Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases , are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other.. The comple[r]
(1)Clauses in English Language
(Wren & Martin)
Ashutosh Agarwal
(2)Agenda
• What are clauses ? • Types of Sentences
• Types of Clauses & their properties
(3)Clause ?
(4)Types of sentences
• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
(5)Simple Sentences
• Simple
– 1 subject, 1 predicate, only Finite Verb
– His courage won him honour.
(6)Compound Sentences
• Made up of 2 (or more) independent clauses
(Main) (all of same rank)
• Joined by co-ordinating conjunction and
– Ram went to Nagpur and Shyam went to Pune
– Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.
• Types
(7)Types of Compound Sentences
• Copulative: main clauses are simply coupled
together
– God made the country and man made the town. – Babar was not only a great soldier, he was also a
wise ruler.
– He cannot speak, nor can he write. – He plays the piano, he sings also.
(8)Types of Compound Sentences
• Adversative: two main clauses are opposed in
meaning
– He is slow, but he is sure.
– I did my best, nevertheless I failed. – He is rich, yet he is not happy.
(9)Types of Compound Sentences
• Alternative or Disjunctive: main clauses are
disjoined in meaning
– She must weep, or she must die.
– Either he is mad, or he feigns madness. – Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
(10)Types of Compound Sentences
• Illative: the second clause draws an inference from
the first
– He is diligent, therefore he will succeed. – He is unwell, so he cannot attend office.
– The angels are equal, consequently the sides are
(11)Compound sentences: other stuf
• Contracted subject
• He chid their warnings, but relieved their pain.
• = He chid their warnings, but he relieved their pain.
• Contracted verb
• Some praise the work and some the architect.
• = Some praise the work and some praise the architect
• No connecting word may be used
(12)Complex sentences
• They rested when the night came on.
• When night came on cannot be a sentence by itself
– Hence lower rank
– Called subordinate clause
• Complex sentence contains
– One main clause
– One or more subordinate clauses
• Examples
– Anil called at 5:30 and I told him that you had gone out
Main Clause Main Clause Subordinate Clause
(13)Three kinds of subordinate clauses
(14)Adjective Clauses
• Play the role of an adjective
• The umbrella with a broken handle is mine
• The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine
– [Which umbrella ?]
• Second sentence contains a subject & a
predicate
Phrase !!!!
(15)Special properties of Adjective Clause • Introduced by a relative pronoun or relative
adverb
– Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown – He is the man whom we all respect
– The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed – The reason why I did it is obvious
• Relative pronoun (or adverb) may be missing
– Eat all ^ you can (that is understood)
(16)Adverb Clause
• Clause the playing the role of a adverb
– E.g., They rested when evening came
• Not a phrase since • Subject=evening &
• predicate = (came when)
• Though like a sentence but inside a sentence
(17)Adverb Clauses
• Kinds of Adverb Clauses
– Time
– Place – Purpose – Clause
– Condition – Result
– Comparison
(18)Adverb Clauses: Time
• Introduced by subordinating conjunctions whenever,
while, after, before, since, as
– When you have finished your work you may go home.
– I will it when I think fit.
– Don’t talk while she is singing.
– After the law had been passed this form of crime ceased.
– Do it before you forget.
– Before you go bring me some water.
– There was silence as the leader spoke.
(19)Adverb Clause: Place
• Where, wherever
– I have put it where I can find it again. – They can stay where they are.
– Where you live I will live.
(20)Adverb Clause: Purpose
• So that, in order that, lest
– I will give you a map so that you find the way – We eat so that we may live.
– The UNO was formed in order that countries might
discuss world problems
– He was extra polite to his seniors lest something
adverse should be written into his records.
(21)Adverb Clause: Cause/Reason
• Because, as, since, that
– Because I believe you, I shall help you.
– I did it because I wanted to.
– Since you are so clever you will be able to explain
this
– Since you swear to me, I will employ you.
– I am glad that you like it.
– He was very pleased that you have passed.
(22)Adverb Clause: Condition (1)
• If, whether, unless
– If I like it, I shall buy it
– Come, if you wish to.
– If it rains we shall stay at home.
– You must go whether you hear from him or not.
– Whether Ram gives him money or not, he will
speak the truth.
(23)Adverb Clauses: Condition(2)
• Sometimes subjordinating conjuct is ommitted
– What would you answer did I ask you such a question? – Had I not seen this with my own eyes I would not have
believed it.
• Sometimes introduced by a relative pronoun (adjec,
adverb) without any antecedent
– Whatever happens keep calm.
– Don’t annoy him whatever you do.
(24)Adverb Clause: Result/Consequence
• That (So or such may precede principal clause)
– He is such a good man that all respect him.
– So great a fire raged that London was burnt down.
– Romans built in such a way that their walls are intact. – He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
• Sometimes subordinating conjunction is dropped
(25)Adverb Clause: Comparison
(degree/manner)
• 1 Adv Clause of comparison of degree
– Than, as (relative adverb)
• He is older than he looks.
• No one can run faster than Rama. • It is later than I thought
• He is as stupid as he is lazy.
• He is not so clever as you think.
– Verb of degree of comparison is often understood and not
expressed
(26)Adverb Clause: Comparison
(degree/manner)
• Adv Clause of comparison of manner
– As (relative adverb)
• You many as you please. • It all ended as I expected.
• As you have made your bed so you must lie on it. • As he has lived so will he die
(27)Adverb Clause : Supposition/Concession
• Though, although, even if
– Though I am poor I am honest.
– He set sail though the storm threatened.
– I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.
– Although I forbade this you have done it. – Even if it rains I shall come
– I would not it even if you paid me.
Suppostion: an idea or a statement believed or assumed to be true
(28)Noun Clauses
• Play the role of noun
– I expect to get a prize.
– I expect that I shall get a prize.
• [Expect what ?]
– 1st is phrase, 2nd clause
(29)Noun clause can be a Subject of a verb
- That you should say so surprises me. - What he said was true
2 The object of a transitive verb
- He says that he won’t go. - Tell me where you live.
3 The object of a preposition
(30)Noun clause can be a
4 In apposition to a noun or pronoun
- Your statement that you found money in the
street will not be believed.
- You must never forget this, that honesty is the
best policy
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other
(31)Noun clause can be a
5 The complement of a verb of incomplete predication
– My belief is that he will not come.
– Her constant prayer was that the child might live. – Life is what we make it.
– This is where I live.
– My wish is that I may please you
Incomplete predication: Consider the sentence He looks upset
(32)(33)Something more …
• Apposition is a grammatical construction in which
two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other
a grammatical noun phrases,