Cấu trúc của bài process report: Thường thì chỉ cần 2 phần:.. Introduction: phần này cũng giống như những phần khác: không được copy y chang đề, mà phải biến đổi.[r]
(1)VIẾT VỀ BIỂU ĐỒ
I Tập làm quen với tên gọi biểu đồ: a Line graph
b Bar chart (column chart) c Pie chart
d Table
e Diagram (pictures) f Flow chart
II Cũng phải biết qua tiêu chuẩn chấm điểm giám khảo (giống phần ESSAY): 1/ TASK FULFILLMENT: tức phải nhìn vào biểu đồ, có chiều hướng rõ ràng là: TĂNG GIẢM, mà phân tích mặt TĂNG mà thơi, tức chưa đáp ứng TASK FULFILLMENT
2/ REPORT STRUCTURE: tức phần người ta chấm xem cấu trúc nguyên bài REPORT Đoạn văn có mạch lạc ý hay khơng Đoạn , đoạn trước đoạn sau đó, có match hay khơng Rồi nhìn tổng qt REPORT có đẹp khơng Đẹp này, ví dụ:
a/ mở bài
b/ thân thường gồm đoạn: đoạn nói chiều hướng TĂNG, đoạn nói chiều hướng GIẢM
c/ kết luận
=> Tức nhìn vào REPORT, thấy cân đối
3/ VOCABULARY: Khi làm REPORT TĂNG / GIẢM này, định phải sử dụng từ sau đây:
a/ TRẠNG TỪ - ĐỘNG TỪ:
VERBS
TĂNG Went up Increased Rose Grew Improved GIẢM Went down Decreased Fell Dropped Declined ADVERBS kèm:Dramatically Sharply = steeply Gradually = steadily Slightly = a little
b/ TÍNH TỪ - DANH TỪ
TĂNG A rise An increase Growth Improvement GIẢM A fall A decrease A decline ADJ ĐI KÈM:Dramatic Considerable Sharp
(2)Gradual
Ví dụ cho cấu trúc: ĐỘNG TỪ - TRẠNG TỪ:
The number of dogs eaten in Korea fell sharply in 2002 Ví dụ cho cấu trúc: TÍNH TỪ - DANH TỪ:
There was a sharp fall in number of dogs eaten in Korea in 2002
c/ số từ để ổn định (tức sau thời gian tăng vọt, đứng n lại, khơng tăng nữa):
Beer sales rose sharply and then leveled out / leveled of / remained the same / remained stable and there was no change / reached a plateau
d/ số từ khác:
reached a peak : đạt tới đỉnh điểm
fell to a dip/trough: chạm đáy (điểm đáy)
Constituted = made up = accounted for : chiếm (bao nhiêu %) A constituted 33% of the total
B made up also 33%
C accounted for the highest percentage which was 34%
4/ GRAMMAR – SENTENCE GRAMMAR: phần người ta chấm xem trình độ grammar Nếu sai grammar nhiều khơng chấp nhận
(3)WRITING TASK 1
The table shows sources of student income over a ten-year period in the United Kingdom (Nhớ kỹ tên đề bài)
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below You should write at least 150 words
Sources of student income (aged under 26 in higer education)
United Kingdom Percentages
1988/89 1992/93 1995/96 1998/99
Student loan 14 24
Parental contribution 32 26 22 16
Grant 38 38 23 14
Earnings 14 12
Other 24 21 27 34
All income (=100%) (£ per student per year at July 1999 prices)
4,395 4,048 4,951 5,575
Source: Student income and Expenditure Survey, Department for Education and Employment
Paragraph 1: Intro what the diagram shows (do not copy the question) Trong phần mở bài, bắt chước cấu trúc này:
The diagram shows the trend / a rise / a fall / a change / the percentage
Nhớ đừng copy nguyên xi đề bài, mà phải biến đổi chút chút: Ví dụ:
The table shows the trend which took place in student income in the United Kingdom during the ten-year period from 1988 to 1999 (23 words)
2 Paragraph or 3: The body of the report–giving details, numbers
Phần thân này, nên chia thành đoạn: đoạn nói gia tăng, đoạn nói việc giảm xuống Nhớ sử dụng từ ‘tăng-giảm’ cấu trúc ‘tính danh từ’, ‘trạng từ-động từ’ đề cập trước
Nhớ pick up số tiêu biểu để report thôi, report hết tất số Vì có 20 phút để làm mà thơi
Ví dụ:
Even though the data of student loan is not presented in 1988/89, there was a dramatic increase from 8% in 1992/93 to 24% in 1998/99 The percentage of earnings also rose sharply from 6% in 1988/89 and reached the peak at 14% in 1995/96, then fell slightly by 2% in 1998/99 (51 words)
On the other hand, there was a steep fall in parental contribution from 32% in 1988/89 to 16% in 1998/99 At the same time, grant went down by 24% from 38% in 1988/89 to 14% in 1998/99 (37 words)
3 Paragraph (conclusion): Overall statement about the trend (analysis) Phần kết luận, nói tóm tắt lại xu hướng chung Có thể bắt chước cấu trúc này: Overall,… went up… while… went down
(4)Overall, the annual income per student rose gradually from 4,395 pounds in 1988/89 to 5,575 pounds in 1998/99, and there was a shift from being dependent to independent of the students at that period (34 words)
Xem toàn viết
The table shows the trend which took place in student income in the United Kingdom during the ten-year period from 1988 to 1999 (23 words)
Even though the data of student loan is not presented in 1988/89, there was a dramatic increase from 8% in 1992/93 to 24% in 1998/99 The percentage of earnings also rose sharply from 6% in 1988/89 and reached the peak at 14% in 1995/96, then fell slightly by 2% in 1998/99 (51 words)
On the other hand, there was a steep fall in parental contribution from 32% in 1988/89 to 16% in 1998/99 At the same time, grant went down by 24% from 38% in 1988/89 to 14% in 1998/99 (37 words)
Overall, the annual income per student rose gradually from 4,395 pounds in 1988/89 to 5,575 pounds in 1998/99, and there was a shift from being dependent to independent of the students at that period (34 words)
(5)VIẾT VỀ MỘT TIẾN TRÌNH (PROCESS)
Đề là: người ta cho nhiều hình nói tiến trình việc Mình nhìn vào hình viết report steps quy trình
Ví dụ:
1/ mở gói lipton ; 2/ đổ vào ly ; 3/ cho nước vô, khuấy lên; 4/ cho thêm đá; 5/ uống I Như vậy, định report phải sử dụng cấu trúc quan trọng sau đây:
1 Sequence markers: Firstly (first of all), in the first step, Next, After that, In the second stage, Finally, In the final step
Vì diễn tả quy trình, nên phải sử dụng sequence markers để nói lên trình tự bước thứ 1, bước thứ 2, etc
Nhưng có số quy trình, khơng có điểm dừng khơng có điểm kết thúc (mưa => rơi xuống đất/ biển => bốc lên => mây => mưa) khơng dùng FIRST FINALLY Chỉ chọn đại mốc đó, mơ tả tiếp Bear post sau để người rõ
2 Passive
Sử dụng nhiều tốt II Cấu trúc process report: Thường cần phần:
1 Introduction: phần giống phần khác: không copy y chang đề, mà phải biến đổi Có thể dùng mẫu cho process report nào: The diagram shows the process of making a cup of tea with a lipton teabag This report will discuss the process in stages / in detail
2 Body: cần đoạn cho phần thân bài, mô tả rõ step quy trình First of all, water is boiled Next, a tea bag is put in a cup After that the water is poured into the cup After a minute, milk and sugar are added and stirred In the final step, the cup of tea is served
3 Conclusion:
Nếu chưa đủ 150 words cần đến phần conclusion này: Finally, there are steps in making a cup of tea with a lipton tea bag
Đây ví dụ để người rõ cách làm easy Chứ thi mà viết chưa đủ 150 từ
Có thể tham khảo nhiều sách dạy viết WRITING dành cho IELTS hay:
1 ACADEMIC WRITING PRACTICE FOR IELTS (Tác giả Sam McCarter, giải tiếng Việt: Nguyễn Thành Yến, nhà xuất tổng hợp TPHCM, 42.000VNĐ)
2 A BOOK ON WRITING (Tác giả Sam McCarter, giải tiếng Việt: Nguyễn Thành Yến, nhà xuất tổng hợp TPHCM, 42.000VNĐ)
3 A BOOK FOR IELTS (Tác giả Sam McCarter, giải tiếng Việt: Nguyễn Thành Yến, nhà xuất tổng hợp TPHCM, 78.000VNĐ)
Tăng giảm Dùng động từ:
1/ Tăng (increase): rise, augment, grow, go up (v), to be up - tăng nhanh: soar (v), sky-rocket (v), shoot up (v)
(6)- leo thang: escalate (v, escalation (n)), climb (v) - lên tới đỉnh: to reach a peak, peak (v)
2/ Giảm (decrease): fall (v, n), drop (v, n), tumble (v), slump (v), decline (v), go down (v), to be down
- giảm nhanh: plunge (v), nose-dive (v), plummet - Thu hẹp (e.g., thị phần): diminish, shrink, contract
- Chạm đáy: to reach/hit rock-bottom, a trough (điểm đáy)
Reduce khác với fall, hay drop chỗ to reduce transitive verb (to reduce ST) fall drop intransitive verb Vd: The company reduced their prices, but their prices fell
3/ Ổn định: level out (v) Dùng thêm tính từ/trạng từ:
Chúng ta dùng adj hay adverbs để bổ sung cho động từ + Để cường độ:
Mạnh: dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), huge (hugely), enormous (enormously), steep (steeply), tremendous (tremendously)
Nhiều, đáng kể: substantial (substantially), considerable (considerably), significant (significantly), marked (markedly)
Vừa phải: moderate (moderately) Nhẹ: slight (slightly)
Ít: small, little
Tối thiểu: minimal (minimally) + Để tốc độ:
Nhanh, thình lình: rapid (rapidly), quick (quickly), swift (swiftly), sudden (suddenly) Đều: steady (steadily), constant (constantly) Thường dùng kiểu to remain unchanged/stable/steady, to stay constant
Dần dần: gradual (gradually) Chậm: slow (slowly)
Chiếm/bao gồm
Chi tiêu cho quần áo chiếm 20% tổng chi tiêu Chiếm dịch là: to represent, to constitute, to make up, to comprise Bao gồm: to be made up of, to be composed of, to consist of DESCRIPTIVE
Các bạn đọc kỹ phần lý thuyết PROCESS REPORT trên, rõ Chú ý: (1) Sequence markers, (2) passive voice
HOW TO DEVELOP A FILM
After all the photographs on a film have been taken, the reel or cassette is removed from the camera to be processed
(7)Next, the tank is filled with developer, which is a dilute solution of hydroquinone and sodium sulphite and other chemicals A thermometer is needed as the developing time depends on the temperature as well as on the strength of the solution The film is turned round from time to time in the developing tank, or the tank is inverted and the developer must be poured off at the right moment, to avoid over- or under-developing Some developers can be reused
The developed film, which has light and dark parts, must now be wahsed in a 2% solution of acetic acid to remove all the developer It is then treated with fixing solution to remove any undeveloped silver bromide Before the film is removed from the developing tank to dry, it is washed in running water The negatives, when thoroughly dry, are now finally ready for printing
HOW TO MEND A FLAT BICYCLE TYRE
Flat tyres are often caused by punctures which leak air with varying degrees of speed Punctures which are not huge holes can be repaired You’ll need a tube patch kit containing patches, glue, an abrasive surface, e.g sandpaper, tyre irons and chalk
You should begin by deflating the tyre But first of all, it would be a good idea to check if the flat tyre is just due to a faulty valve You can this by replacing a drop of spit or water on the end of the valve stem A leaky valve will bubble or spit back In this case, just tighten the valve However, if there is no fault in the valve, you should begin, as mentioned before, by deflating the tyre Then you should work the tyre back and forth with your hands to get the edge of the tyre free of the rim If this doesn’t work, use the tyre irons as levers to free the tyre When the edge is off the rim, you should push the valve stem up into the tyre, and remove the tube At this stage, you should inflate the tube and rotate it past your ear If you can find the puncture through the hiss of escaping air, it is a good idea to mark the spot with chalk If you can’t, then you should place all of the tube in the water, look for escaping air bubbles, and then mark the spot with the chalk
You can use the sandpaper to rub the spot rough enough and then apply glue to the spot You will wait for two or three minutes When the glue is dry enough, you take out a piece of patch and put it right on the spot, then press it hard This is the whole process of mending a flat tyre
HOW TO MAKE PAPER
Modern paper is manufactured from a mixture of various fibres like rags, linen, wood, waste paper The main ingredient is, of course, wood pulp produced from complete trees after the bark has been removed The main ares of production are Findland and Canada, where the trees are cut down, taken to the saw mill, and chopped up The pieces fo wood are then ground up and mixed with other substances, such as glue, to make a paper fibre mixture, and then poured out onto wire screens These are large areas of wire mesh – sheets of metal with a large number of holes in them Here the water is extracted from the mixture, which is dried and passed through many rollers to press it into shape This process produces one continuous sheet of paper, which is wound into a large roll at the end of the manufacturing process
(8)A camera is basically a simple instrument Its name comes from its most important part, the camera obscura (Latin for dark chamber) Photographs are produced when rays of light enter this chamber through a small opening (the aperture), and strike against a sensitive film The aperture contains a convex lens which refracts the light The surface of the film is covered with silver bromide emulsion This captures the image which is brought in by the rays of light The aperture is closed or opened by a shutter, which is the only moving part in a simple camera This is mounted behind the lens It is, of course, usually closed In more refined cameras, the speed of the shutter and size of the aperture can be adjusted, to vary the length of an exposure and the quantity of light to be allowed in shorter exposures are needed to photograph moving objects, and a wider aperture lets in more light on a dull day
HOW A REFRIGERATOR WORKS
A refrigerator is really nothing more than a box in which articles can be kept at a cool temperature The temperature inside the box is regulated by means of thermostat Apart from the thermostat, the refrigerator mechanism includes a motor-driven compressor, a condenser and a set of thin, metal evaporator coils, into which is pumped a liquid refrigerant called Freon
When a liquid evaporates, it absorbs heat The refrigerant used in a refrigerator has a very low boiling point and it evaporates in the metal coils As this happens, it absorbs heat and, as a result, the evaporator coils cool down
As soon as the temperature inside the refrigerator rises above a predetermined level, the thermostat causes the motor to start Freon vapour is drawn from the evaporator coils by the compressor, reducing the pressure and allowing liquid refrigerant to move into them This liquid in its turn evaporates, absorbing heat and cooling the refrigerator The cool refrigerant passes through the condenser, where it is changed back into a liquid form and is eventually forced back into the evaporator coils
(9)IELTS 6, Writing test
The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000 Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant
Average distance in miles travelled per person per year, by mode of travel
1985 2000
Walking 255 237
Bicycle 51 41
Car 3199 4806
Local bus 429 274
Long distance bus 54 134
Train 289 366
Taxi 13 42
Other 450 585
All modes 4740 6475
The table shows how the modes of travel change in England between 1985 and 2000
Generally, average distance in miles travelled per person per year by kinds of travel rose sharply from 4740 miles in 1985 to 6475 miles in 2000 Among all kinds of modes of travel, there was a decrease in miles traveled by walking, bicycle and local bus, namely the slight falls in walking (from 255 miles to 237 miles), bicycle (from 51 miles to 41 miles) and a considerable decline in miles traveled by local bus (from 429 miles to 274 miles)
In contrast, there was an increase in miles traveled in the majority of modes of travel Specifically, miles travelled by long distance bus and taxi grew dramatically from 54 miles to 124 miles and from 13 miles to 42 miles respectively Miles travelled by car, train and other grew gradually from 3199 miles to 4806 miles, from 289 miles to 366 miles and from 450 miles to 585 miles respectively
Overall, travellers in England tend to travel by moderner modes like taxi, car, long distance bus, etc as life has improved
Topic: Writing task 1, Test 1, IELTS
(10)On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two milion people, were in this position However, those consiting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively
Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%) It is noticeable that for both types of houshold with children, a higher than average propotion were living in poverty at this time
Older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favoured elderly couples (only 4%) rather than single elderly people (6%)
Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with childern were more likely to be living in poverty than those consiting of couples
The graph illustrates the United State and Japan’s proportion of unemployment during the period from March 1993 to March 1999
As is shown by the graph, the rate of unemployed labor force in the United State was much greater at 7%, compared to 2.5% in Japan However, the unemployment percentage in the US began to decline slowly since March 1993, and reached at 5% in the middle of 1996 From them on, this number remained roughly the same – about 5% until March 1999, although there were minor falls and rises in the unemployment rate
Meanwhile, after the three years period from March 1993 to March 1996, the proportion of unemployment grew by 2%, dropped rapidly by 0.5% in months later, but from summer in 1996 it improved steadily to 5% in 1999
(11)WRITING TASK 1- IELTS 7- TEST 2- PAGE 53
The line graph shows changes in the amounts of some different kinds of meat and fish consumed in a particular European country during the period from 1979 to 2004
Generally, fish consumption went down slightly and chicken consumption went up dramatically Besides, the consumption of beef and lamp showed a downward trend
In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week Much less fish with just over 50 grams was consumed Chicken and lamb were consumed in similar quantities around 150 grams
Within 25 years, however, the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 50 grams respectively The consumption of fish also declined slightly to below 50 grams Fish remained the least popular food but levels of consumption were the most stable
On the other hand, the consumption of chicken was contrary to the consumption of other meat and fish It showed an upward trend Chicken overtook lamb in 1980 and beef in 1989 By 2004 it had soared to approximately 250 grams per person per week
(12)The bar chart illustrates the data about the percentage change in average house prices in five different cities over a period of 12 years between 1990 and 2002 compared with the average house prices in 1989
During the five-year period from 1990 to 1995, the proportion of average house prices in three countries went down significantly by percent in New York (USA) and about 7.5 percent in both Tokyo (Japan) and London (UK) while the average prices of house went up slightly in the remaining two cities Madrid (Spain) and Frankfurt (Germany) to approximately 1.5 percent and percent respectively
According to the bar chart, during the next period from 1996 to 2002, the average house prices decreased only in Tokyo (Japan) In contrast, it increased in the rest of cities It went up sharply to percent in New York There was a slight increase from 1.5 percent in 1990/95to percent in 1996/2002 in Madrid (Spain)
At the same time, it grew about percent in Frankfurt (Germany) It is clear that London had the largest increase in the average house prices over a period of years It rose dramatically by 11 percent
Overall, over the first period, the average house prices went up in Madrid and Frankfurt while there was a considerably decrease in the remaining three cities However, it had an improvement in the next period with a downward trend only in Japan and upward trends in the rest cities
(246 words)
Cambridge IELTS book 7, page 101:
The pie charts compare the amount of electricity produced using five different sources of fuel in two countries over two separate years
Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big differences in the fuel sources used
Coal was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to 130 out of 170 units in 2000 By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source in France in 2000, producing almost 75% of the country’s electricity
Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the amount of electricity produced using this type of power fell from to only units in France Oil, on the other hand, remained a relatively important fuel source in France, but its use declined in Australia Both countries relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000
WRITING TEST – IELTS – TASK 1, PAGE 101.
The pie charts illustrate the amount of electricity produced using five different sources of fuel in Australia compared with France in the years 1980 and 2000
Total electricity production increased significantly over a period of 20 years in both Australia and France Although the total productions were similar in two countries, there were some differences in the fuel sources used
(13)were composed of about 2% Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years
By contrast, nuclear power became the most popular fuel source in France in 2000 It increased dramatically from over 15% in 1980 to almost 75% of the country’s electricity in 2000 The amount of electricity produced using hydro power fell from to only units in France Oil and coal, on the other hand, together produced only 50 units France relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000
(14)Tăng giảm Dùng động từ:
1/ Tăng (increase): rise, augment, grow, go up (v), to be up - tăng nhanh: soar (v), sky-rocket (v), shoot up (v)
- tăng chậm, nhích chút một: inch up (v) - leo thang: escalate (v, escalation (n)), climb (v) - lên tới đỉnh: to reach a peak, peak (v)
2/ Giảm (decrease): fall (v, n), drop (v, n), tumble (v), slump (v), decline (v), go down (v), to be down
- giảm nhanh: plunge (v), nose-dive (v), plummet - Thu hẹp (e.g., thị phần): diminish, shrink, contract
- Chạm đáy: to reach/hit rock-bottom, a trough (điểm đáy)
Reduce khác với fall, hay drop chỗ to reduce transitive verb (to reduce ST) fall drop intransitive verb Vd: The company reduced their prices, but their prices fell
3/ Ổn định: level out (v) Dùng thêm tính từ/trạng từ:
Chúng ta dùng adj hay adverbs để bổ sung cho động từ + Để cường độ:
Mạnh: dramatic (dramatically), sharp (sharply), huge (hugely), enormous (enormously), steep (steeply), tremendous (tremendously)
Nhiều, đáng kể: substantial (substantially), considerable (considerably), significant (significantly), marked (markedly)
Vừa phải: moderate (moderately) Nhẹ: slight (slightly)
Ít: small, little
Tối thiểu: minimal (minimally) + Để tốc độ:
Nhanh, thình lình: rapid (rapidly), quick (quickly), swift (swiftly), sudden (suddenly) Đều: steady (steadily), constant (constantly) Thường dùng kiểu to remain unchanged/stable/steady, to stay constant
Dần dần: gradual (gradually) Chậm: slow (slowly)
Chiếm/bao gồm