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Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases , are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other.. The comple[r]

(1)

Clauses in English Language

(Wren & Martin)

Ashutosh Agarwal

(2)

Agenda

• What are clauses ? • Types of Sentences

• Types of Clauses & their properties

(3)

Clause ?

(4)

Types of sentences

• Simple

• Compound

• Complex

(5)

Simple Sentences

• Simple

– 1 subject, 1 predicate, only Finite Verb

His courage won him honour.

(6)

Compound Sentences

• Made up of 2 (or more) independent clauses

(Main) (all of same rank)

• Joined by co-ordinating conjunction and

Ram went to Nagpur and Shyam went to Pune

Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.

• Types

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Types of Compound Sentences

Copulative: main clauses are simply coupled

together

God made the country and man made the town.Babar was not only a great soldier, he was also a

wise ruler.

He cannot speak, nor can he write.He plays the piano, he sings also.

(8)

Types of Compound Sentences

Adversative: two main clauses are opposed in

meaning

He is slow, but he is sure.

I did my best, nevertheless I failed.He is rich, yet he is not happy.

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Types of Compound Sentences

Alternative or Disjunctive: main clauses are

disjoined in meaning

She must weep, or she must die.

Either he is mad, or he feigns madness.Neither a borrower nor a lender be.

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Types of Compound Sentences

Illative: the second clause draws an inference from

the first

He is diligent, therefore he will succeed.He is unwell, so he cannot attend office.

The angels are equal, consequently the sides are

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Compound sentences: other stuf

• Contracted subject

He chid their warnings, but relieved their pain.

• = He chid their warnings, but he relieved their pain.

• Contracted verb

Some praise the work and some the architect.

• = Some praise the work and some praise the architect

• No connecting word may be used

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Complex sentences

They rested when the night came on.

When night came on cannot be a sentence by itself

– Hence lower rank

– Called subordinate clause

• Complex sentence contains

– One main clause

– One or more subordinate clauses

• Examples

Anil called at 5:30 and I told him that you had gone out

Main Clause Main Clause Subordinate Clause

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Three kinds of subordinate clauses

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Adjective Clauses

• Play the role of an adjective

• The umbrella with a broken handle is mine

• The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine

– [Which umbrella ?]

• Second sentence contains a subject & a

predicate

Phrase !!!!

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Special properties of Adjective Clause • Introduced by a relative pronoun or relative

adverb

Uneasy lies the head that wears the crownHe is the man whom we all respect

The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixedThe reason why I did it is obvious

• Relative pronoun (or adverb) may be missing

Eat all ^ you can (that is understood)

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Adverb Clause

• Clause the playing the role of a adverb

– E.g., They rested when evening came

• Not a phrase since • Subject=evening &

• predicate = (came when)

• Though like a sentence but inside a sentence

(17)

Adverb Clauses

• Kinds of Adverb Clauses

– Time

– Place – Purpose – Clause

– Condition – Result

– Comparison

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Adverb Clauses: Time

• Introduced by subordinating conjunctions whenever,

while, after, before, since, as

When you have finished your work you may go home.

I will it when I think fit.

Don’t talk while she is singing.

After the law had been passed this form of crime ceased.

Do it before you forget.

Before you go bring me some water.

There was silence as the leader spoke.

(19)

Adverb Clause: Place

• Where, wherever

I have put it where I can find it again.They can stay where they are.

Where you live I will live.

(20)

Adverb Clause: Purpose

• So that, in order that, lest

I will give you a map so that you find the way We eat so that we may live.

The UNO was formed in order that countries might

discuss world problems

He was extra polite to his seniors lest something

adverse should be written into his records.

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Adverb Clause: Cause/Reason

• Because, as, since, that

Because I believe you, I shall help you.

– I did it because I wanted to.

Since you are so clever you will be able to explain

this

Since you swear to me, I will employ you.

– I am glad that you like it.

– He was very pleased that you have passed.

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Adverb Clause: Condition (1)

• If, whether, unless

If I like it, I shall buy it

Come, if you wish to.

If it rains we shall stay at home.

You must go whether you hear from him or not.

Whether Ram gives him money or not, he will

speak the truth.

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Adverb Clauses: Condition(2)

• Sometimes subjordinating conjuct is ommitted

What would you answer did I ask you such a question?Had I not seen this with my own eyes I would not have

believed it.

• Sometimes introduced by a relative pronoun (adjec,

adverb) without any antecedent

Whatever happens keep calm.

Don’t annoy him whatever you do.

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Adverb Clause: Result/Consequence

• That (So or such may precede principal clause)

He is such a good man that all respect him.

So great a fire raged that London was burnt down.

Romans built in such a way that their walls are intact.He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.

• Sometimes subordinating conjunction is dropped

(25)

Adverb Clause: Comparison

(degree/manner)

• 1 Adv Clause of comparison of degree

– Than, as (relative adverb)

He is older than he looks.

No one can run faster than Rama.It is later than I thought

He is as stupid as he is lazy.

He is not so clever as you think.

– Verb of degree of comparison is often understood and not

expressed

(26)

Adverb Clause: Comparison

(degree/manner)

• Adv Clause of comparison of manner

– As (relative adverb)

You many as you please.It all ended as I expected.

As you have made your bed so you must lie on it.As he has lived so will he die

(27)

Adverb Clause : Supposition/Concession

• Though, although, even if

Though I am poor I am honest.

He set sail though the storm threatened.

I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.

Although I forbade this you have done it.Even if it rains I shall come

I would not it even if you paid me.

Suppostion: an idea or a statement believed or assumed to be true

(28)

Noun Clauses

• Play the role of noun

I expect to get a prize.

I expect that I shall get a prize.

• [Expect what ?]

– 1st is phrase, 2nd clause

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Noun clause can be a Subject of a verb

- That you should say so surprises me. - What he said was true

2 The object of a transitive verb

- He says that he won’t go. - Tell me where you live.

3 The object of a preposition

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Noun clause can be a

4 In apposition to a noun or pronoun

- Your statement that you found money in the

street will not be believed.

- You must never forget this, that honesty is the

best policy

Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other

(31)

Noun clause can be a

5 The complement of a verb of incomplete predication

My belief is that he will not come.

Her constant prayer was that the child might live.Life is what we make it.

This is where I live.

My wish is that I may please you

Incomplete predication: Consider the sentence He looks upset

(32)(33)

Something more …

Apposition is a grammatical construction in which

two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other

a grammatical noun phrases,

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