increase by 2100 under iPCC scenario AIFI This space-for-timc substitution approach allows testing whether local thermal adaptation may shape the future susceptibility of contaminants under global warming at higher latitudes I found a strong latitude-specific vulnerability to contaminants for both the metal zinc and the pesticide chlorpyrifos Indeed, high-latitude populations showed a stronger reduction in escape swimming speed when exposed to zinc, indicating that the metal contamination may make them more vulnerable to predation Importantly, at high temperature high-latitude populations were also more vulnerable to zinc in term of survival and activity levels while these effects were not present or much less pronounced in low-latitude vii populations, indicating that gradual thermal adaptation may mitigate the future effects of metals on high-latitude populations under global warming In contrast, the low-latitude populations showed a stronger growth reduction at high chlorpyrifos concentrations and high temperature This result suggests that the faster life history, more than three generations per year, o f low-latitude populations makes them more vulnerable to organophosphate pesticides like chlorpyrifos At higher temperature, the negative effects o f chlorpyrifos were also stronger for predator behaviors while these effects were similar for antipredator behaviours at both temperatures These results highlight the complexity o f contaminant effects on predatorprey interactions being differentially temperature-dependent pending on the trophic level In chapters V and VI, I tested for the role o f the evolution o f a faster life history and a higher investment in flight morphology during range expansion in driving the vulnerability to two widespread pesticides, the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and the pyrethroid esfenvalerate, in the edge populations of the damselfly Coenagrion scitulum, a currently poleward moving damselfly did this by comparing the vulnerability o f replicated core and edge populations reared under common garden conditions from the egg stage Besides testing for effects o f the pesticides during the larval stage I was particularly interested in carry-over effects in the adult stage in traits related to range expansion, namely flight ability and immune function I found evidence for the faster life history o f edge populations in term o f growth rate and development time while the higher investment in flight-related traits was only present at high density in the absence o f pesticides Nevertheless, the edge populations showed a consistently higher vulnerability to pesticides both during the exposure period and with regard to carry-over effects across metamorphosis; the mortality rate was higher in esfenvalerate-exposed edge larvae and the chlorpyrifos-induced reductions in flight muscle mass and phenoloxidase activity were only present in the edge animals viii References Phillips, B.L ١ 2009 The evolution of growth rates on an expanding range edge Biology Letters 5, 802-804 Phillips, B.L., Brown, G.P., Shine, R., 2010 Life-history evolution in range-shifting populations Ecology 91, 1617-1627 Phipps, G.L., Holcombe, G.W., 1985 A method for aquatic multiple species toxicant testing: Acute toxicity of 10 chemicals to vertebrates and invertebrates Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 38, 141-157 Piesk, M., Karl, I., Franke, K ١ Fischer, K., 2013 High larval density does not induce a prophylactic immune response in a butterfly Ecological Entomology 38, 346-354 Ragland, G.J., Kingsolver, J.G., 2007 influence of seasonal timing on thermal ecology and thermal reaction norm evolution in l·Vyeo/rJyia smithii Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20,2144-2153 Rakotondravelo, M.L., Anderson, T.D., Charlton, R.E., Zhu, K.Y., 2006 Sublethal effects of three pesticides on activities of selected target and detoxification enzymes in the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (Diptera : Chironomidae) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51, 360-366 Rantala, M., Honkavaara, J., Suhonen, J., 2010 Immune system activation interacts with territory-holding potential and increases predation o f the damselfiy Caloptery'x splendens by birds Oecologia 163, 825-832 Rantala, M.J., Honkavaara, J., Dunn, D.W., Suhonen, J., 201 L Predation selects for increased immune function in male damselflies, Calopteryx splendens Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 278, 1231-1238 Rantala, M.J., Kortet, R., 2003 Courtship song and immune function in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79, 503-510 237 References Rantaia, M.J., Koskimaki, J., Taskinen, J., Tynkkynen, K., Suhonen, J., 2000 Immunocompetence, developmental stability and wingspot size in the dajnselfly C a l o p te r y x s p le n d e n s L Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 267, 2453-2457 Rasmussen, J.J., Baattrup-Pedersen, A., Wiberg-Larsen, P., McKnight, U.S., Kronvaag, B., 2011 Buffer strip width and agricultural pesticide contamination in Danish hvland streams: Implications for stream and riparian management Ecological Engineering 37, 1990-1997 Rasmussen, J.J., Norum, U., Jerris, M.R., Wiberg-Larsen, P., Kristensen, E.A., Friberg, N., 2013a Pesticide impacts on predator-prey interactions across two le\els of organisation Aquatic Toxicology 140-141, 340-345 R^mussen, J.J., Wiberg-Larsen, P., Kristensen, E.A., Cedergreen, N., Friberg, N., 2013b Pyrethroid effects on freshwater invertebrates: A meta-analysis of pulse exposures Environmental Pollution 182, 479-485 Razgour, 0., Juste, J., Ibanez, C., Kiefer, A., Rebelo, H., Puechmaille, S.J., Arletaz, R., Burke, T., Dawson, D.A., Beaumont, M., Jones, G., 2013 The shaping of genetic variation in edge-of-range populations under past and future climate change Ecology Letters 16, 1258-1266 Relyea, R., Hoverman, J., 2006 Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: a revitw and synthesis in freshwater systems Ecology Letters 9,1157-1171 Rohr, J.R., Palmer, B.D., 2005 Aquatic herbicide exposure increases salamander desixation risk eight months later in a terrestrial environment Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 1253-1258 Rohr, J.R., Palmer, B.D., 2013 Climate change, multiple stressors, and the decine of ectotherms Conservation Biology 27, 741-751 238 References Rohr, J.R., Raffel, T.R., Halstead, NT., McMahon, T.A., Johnson, S.A., Boughton, R.K., Martin, L.B., 2013 Early-life exposure to a herbicide has enduring effects on pathogen-induced mortality Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, 20131502 Rohr, J.R., Sesterhenn, T.M., Stieha, C., 2011 Will climate change reduce the effects of a pesticide on amphibians?: partitioning effects on exposure and susceptibility to contaminants Global Change Biology 17, 657-666 Rolff, J., 2002 Bateman's principle and immunity Proceedings of the Royal Society BBiological Sciences 269, 867-872 Rolff, J., Siva-Jothy, M.T., 2004 Selection on insect immunity in the wild Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 271,2157-2160 Rubach, M.N., Baird, D.J., Boerwinkel, M.-C., Maund, S.J., Roessink, 1., Van den Brink, P.J., 2012 Species traits as predictors for intrinsic sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates to the insecticide chlorpyrifos Ecotoxicology 21,2088-2101 Rubach, M.N., Crum, S.J.H., Van den Brink, P.J., 2011 Variability in the dynamics of mortality and immobility responses of freshwater arthropods exposed to chlorpyrifos Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60, 708-721 Ruiz, F., Gonzdlez-Regalado, M.L., Muhoz, J.M., Abad, M., Toscano, A., Prudencio, M.I., Dias, M.T., 2014 Distribution of heavy metals and pollution pathways in a shallow marine shelf: assessment for a future management International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1!, 1249-1258 Salafsky, N., Salzer, D., Stattersfield, A.J., Hilton-Taylor, C., Neugarten, R., Butchart, S.H.M., Collen, B., Cox, N., Master, L.L., O'Connor, S., Wilkie, D., 2008 A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: Unified classifications of threats and actions Conservation Biology 22, 897-911 239 References Sarmento, H., Montoya, J.M., Vazquez-Dominguez, E ١ Vaque, D.١ Gasol, J.M., 2010 Warming effects on marine microbial food web processes; how far can we go when it comes to predictions? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 365, 2137-2149 Schulz, R., Dabrowski, J.M., 2001 Combined effects of predatory fish and sublethal pesticide contamination on the behavior and mortality of mayfly nymphs Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 2537-2543 Schwarzenbach, R.P., Escher, B.L, Fenner, K., Hofstetter, T.B., Johnson, C.A., von Gunten, U., Wehrli, B., 2006 The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems Science 313, 1072-1077 Scott, G.R., Sloman, K A., 2004 The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity Aquatic Toxicology 68, 369-392 Shama, L.N.S., Campero-Paz, M., Wegner, K.M., De Block, M., Stoks, R., 2011 Latitudinal and voltinism compensation shape thermal reaction norms for growth rate Molecular Ecology 20, 2929-2941 Shaw, J.R., Dempsey, T.D., Chen, C.Y., Hamilton, J.W., Folt, C.L., 2006 Comparative toxicity of cadmium, zinc, and mixtures of cadmium and zinc to daphnids Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 182-189 Shine, R., Brown, G.P., Phillips, B.L., 2011 An evolutionary process that assembles phenotypes through space rather than through time Proceedings of the Natiional Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, 5708-5711 Sibly, R.M., Calow, P., 1989 A life-cycle theory of responses to stress Biological Joumial of the Linnean Society 37, 101-116 240 References Sih, ٨.١ Ferrari, M.C.O., Harris, D.J., 2011 Fvolutittn an^ behavioural responses to humaninduced rapid environmental change Evolutionary Applications 4, 367-387 Simmons, A., Uppala, S.M., Dee, D ٠١ Hobayashi, s., 2007 ERA-Interim: New ECMWF reanalysis products from 1989 onwards ECMWF Newsletter 110, 25-35 Smith, C.N., 1981 Partition coefficients (log Row) For selected chemicals, in: Environmental Research Laboratory - EPA, U.S.A (Ed.), User's manual For the pesticide root zone model (PRZM) Release 1, Athens, GA Sniegula, s ١ Drobniak, S.M., Golab, M.J., Johansson, F., 2014 Photoperiod and variation in liFe history traits in core and peripheral populations in the damselfly Lestes sponsa Ecological Entomology 39, 137-148 Snodgrass, J.W., Hopkins, W.A., Jackson, B.P., Baionno, J.A., Broughton, 2005 ,.‫ل‬ Influence oF laiwal period on responses oF ovewintering green frog {Rana clamitans) laiwae exposed to contaminated sediments Environmental toxicology and Chemisfry 24, 1508-1514 Sokolova, I.M., Lannig, G ٠, 2008 Interactive eFFects oF metal pollution and temperature on metabolism in aquatic ectotherms; implications oF global climate change Climate Research 37, 181-201 Sola, c , Burgos, M ١ Plazuelo, A., Toja, l١lan§, M., ]Prat, N., 2004 Heavy metal bioaccumulation and macroinvertebrate commimity changes in a Mediterranean sfream aFFected by acid mine drainage and an accidental spill (Guadiamar River, s w Spain) Science oFthe lOtal Environment 333, 109-126 Solomon, R.R., Giddings, J.M., Maund, S.J., 2001 Prchabili:stic risk assessment oF cotton p^eth o id s: I Distributional analyses oF laboratory aquatic toxicity data Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 652-659 241 References Somom, P., Gismondi, E., Vellinger, C., Devin, S., Ferard, J.-F., Beisel, J.-N., 2012 Effects of sublethal cadmium exposure on antipredator behavioural and antitoxic responses in the invasive amphipod D i k e r o g a m m a r u s v i l l o s u s Plos One 7, e42435 Sovova, T., Boyle, D.١ Sloman, K.A., Perez, C.V., Handy, R.D., 2014 Impaired beha/ioural response to alarm substance in rainbow trout exposed to copper nanoparticles Aquatic Toxicology 152, 195-204 Spurlock, F., Lee, M., 2008 Synthetic pyrethroid use patterns, properties, and enviroimental effects, in: Gan, J., Spurlock, F., Hendley, P., Weston, D.P (Eds.), Syithetic Pyrethroids American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 3-25 Sridhar, V., Sansone, A.L., LaMarche, J., Dubin, T., Lettenmaier, D.P., 2004 Prediaion of stream temperature in forested watersheds Journal of the American Water Reiources Association 40, 197-213 Stampfli, N.C., Knillmann, S., Liess, M., Beketov, M.A., 2011 Environmental context determines community sensitivity of freshwater zooplankton to a pesticide Aquatic Toxicology 104, 116-124 Stampfli, N.C., Knillmann, S., Liess, M., Noskov, Y.A., Schafer, R.B., Beketov, M.A١ 2013 Two stressors and a community - Effects of hydrological disturbance and a toxicant on freshwater zooplankton Aquatic Toxicology 127, 9-20 Stehie, S., Elsaesser, D., Gregoire, C., Imfeld, G., Niehaus, E., Passeport, E., Payraudeau, S., Schafer, R.B., Toumebize, J., Schulz, R., 2011 Pesticide risk mitigation by vegetated treatment systems: a meta-analysis Journal of Environmental Quality 40, 1068-1080 Stoks, R., Cordoba-Aguilar, A., 2012 Evolutionary ecology of Odonata: a complex lit‫ ؛‬cycle perspective Annual Review of Entomology 57, 249-265 242 References Stoks, R., De Block, M ١ 2000 The influence of' predator species and prey age on the immediate survival value of antipredator behaviours in a damselfly Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie 147,417-430 Stoks, R., De Block, M ١ 2011 Rapid growth reduces cold resistance: evidence from latitudinal variation in growth rate, cold resistance and stress proteins Plos One 6, el6935 Stoks, R ١ De Block, M., McPeek, M.A., 2005a Alternative growth and energy storage responses to mortality threats in damselflies Ecology Letters 8, 1307-1316 Stoks, R ١ De Block, M., McPeek, M.A., 2006a Physiological costs of compensatory growth in a damselfly Ecology 87, 1566-1574 Stoks, R., De Block, M., Slos, S., Van Doorslaer, W., Rolff, J., 2006b Time constraints mediate predator-induced plasticity in immune function, condition, and life history Ecology 87, 809-815 Stoks, 1^., De Block, M., Van de Meutter, F., Johansson, F., 2005b Predation cost of rapid growth: behavioural coupling and physiological decoupling Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 708-715 Stoks, R., Geerts, A.N., De Meester, L ١ 2014 Evolutionary and plastic responses of freshwater invertebrates to climate chahge; i٠eali}٠ed patterns and future potential Evolutionary Applications 7, 42-55 Stoks, R ١ Johansson, F., 2000 Trading off mortality risk against foraging effort in damselflies that differ in life cycle length Oikos 91,559-567 Stoks R ١ McPeek, M.A., 2003 Antipredator behavior and physiology determine L e s t e s species turnover along the pond-permanence gradient Ecology 84, 3327-3338 243 References Stoks, R., McPeek, M.A., 2006 A tale of two diversifications: Reciprocal habitat shifts to fill ecological space along the pond permanence Radient American Naturalist 168, S50S72 Stoks, R., McPeek, M.A., Mitchell, J.L., 2003 Evolution of prey behavior in response to changes in predation regime; Damselflies in fish and dragonfly lakes Evolution 57, ‫ ة‬14‫ ا‬5‫؟‬٠5٠ Stoks, R., Swillen, De Block, M., 2012 Behaviour and physiology shape the growth accelerations associated with predation risk, high temperatures and southern latiludes in I s c h n u r a damselfly laiwae Journal of Animal Ecology 81, 1034-1040 Strobbe, F., McPeek, M.A., de Block, M., de Meester, L., Stoks, R., 2009 Survival selection on escape performance and its underlying phenot^^ic traits: a case of many-to-one mapping Journal of Evolutional Biology 22, 1172-1182 Sfrobbe, F., McPeek, M.A., De Block, M., Stoks, R., 2010 Survival selection imposed by predation on a physiological trait underlying escape speed Functional Ecology 24, 1306-1312 Strobbe, F., Stoks, R ١ 2004 Life history reaction noms to time constraints in a damselfly: differential effects on size and mass Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83, 187-196 Sutherland, W.J., Amstrong-Brown, s., Amsworth, P.R., Brereton, T ١ Brickland, ‫ ل‬., Campbell, C.D., Chamberlain, D.E., Cooke, A.I., Dulvy, N.K., Dusic, N.R., Fitton, M., Freckleton, R.P., Godfray, H.C.J., Grout, N., Harvey, H.J., Hedley, J.J., Kift, N.B., Rirby, ‫ ل‬., c ١ Hopkins, Runin, W.E., Macdonald, D.W., Marker, B., Naura, M., Neale, A.R., Oliver, T., Osborn, D., Pullin, A.S., Shardlow, M.E.A., Showier, D.A., Smith, P.L., Smithers, R.J., Solandt, J.L., Spencer, ‫ ل‬., Spray, C.J., Thomas, C.D., Thompson, J ١ Webb, S.E., Yalden, D.W., Watkinson, A.R., 2006 The identification 244 References of ]00 ecological questions of high policy relevance in the UK Journal of Applied Ecology 43,617-627 Swaegers, J., Mergeay, J., Therry, L., Larmuseau, Bonte, D ١ Stoks, R ١ 2013 Rapid range expansion increases genetic differentiation while causing limited reduction in genetic diversity in a damselfly Heredity 111, 422-429 Swillen, 1., De Block, M., Stoks, R ١ 2009 Morphological and physiological sexual selection targets in a territorial damselfly Ecological Entomology 34, 677-683 Tassou, K.T., Schulz, R., 2012 Combined effects of temperature and pyriproxyfen stress in a full life-cycle test with C h ir o n o m u s r ip a r iu s (Insecta) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31, 2384-2390 Therry, L., Gyulavari, H.A., Schillewaert, S.١ Bonte, D., Stoks, R., 2014a Integrating largescale geographic patterns in flight morphology, flight characteristics and sexual selection in a range-expanding damselfly Ecography, no-no Therry, L., Lefevre, E., Bonte, D., Stoks, R., 2014b Increased activity and gro\vth rate in the non-dispersive aquatic larval stage of a damselfly at an expanding range edge Freshwater Biology 59, 1266-1277 Therry, L., Nilsson-Ortman, V., Bonte, D ١ Stoks, R ١ 2014c Rapid evolution of larval life history, adult immune function and flight musdCs in a poleward-moving damselfly Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, 141-152 Thomas, C.D., Bodsworth, E.J., Wilson, R.J., Simmons, A.D., Davies, Z.G., Musche, M., Conradt, L., 2001 Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins Nature 411,577-581 Thomas, C.D., Cameron, A., Green, R.E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L.J., Collingham, Y.C., Erasmus, B.F.N., de Siqueira, M.F., Grainger, A., Hannah, L., Hughes, L., Huntley, B., van Jaarsveld, A.S., Midgley, G.F., Miles, L., Ortega-Huerta, M.A., Peterson, 245 References A.T., Phillips, O.L., Williams, S.E., 2004 Extinction risk from climate change Nature 427, 145-148 Thompson, D.J., Hassall, C., Lowe, C.D., Watts, P.C., 2011 Field estimates of reproductive success in a model insect: behavioural surrogates are poor predictors of fitness Ecology Letters 14, 905-913 Travis, J., Leips, J., Rodd, F.H., 2013 Evolution in population parameters: density-dependent selection or density-dependent fitness? American Naturalist 181, S9-S20 Trekels, H., Van de Meutter, F., Stoks, R., 2012 Species-specific patterns of swimming escape performance and cholinesterase activity in a guild of aquatic insects exposed to endosulfan Environmental Pollution 163, 127-133 United Nations Environment Program, 2004 Screening Information DataSet: initial assessment report ethanol cas N٥ : 64-17-5 United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2011 Revised chlorpyrifos preliminary registration review drinking water: No 20460, in: United States Environmental Protection Agency (Ed.), Washington D.C Urban, M.C., De Meester, L., Vellend, M., Stoks, R., Vanoverbeke, J., 2012 A crucial step toward realism: responses to climate change from an evolving metacommunity perspective Evolutionary Applications 5, 154-167 Van den Brink, P.J., 2008 Ecological risk assessment: from book-keeping to chemical stress ecology Environmental Science & Technology 42, 8999-9004 Van Doorslaer, W., Stoks, R., 2005 Growth rate plasticity to temperature in two damselfly species differing in latitude: contributions of behaviour and physiology Oikos 111, 599-605 246 References Van Drooge, H.L., Groeneveld, C.N., Schipper, H.J., 2001 Data on application frequency of pesticide for risk assessment purposes Annals o f Occupational Hygiene 45, S95SlOl Vellinger, C., Felten, V ١Somom, P., Rousselle, P.١Beisel, J.N., Usseglio-Polatera, P.١2012 Behavioural and physiological responses of Gammarus pulex exposed to cadmium and arsenate at three temperatures: individual and combined effects Plos One Venkateswara Rao, J., Kavitha, P., Jakka von Sridhar, N.M., Usman, P.K., 2007 Toxicity of organophosphates on morphology and locomotor behavior in brine shrimp, Artemia salina Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53, 227-232 Vighi, M., 2013 Foreword Integrated environmental assessment and management 9, el-e3 Voros, M., Istvanovics, V Weidinger, T., 2010 Applicability o f the FLake model to Lake Balaton Boreal Environment Research 15,245-254 Walker, C.H., Sibly, R.M., Hopkin, S.P., Peakall, D.B., 2006 Principles o f ecotoxicology, 3rd ed CRC press, Florida Walther, G.R., Post, E.١Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C ١Beebee, T.J., Fromentin, J.M., Hoegh-Guldberg, , Bairlein, F., 2002 Ecological responses to recent climate change Nature 416, 389-395 Wasscher, M., Goudsmits, K., 2010 Dc Gaffelwaterjuffcr (Coenagrum scitulum), terug van weggeweest in Noordwest-Europa Brachytron 13, 19-2.5 Wellborn, G.A., Skelly, D.K., Werner, E.E., 1996 Mechanisms creating community structure across a freshwater habitat gradient Annual Review o f Ecology and Systematics 27, 337-363 Werner E.E., Anholt, B.R., 1993 Ecological consequences o f the trade-off between growth and mortality rates mediated by foraging activity American Naturalist 142, 242-272 247 References Wheelock, C.E., Eder, K.J., Wemer, 1., Huang, H.Z., Jones, P.D., Brammell, B.F., E‫؛‬lskus, A.A., Hammock, B.D., 2005 Individual variability in esterase activity and CYPIA levels in Chinook salmon {Oncorhynchus tshawyacha) exposed to esfenvalerate and chlorpyrifos Aquatic Toxicology 74, 172-192 Woodward, G., Perkins, D.M., Brown, L.E., 2010 Climate change and freshwater ecosystems: impacts across multiple levels o f organization Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.Biological Sciences 365, 2093-2106 Wurtz, C.B., Bridges, C.H., 1961 Preliminary results from macro-invertebrate bioassays Proceeding o f the Pennsylvania Academy o f Science 35, 51-56 Xuereb, B., Lefevre, E., Garric, J., Geffard, , 2009 Acetylcholinesterase activity in Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea Amphipoda): Linking AChE inhibition and behavioural alteration Aquatic Toxicology 94, 114-122 Yourth, C.P., Forbes, M.R., Smith, B.P., 2002 Immune expression in a damselfly is related to time of season, not to fluctuating asymmetry or host size Ecological Entomology 27, 123-128 248 Publications Publications Published articles Dinh Van*, K., Janssens*, L., Debecker, S., De Jonge, M., Lambret, P., Nilsson-Ortman, V., Bervoets, L.١Stoks, R., 2013 Susceptibility to a metal under global warming is shaped by thermal adaptation along a latitudinal gradient Global Change Biology 19, 26252633 (Impact factor 2013: 8.224) Janssens*, L., Dinh Van*, K., Debecker, S.١Bervoets, L., Stoks, R., 2014 Local adaptation and the potential effects of a contaminant on predator avoidance and antipredator responses under global warming: a space-for-time substitution approach Evolutionary Applications 7, 421-430 (Impact factor 2013: 4.569) Dinh Van*, K., Janssens*, L., Debecker, S., Stoks, R., 2014 Temperature- and latitudespecific individual growth rates shape the vulnerability o f damselfly larvae to a widespread pesticide Journal of Applied Ecology 51, 919-928 (Impact factor 2013: 4.754) Dinh Van*, K., Janssens*, L.١Debecker, S.١Stoks, R., 2014 Warming increases chlorpyrifos efTects on predator but not anti-predator behaviours A quatic Toxicology 152, 215-221 (Impact factor 2013: 3.513) Janssens, L., Dinh Van, K., Stoks, R., 2014، Extreme temperatures in the adult stage shape delayed effects o f larval pesticide stress; A compari son between latitudes Aquatic Toxicology 148, 74-82 (Impact factor 2013: 3.513) 249 Pub!Icatlons Manuscripts (with provisional tities) are in preparation, under review, or revise Dinh Van, K., Janssens, L.١Therry, L ١B e^oets, L., Bonte, D ١Stoks, R Does rapid evolution o f faster laical gro ١ ^ h rates at an expanding range front increases vulnerability to a widespread pesticide Dinh Van, K., Janssens, L , Then^, L., Gyulav^ri, H.A., Bervoets, L., Stoks, R Increased vulnerability to esfenvalerate at the expansion front in a poleward moving damselfly Coenagrion scitulum Dinh Van, K., Janssens, L., Debecker, s., Stoks, R Previous exposure to a heat wave makes the pesticide chlorpyrifos more lethal Stoks, R., Debecker, s., Dinh Van, K., Janssens, L Damselflies as ecological and evolutionary models in aquatic toxicology *Joint first authors 250 F A C U L T Y O F S C IE N C E D E P A R T M E N T O F B IO L O G Y L a b o to ry o f A q u a tic E c o lo g y , E v o lu tio n a n d C o n s e rv a tio n C h a rle s D e b e rio ts tra a t 32 B -3 0 L e u v e n , B E L G IU M tel + 32 16 32 17 K h u o n g D in h V a n @ b io k u le u v e n b e ... Aims and outlines of the research The focus of this thesis is to study separate and joint effects of global warming and contaminant stress on damselflies focusing on life history responses and. .. separate and joint effects of global warming and contaminant stress on damselflies focusing on two aspects: (i) a 4.C temperature increase and how this is further modulated by thermal and latitudinal... introduction Traits under investigation To get a multifaceted picture of the effects of contaminants under global warming, I studied effects on life history, behaviour and physiology Life-history and