Plant diversity richness measurement and conservation biology management in dry dipterocarp forest chiang mai thailand

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY DEDEK AHMAD SUPRIANTO PLANT DIVERSITY RICHNESS MEASUREMENT AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY MANAGEMENT IN DRY DIPTEROCARP FOREST, CHIANG MAI, THAILAND BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advance Education Program Office Batch : 2013-2018 Thai Nguyen, 25/09/2018 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Dedek Ahmad Suprianto Student ID DTN1454290078 Thesis Title Plant Diversity Richness Measurement and Conservation Biology Management in Dry Dipterocarp Forest, Chiang Mai, Thailand Supervisor (s) Dr Teerapong Saowaphak Dr Sa-nguansak Thanapornpoonpong Mrs Ly Thi Thuy Duong Supervisor’s signature (s) Abstract: Forests hold the key to global biodiversity richness Role of biodiversity is essential to human as it provides the support systems to life and conserving it will be beneficial to many aspects such as ecosystems, economic and food and will improve the quality of human life However, a lot of human activities keep damaging natural habitat which can lead to the biodiversity decline As the human population increases rapidly, global biodiversity richness might be put in danger Loss of biodiversity has become a global concern which needs to be solved as soon as possible Measuring biodiversity richness can be a tool to show how rich and diverse the surroundings are and can be used to determine a proper conservation biology management Quantifying biodiversity richness is not an easy task, but is possible This study used ShannonWiener Index, Evenness Index and Simpson’s Index as biodiversity indices to measure plant diversity richness in Dry Dipterocarp Forest, Chiang Mai, Thailand PAST software was used in this study to calculate biodiversity indices as well as Cluster and i Correspondence Analysis Ten plots of 10 m x 10 m plot size were set up as observation areas A total of 2328 individuals belonging to 95 plant species were found Chromolaena odorata from Asteraceae family became the most abundant species found in 10 plots while Spondias pinnata, Shorea obtusa and some others species were the least abundant species PAST software showed that plot had the highest value of 2.987 for the Shannon-Wiener Index while plot contained the lowest value of 1.561 As for the Evenness Index, plot had the highest value with 0.7552 while plot had the lowest value with 0.2383 Plot showed the highest value for Simpson’s Index with 0.9236 and plot showed the lowest value with 0.6598 The results of Cluster Analysis from PAST also showed that Cratoxylum sp had the longest distance which showed that this species is not that similar to other species Correspondence Analysis which showed species that can live and support each other were found in plot and plot The results can be used as a significant tool to conserve biodiversity properly Keywords: Plant Diversity, Dry Dipterocarp Forest, Biodiversity Indices, Conservation Biology Number of pages: 35 Date of Submission 25/09/2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to sincerely thank Allah SWT, the Almighty god, who by His grace and blessing, I had the strength and opportunity to finish this study I also place my deep gratitude upon Him for abundantly providing my needs during my research Second, I would like to extend my appreciation and gratitude to my advisors, Dr Teerapong and Dr Sa-nguansak of Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, who spent their time, despite their tight schedule, to help and guide me during my research stay in Thailand I also would like to express my gratitude to Mrs Duong for being my Vietnamese advisor and giving her supporting comments to make the research paper better Special gratitude goes to Ms Yim and Ms Lin, who despite their busy schedule, spent a lot of their time assisting me Moreover, my deep appreciation to my Thai buddies, Mr Gene and Ms Giff, who undeniably put a lot of effort into their guidance to my daily life in Chiang Mai Third, special thanks to Advance Education Program of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry as well as all of the staffs for their assistance and bringing a lot of unforgettable memories Finally, to both of my parents, Bapak and Ibu, I am deeply indebted and would like to express my sincerest gratefulness for their understanding, unconditional love and moral supports which always give me the strength and motivation to pursue this study Not forget to mention, I would like to give my deepest appreciation to my iii siblings, Agus, Ayu and Dini, who always become my inspiration and give me the courage to carry out this study As a gratitude, I would like to share my favourite quote that gives an ease to me during my difficult time “Don’t lose your courage no matter what If we give in then the game is over.” – Top Sincerely, Dedek Ahmad Suprianto iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATION ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale 1.2 Research’s Objectives 1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 1.3.1 Research Questions 1.3.2 Hypotheses 1.4 Significances of the Study 1.5 Scopes and Limitations of the Study 1.6 Definition of Terms PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Biodiversity 2.2 Biodiversity as Bioindicators 2.3 Biodiversity Indices 2.3.1 Shannon-Wiener Index 10 2.3.2 Evenness Index 10 v 2.3.3 Simpson’s Index 11 2.4 Conservation Biology 11 2.5 Dry Dipterocarp Forest 12 PART III METHODOLOGY 14 3.1 Selection of the study area 14 3.2 Research Instruments 14 3.3 Plot Determination 14 3.4 Data Collection 15 3.5 Biodiversity Parameters 16 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 17 4.1 Results 18 4.2 Discussion 27 PART V CONCLUSION 29 5.1 Conclusion 29 5.2 Recommendation 30 REFERENCES 32 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Plot Size Figure Biodiversity Indices of Plant Species Figure Cluster Analysis of Plant Species between 10 Plots Figure Correspondence Analysis of Plant Species between 10 Plots vii LIST OF TABLES Table Total number of individual of plant species found in each plot viii LIST OF ABBREVIATION DDF: Dry Dipterocarp Forest EI: Evenness Index PAST: Paleontological Statistics SI: Simpson’s Index SWI: Shannon-Wiener Index ix 33 Unidentified 33 0 0 20 34 Unidentified 34 0 0 1 0 0 35 Unidentified 35 0 0 0 0 36 Unidentified 36 0 0 15 0 0 18 37 Unidentified 37 0 0 0 38 Unidentified 38 0 0 28 0 23 51 39 Unidentified 39 0 0 0 0 40 Unidentified 40 0 0 0 0 41 Unidentified 41 0 0 0 0 42 Unidentified 42 0 0 0 0 43 Unidentified 43 0 0 0 16 27 44 Unidentified 44 0 0 0 45 Unidentified 45 0 0 0 2 46 Unidentified 46 0 0 0 0 47 Unidentified 47 0 0 0 13 15 48 Unidentified 48 0 0 0 0 18 18 49 Unidentified 49 0 0 0 0 1 50 Unidentified 50 0 0 0 0 1 21 51 Unidentified 51 0 0 2 0 52 Unidentified 52 0 0 0 0 53 Unidentified 53 0 0 0 0 54 Unidentified 54 0 0 0 55 Unidentified 55 0 0 0 14 56 Unidentified 56 0 0 0 57 Unidentified 57 0 0 0 0 58 Unidentified 58 0 0 0 0 59 Unidentified 59 0 0 0 0 60 Unidentified 60 0 0 0 0 61 Unidentified 61 0 0 0 5 34 44 62 Unidentified 62 0 0 0 1 63 Unidentified 63 0 0 0 0 64 Unidentified 64 0 0 0 0 65 Unidentified 65 0 0 0 0 66 Unidentified 66 0 0 0 0 48 48 67 Unidentified 67 0 0 0 0 2 68 Unidentified 68 0 0 0 0 2 22 69 Unidentified 69 0 0 0 0 1 70 Unidentified 70 0 0 0 0 1 71 Unidentified 71 0 0 0 0 1 72 Unidentified 72 0 0 0 0 2 73 Unidentified 73 0 0 0 0 74 Unidentified 74 0 0 0 0 2 75 Unidentified 75 0 0 0 0 1 76 Unidentified 76 0 0 0 0 1 77 Unidentified 77 0 0 2 78 Unidentified 78 0 0 0 1 79 Unidentified 89 0 0 0 80 Unidentified 80 0 0 0 81 Unidentified 81 0 0 0 1 82 Unidentified 82 0 0 0 83 Unidentified 83 0 0 0 12 84 Unidentified 84 0 0 0 0 85 Unidentified 85 0 0 0 0 10 86 Cratoxylum sp 66 0 0 0 77 23 87 Chromolaena odorata 73 107 98 21 114 13 21 0 67 514 88 Dalbergia sp 1 30 20 10 4 10 93 89 Spondias pinnata 0 0 0 0 90 Dipterocarpus macrocarpus 0 0 0 91 Dipterocarpus obtusifolius 0 17 44 92 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus 0 20 1 0 10 34 93 Shorea obtusa 0 0 0 0 94 Fern 0 0 16 14 10 52 95 Fern 0 0 0 0 5 Total number of individual of plant and tree species 2328 24 In order to determine the diversity richness of plant and tree species found in the observed area, diversity indices were used which are the Shannon-Wiener Index, Evenness Index and Simpson Index The program Paleontological Statistics (PAST 3) was utilized to derive the data for these diversity indices (a) (b) Figure Biodiversity indices of plant and tree species 25 The two figures (a) and (b) indicated the different indices from 10 plots in the observation area As for Shannon-Wiener Index, one can discern that plot has the highest value of 2.987 while plot contains the lowest value of 1.561 On the other hand, plot in Evenness Index has the highest value with 0.7552 and plot has the lowest value with 0.2383 Lastly, for Simpson Index, plot shows the highest value which is 0.9236 and plot shows the lowest value which is 0.6598 PAST was also used in order to determine the cluster analysis and correspondence analysis between 10 plots in the observation area Figure Cluster Analysis of plant and tree species between 10 plots The result of cluster analysis is best summarized using a dendodgram 26 Figure Correspondence Analysis of plant and tree species between 10 plots As can be seen on the figure above, the most number of overlapping plant and tree species can be found in plot and plot 4.2 Discussion One of the aims of this research is to determine the diversity richness of plant and tree species According to the results, each of 10 plots shows different diversity from one another In term of Shannon-Wiener Index, the results on figure showed that plot has the highest value among the others with 1.391 which indicates that plot has the highest diversity richness of plant and tree species In contrast to that, it is determined that plot has the lowest plant and tree species diversity richness since it has the lowest value of Shannon-Wiener Index which is 1.561 As for the Evenness Index, the results find that plot has the lowest value of Evenness Index with 0.6598 which indicates that plot has the lowest evenness of plant and tree species similar to having the lowest diversity richness while the plot 27 with the highest diversity richness due to having the highest value of Evenness Index is plot with the value of 0.7552 Contrary to the first indices, Simpson Index has indirect relationship between its value and the diversity richness From the results, one can discern that plot has the lowest value of Simpson Index with 0.6598 which shows that it has the highest diversity richness among the other plots Moreover, opposite to that is the plot with 0.9236 value of Simpson Index, which is the highest value among other plots, but indicates that plot has the lowest diversity richness Cluster analysis and correspondence analysis between the plant and tree species among the 10 plots are used in order to determine the similarity relationship of a species to others and a species to the area as well as which species in which plot can live and support each other The result from the cluster analysis of plant and tree species in 10 plots shows that many species have the similarity relationships with each other since they showed closer distance in Figure (Cluster analysis figure) On the other hand, the species with the longest distance observed from the figure is Cratoxylum sp which indicates that this species is not that similar to other species For correspondence analysis presented in Figure for 10 plots, the most number overlapping plants species found in the same point indicates that those species can live and support each other which are plot and plot showed 28 PART V CONCLUSION The previous chapter dealt with the analysis and interpretation of the data results from the observation section In this chapter, a brief summary of the research study will be presented along with the recommendations 5.1 Conclusion The research was conducted in Dry Dipterocarp Forest of Wat Pha Lat, Chiang Mai, Thailand from March to June 2018 with its aim of measuring the biodiversity richness and its conservation management In order to measure it, biodiversity indices were used namely Shannon-Wiener Index, Evenness Index and Simpson’s Index Moreover, the study is also aiming to determine the similarity relationship of species to others and species to the area where Cluster analysis and Correspondence analysis were used This study found 2328 individuals which belong to 95 species The most abundant species found in all plots is Chromolaena odorata with 514 individuals in total, while there are some species that became least abundant species such as Spondias pinnata and Curcuma longa, those species were considered the least abundant species because there was only individual of those species found in all plots Based on the result using PAST program, it can be concluded that DDF of Wat Pha Lat has high biological diversity richness and its conservation management is properly implemented since there is high species diversity especially in terms of the plant and tree species Even though the distance or the size of the area is small, strong 29 relationships between the species can be observed Majority of the plant and tree species showed a strong similarity relationship with each other and one can discern that they can live and support one another It is clear to exhibit that DDF of Wat Pha Lat plant species diversity is rich 5.2 Recommendation Biodiversity indices and analysis can be helpful in many things focusing on the conservation management in Wat Pha Lat By means of determining if the plant and tree species are high diverse in an area or in the National Park, one can decide if the conservation management is properly done or not High diversity richness can indicate that species are well conserved and regulated while low or no diversity richness shows that the community or ecosystem is already in danger and that conservation management is not implemented properly Conservation management in Wat Pha Lat is important to maintain the diversity of plant and tree species for different purposes such as preserving wildlife and our environment and preventing species loss National parks are made in order to protect ecosystems and all species and these will be achieved if conservation management is done accordingly Based on the findings of this study, it is essential to some actions to improve the biodiversity richness of Dry Dipterocarp Forest of Wat Pha Lat as well as its conservation management In order to maintain species richness and to increase conservation management, the following are the recommendation for future studies and for government and people visiting Wat Pha Lat: 30 For future studies, it is better to observe a larger area or community of species in order to fully determine the biodiversity of plant and tree species that can help in assessing the biodiversity conditions so that it can be well managed For future studies, utilizing the knowledge and usage of biodiversity indices and analysis for conservation management and to determine certain causes of environmental problems in species diversity, if there is any Implementing policies pertaining to protection and conservation of plant and tree species, even animal species and improving its legal certainty, so the chances of usage can be guaranteed and penalties/sanctions for offenders can be given Maintaining the cleanliness of the National Park as it can affect the biodiversity conditions by implementing policies and informing local people and tourists about it Educating local people about the importance of biodiversity richness and conservation management as it can help preventing the destruction of the ecosystems 31 REFERENCES Andersen, A N (1997) Using Ants as bioindicators Multiscale Issues in Ant Community Ecology Conservation Ecology, 1(1) Retrieved August 19, 2018, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26271646?seq=1&cid=pdfreference#references_tab_contents Beals, M., Gross, L., & Harrell, S (n.d.) DIVERSITY INDICES: SHANNON'S H AND E Retrieved June 10, 2018, from http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/bealsmodules/shannonDI.html Bioindicators (2015) Retrieved July 19, 2018, from https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1538-bioindicators Coedes, G (1968) The Indianized States of Southeast Asia (W F Vella, Ed., & S B Cowing, Trans.) ANU Press Retrieved August 15, 2018, from https://openresearchrepository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/115019/2/b11055005.pdf DeLong, D C (1996) Defining biodiversity Wildl Soc Bull, 24, 738-749 Retrieved August 15, 2018 Dick, G., & Gusset, M (2013) Conservation Biology University of Chicago Press Retrieved July 05, 2018 Gerber, L (2010) Conservation Biology (S Greipsson, Editor) Retrieved July 18, 2018, from the nature education knowledge project: 32 https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/conservation-biology16089256 Heip, C H., Herman, P M., & Soetaert, K (1998) Indices of diversity and evenness* Oceanis, 24(4), 61-87 Retrieved June 24, 2018, from www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/221019.pdf Holt, E A., & Miller, S W (2010) Bioindicators: Using Organisms to Measure Environmental Impacts Retrieved July 05, 2018, from the nature education knowledge project: https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/bioindicators-usingorganisms-to-measure-environmental-impacts-16821310 Hood, L (2010) Biodiversity: Facts and figures Retrieved August 28, 2018, from SciDevNet: https://www.scidev.net/global/biodiversity/feature/biodiversityfacts-and-figures-1.html Hui, D (2013) Global Climate Change and Biodiversity: Issues and Future Research Biodiversity & Endangered Species, 1(1) doi:10.4172/2332-2543.1000e105 Khamyong, S., Sutthawan, P., & Paramee, S (2016) Dry Dipterocarp Forest on Sandstone of the Huai Hong Khrai Royal 35(3), 42-55 Retrieved August 28, 2018, from http://www.tjf.forest.ku.ac.th/?p=5557 Kumar, J., Pathak, N., Tripathi, R K., Shukla, A., & Dubey, S (n.d.) Biodiversity indices Retrieved August 20, 2018, from Aquafind: http://aquafind.com/articles/Biodiversity-Indices.php 33 Larpkern, P., Eriksen, M., & Waiboonya, P (2017) Diversity and Uses of Tree Species in the Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest, Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand Science and Technology, 25(3) Retrieved August 28, 2018, from http://www.journal.nu.ac.th/NUJST/article/view/1915 Murray, M G (2002) Current issues in biodiversity conservation (D Williamson, Ed.) (4) Retrieved May 05, 2018, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai568e/ai568e00.htm Parmar, T K., Rawtani, D., & Agrawal, Y K (2016) Bioindicators: the natural indicator of environmental pollution Frontiers in Life Science, 9(2), 110-118 doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2016.1162753 Sahunalu, P., Teejuntuk, S., Sungpalee, C., & Methavararuk, A (2001) Study on the Vegetation Zonation in Doi Inthanon National Park and Its Application to Environmental Education Retrieved August 20, 2018, from https://www.nacsj.or.jp/pn/houkoku/h10/h10-pdf/h10-no15.pdf Sodhi, N S., & Ehrlich, P R (2010) Conservation Biology Oxford University Press Inc Retrieved August 10, 2018, from https://moodle.ufsc.br/pluginfile.php/822765/mod_resource/content/1/Conserva tion%20Biology%20for%20All%20%282010%29%20by%20Navjot%20S.%20 Sodhi%20%20Paul%20Ralph%20Ehrlich.pdf Student Handout 1A: How to Calculate Biodiversity (n.d.) Retrieved May 14, 2018, from 34 http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/hodges/ProtectUs/lp_webfolder/9_12_grade/Stud ent_Handout_1A.pdf Sugimoto, M., Khamyong, S., & Kawasaki, K (2001) Vegetation and some soil characteristics in the dry dipterocarp and mixed deciduous forests at Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai, Thailand 43(2), 33-44 Retrieved July 19, 2018, from https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjfe/43/2/43_KJ00005291768/_article#citedb y-wrap Swingland, I R (2001) Definition of Biodiversity Wiley on the behalf of Wildlife Society, 377-379 Retrieved June 11, 2018, from http://academic.uprm.edu/~jchinea/cursos/ecolplt/swingland2001.pdf Underwood, D L (n.d.) Insects as bioindicators Retrieved June 02, 2018, from http://web.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/20-InsectsBioindicators.pdf 35 ... ShannonWiener Index, Evenness Index and Simpson’s Index as biodiversity indices to measure plant diversity richness in Dry Dipterocarp Forest, Chiang Mai, Thailand PAST software was used in this study... biodiversity richness of Dry Dipterocarp Forest of Wat Pha Lat as well as its conservation management In order to maintain species richness and to increase conservation management, the following... study composed of plant and tree species list observed in dry dipterocarp forest, Chiang Mai, Thailand The collected data could be used to assess plant and tree diversity richness in that area Moreover,