chúa tể xi măng, ông hoàng bê tông,.... Neville. Đọc hết cuốn sách để trở thành một chuyên gia trong lĩnh vực bê tông....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Properties of concrete Fifth Edition A M Neville CBE, DSc(Eng), DSc, FIStructE, FREng, FRSE Honorary Member of the American Concrete Institute Honorary Member and Gold Medallist of the Concrete Society Honorary Member of the Brazilian Concrete Institute formerly Head of Department of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, England Dean of Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada Principal and Vice-Chancellor, University of Dundee, Scotland President of the Concrete Society Vice-President of the Royal Academy of Engineering Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Singapore • Hong Kong Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • Madrid • Mexico City • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: http://www.pearsoned.co.uk © A M Neville 1963, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1995, 2011 The rights of A M Neville to be identified as the author of this work has keen asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road London WIT 4LP First published 2011 ISBN: 978-0-273-75580-7 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this title is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neville, Adam M Properties of concrete / A.M Neville 5th ed p cm ISBN 978-0-273-75580-7 (pbk.) Concrete I Title TA439.N48 2011 620.1′36 dc23 2011019819 Set by 35 in 10/12 Monotype Times Printed in Malaysia (CTP-VVP) 15 14 13 12 11 Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface Acknowledgements Portland cement Historical note Manufacture of Portland cement Chemical composition of Portland cement Hydration of cement Calcium silicate hydrates Tricalcium aluminate hydrate and the action of gypsum Setting False set Fineness of cement Structure of hydrated cement Volume of products of hydration Capillary pores Gel pores Mechanical strength of cement gel Water held in hydrated cement paste Heat of hydration of cement Influence of the compound composition on properties of cement Effects of alkalis Effects of glass in clinker Tests on properties of cement Consistency of standard paste Setting time Soundness Strength of cement References Cementitious materials of different types Categorization of cementitious materials Different cements Ordinary Portland cement Rapid-hardening Portland cement Special very rapid-hardening Portland cements Low heat Portland cement Sulfate-resisting cement White cement and pigments Portland blastfurnace cement Supersulfated cement Pozzolanas Fly ash Pozzolanic cements Silica fume Fillers Other cements Which cement to use High-alumina cement Manufacture Composition and hydration Resistance to chemical attack Physical properties of high-alumina cement Conversion of high-alumina cement Refractory properties of high-alumina cement References Properties of aggregate General classification of aggregates Classification of natural aggregates Sampling Particle shape and texture Bond of aggregate Strength of aggregate Other mechanical properties of aggregate Specific gravity Bulk density Porosity and absorption of aggregate Moisture content of aggregate Bulking of fine aggregate Deleterious substances in aggregate Organic impurities Clay and other fine material Salt contamination Unsound particles Soundness of aggregate Alkali–silica reaction Tests for aggregate reactivity Alkali–carbonate reaction Thermal properties of aggregate Sieve analysis Grading curves Fineness modulus Grading requirements Practical gradings Grading of fine and coarse aggregates Oversize and undersize Gap-graded aggregate Maximum aggregate size Use of ‘plums’ Handling of aggregate Special aggregates Recycled concrete aggregate References Fresh concrete Quality of mixing water Density of fresh concrete Definition of workability The need for sufficient workability Factors affecting workability Measurement of workability Slump test Compacting factor test ASTM flow test Remoulding test Vebe test Flow table test Ball penetration test and compactability test Nasser’s K-tester Two-point test Comparison of tests Stiffening time of concrete Effect of time and temperature on workability Segregation Bleeding The mixing of concrete Concrete mixers Uniformity of mixing Mixing time Hand mixing Ready-mixed concrete Retempering Pumped concrete Concrete pumps Use of pumping Requirements for pumped concrete Pumping lightweight aggregate concrete Shotcrete Underwater concrete Preplaced aggregate concrete Vibration of concrete Internal vibrators External vibrators Vibrating tables Other vibrators Revibration Vacuum-dewatered concrete Permeable formwork Analysis of fresh concrete Self-compacting (self-consolidating) concrete References Admixtures Benefits of admixtures Types of admixtures Accelerating admixtures Retarding admixtures Water-reducing admixtures Superplasticizers Nature of superplasticizers Effects of superplasticizers Dosage of superplasticizers Loss of workability Superplasticizer–cement compatibility Use of superplasticizers Special admixtures Waterproofing admixtures Anti-bacterial and similar admixtures Remarks about the use of admixtures References Strength of concrete Water/cement ratio Effective water in the mix Gel/space ratio Porosity Cement compacts Influence of properties of coarse aggregate on strength Influence of aggregate/cement ratio on strength Nature of strength of concrete Strength in tension Cracking and failure in compression Failure under multiaxial stress Microcracking Aggregate–cement paste interface Effect of age on strength of concrete Maturity of concrete Relation between compressive and tensile strengths Bond between concrete and reinforcement References Further aspects of hardened concrete total strain in fatigue, 339, 344 total void content, 281 total water, 276 toughness of aggregate, 123 toxic fumes, 389 trachyte, thermal conductivity, 377 traditional mix proportions, 38, 727 transient determination of conductivity, 377 transit-mixed concrete, 216 transition zone, 302 transport of fluids, 484 transverse vibration, 636 trap rock, permeability, 492 tremie, 228, 254 trial mixes, 730 triaxial compression, 296 triaxial creep, 466, 467 triaxial stress, 296, 297 tributylphosphate, 256 tricalcium aluminate, hydrate, 14, 17 see also C3A tricalcium silicate, see also C3S tridymite, 144 Trief process, 80 triethanolamine, 250, 254 truck-mixed concrete, 216 truck mixer, 211, 217 true creep, 452 tuff, 144 turbidimeter, 21 turbidity of water, 184 twinning, 10 two-point loading, 598 two-point test, 199 two-stage mixing, 211 type of aggregate in mix selection, 746 of cement see main entry: cement, type of concrete, 651 grading, 750 by calculation, 750 by graphical method, 752 type grading, 162 ultimate creep, 456, 469 ultimate strain, 344, 706 effect of strength, 295 in fatigue, 344 tensile, 295 ultra-fine material, 156 ultra-fines, 156 in flowing concrete mix, 759 ultra-high early strength cement, 69 ultrasonic pulse velocity in fatigue, 339 of fresh paste, 51 test, 632 underground cables, resistivity of concrete, 348 undersize, 170, 176 underwater concrete, 228, 229 use of water reducers, 254 unhydrated cement, 13 carbonation of, 38 influence on creep, 453 on hardened paste, 26 on strength, 29 uniaxial compression, 293 uniformity of mixing, 211 effect of hand mixing, 216 of mixing time, 213 unit mass see density unlimited swelling gel, 144 unsound particles, 140, 141 unsoundness of aggregate, 142, 559 influence on frost damage, 549 of cement, 51, 53, 55, 70 of clinker aggregate, 695 of high-alumina cement, 92 urea, 564 vacuum-dewatered concrete, 234, 556 abrasion resistance, 525 Valenta’s equation, 496 van der Waals’ forces, 35 vapour permeability, 496 vapour pressure for hydration, 320 in paste, 437 variability in accelerated-curing test, 624 of cement, 330 of cementitious materials, 654 of concrete in mixer, 211 of cores, 614 effect of moisture condition, 602 of size, 603, 611 of flexural strength, 740 of high-strength concrete, 736 of lightweight aggregate, 695, 696 in non-destructive tests, 638 and size effect, 603 of slag, 664 in splitting test, 602 of strength, 639, 734, 740 in tension test, 605 of test results, 604, 638 of test specimens, 590 of water/cement ratio, 744 Vebe test, 196 and remoulding test, 196, 200 Vebe time, 196 and compacting factor, 200, 201, 202 and slump, 202 vermiculite, 693, 694, 716 concrete, 693, 694, 709 Vesuvius, vibrating finisher, 233 vibrating hammer, 584 vibrating roller, 233 vibrating screed, 233 vibrating table, 54, 232, 584 vibration, 230 with gap grading, 172 influence of air entrainment, 555 and no-fines concrete, 713 and segregation, 207 tests, 636 vibrator electric hammer, 233 electromagnetic, 232 external, 231 internal, 230 poker, 230 portable, 232 shock table, 232 surface, 233 Vicat apparatus, 50 viscosity of cement paste, 206 viscous deformation, 470 void content of aggregate, 114 in pumped concrete, 224 voids in cellular concrete, 710 in concrete, 187, 188, 279, 281 detection of, 635 influence on pumpability, 222, 223 on strength, 187 in lightweight concrete, 690 physical determination of, 638 ratio of aggregate, 128 in vacuum-dewatered concrete, 235 volcanic ash, 83 volcanic cinders, 691 volcanic glass, 694 voltage, influence on resistivity, 350, 352 volume batching, 211 volume changes in aggregate, 142 in concrete, 424, 426 effect of aggregate, 120, 174 of extensibility, 442 on freezing, 543 volume/surface ratio see surface/volume ratio volumetric method for air content, 556 volumetric strain, 422 Wagner turbidimeter, 21 wall effect, 311, 609, 611, 730 at aggregate interface, 119, 302 warm-water method for accelerated curing, 622, 623 warping, 433, 439, 708 wash water, 184, 553 washmill, waste materials, 62 as aggregate, 176 water added, 275 adsorbed see adsorbed water aggressive, 508 attack by, 508 binding energy, 37 brackish, 184, 567, 569 carbonate alkanity, 186 chemically combined, 36 contaminated, 185 content see main entry water content of crystallization, 36, 37 for curing, 326, 574 demand see main entry water requirement diffusion, 540 effective, 132, 275 flow through concrete, 491 free, 36, 132, 275 gain, 207 in gel, 27 gel, 36, 539 hardness, 186 in hydrated cement, 35 for hydration, 15 of high-alumina cement, 92 impurities in, 185 intercrystalline, 427 interlayer, 36 intracrystalline, 427 in mix, 275 for mixing, 184 movement in no-fines concrete, 713 net, 275 non-evaporable, 26, 27, 30, 34, 36, 278 peaty, 508 penetration test, 496 permeability see main entry: permeability pH, 82, 185 pure, 508 quality, 184 influence on hardened concrete, 184 reducers see main entry: water-reducing admixtures repellents, 266 requirement see main entry water requirement solids content in, 184 total, 276 wash, 184, 553 of workability, 234 zeolitic, 36 see also sea water water-barrier method of curing, 327 water/cement ratio, 27, 271 and aggregate/cement ratio, 190 and aggregate type, 287 and autoclaving, 375 and curing, 324, 326, 328 determination of, 237 original value, 638 for durability, 514 effect of bleeding, 208 of evaporation, 324, 325 of permeable formwork, 236 of retempering, 218 of vacuum dewatering, 234 effective, 275 free, 275 for freezing resistance, 742 for full hydration, 28, 32 and grading, 188 in high-alumina cement concrete, 92 influence on air entrainment, 550 on cracking, 442 on creep, 457 on durability, 743 on freezing resistance, 542, 547 on gain in strength, 304, 305 on permeability, 493 on resistivity, 348, 349 on self-desiccation, 326 on shrinkage, 431 on steam curing, 371 on strength, 218, 271, 305, 335, 684, 731 gain, 304 of high-alumina cement, 99 of high-alumina cement concrete, 275 at high temperature, 387 on sulfate resistance, 514 on voids, 276 at interface, 302 ‘law’/rule, 271 in lightweight aggregate concrete, 701 and microcracking, 300 net, 275 in no-fines concrete, 713, 714 relation to strength, 97, 98, 218, 271, 304, 335, 684, 731, 765, 766 rule, 271 factors influencing, 276 validity, 272 and self-desiccation, 324 in shotcrete, 227 in specification, 728 in strength tests, 54, 55 for sulfate resistance, 743 variability, 744 and water content, 190 see also cement/water ratio water content determination of, 237 influence on resistivity, 350 on shrinkage, 431 on slump, 188, 189 on thermal conductivity, 377, 378 on workability, 754, 755 reduction by vacuum dewatering, 234 and water/cement ratio, 190 see also water requirement water glass, 509 water jet process for slag, 695 water–plaster ratio, 280 water-reducing admixtures, 254 and accelerating, 246, 254 action, 254 dosage, 256 effect of C3A, 256 of cement, 256, 257 with high-alumina cement, 257 influence on freezing, 255 on hydration, 255 on retardation, 256 on slump loss, 204 and set-retarding, 246, 254 influence on creep, 458 time of adding, 256 in vacuum-dewatered concrete, 235 water-repellent film, 89 water repellents, 266 water requirement data, 188, 190, 765, 766 effect of aggregate, 117 shape, 117 texture, 117 of carbon, 680 of dust, 137 of entrained air, 188, 562, 700 of expansive cement, 449 of fly ash, 653, 656, 660 of ggbs, 653 of maximum aggregate size, 158, 174, 188 of mica, 140 of pigments, 78 of richness, 290 of silica fume, 670 of silt, 137 of surface area of aggregate, 158 of temperature, 205, 400 for lightweight aggregate concrete, 700 in mix selection, 759 water-soluble alkalis, 654 water vapour movement of, 488 permeability, 496 waterproof membrane, 266 waterproofing admixtures, 265 watertightness, 527 effect of revibration, 234 weak particles in aggregate, 136 weakest flaw, 292 weakest link, 292, 604 wear of concrete, 523 wearing surfaces, aggregate for, 122 weathering of aggregate, 109 by salt, 518 weights per batch, 747 wet curing, 82, 326 wet mix process for shotcrete, 226 wet process, 2, 3, wet screening, 612 wet sieving, 138 wetting and drying influence on aggregate reactivity, 145 on aggregate volume changes, 142 on carbonation shrinkage, 445 on corrosion, 569, 570 on deformation, 443, 460, 462, 463 on sulfate attack, 514 influence on strength, 602, 614, 617 wheeled traffic, resistance to, 524 white calcium aluminate cement, 102 white cement, 77 in staining test, 327 ‘white finger’ syndrome, 238 white high-alumina cement, 78, 103 wick action, 484 wind, influence on evaporation, 321, 323 wind shield, 400 wire brush platens, 296, 589 wood in aggregate, 140 wood waste aggregate, 716 work done in mixing, 401 workability ‘by eye’, 203 classification of, 191, 200 and compacting factor, 194 definition, 186, 187, 193 effect of aggregate absorption, 132, 697 shape, 118 surface area, 160 of air entrainment, 562 of expansive cement, 449 of fine material, 156 of fineness of cement, 20 of flakiness of aggregate, 118 of fly ash, 657 of gap grading, 172 of ggbs, 664 of grading, 188 of maximum aggregate size, 188, 189 of mix proportions, 190 of mixing time, 214 of mixing water, 183 of placing conditions, 745 of remixing, 214 of retempering, 217 of richness of mix, 194 of shells, 139 of superplasticizers, 259, 261 of temperature, 204 of time, 203 of water content, 754, 755 of waterproofing admixtures, 266 of water-reducing admixtures, 256 factors influencing, 188 with gap-graded aggregate, 172 and grading variation, 740 of high-alumina cement concrete, 95 influence on air entrainment, 553 on labour cost, 727 of lightweight aggregate concrete, 701 loss with time, 203 measurement of, 191 and mix selection, 726, 727, 745 and mixer type, 209 of no-fines concrete, 713 relation to water content, 188, 189, 755 and remoulding effort, 195 and segregation, 156 and slump, 191 tests, comparison of, 200, 202 two-point test, 199 visual inspection, 203 water of, 234 X-ray attenuation, 651 diffraction scanning, 14 diffraction spectroscopy, 83 fluorescence, 10 powder diffraction, quantitative analysis, 14 scattering, 33 spectrometry, 10, 16 yield of concrete, 192, 759, 763 per batch, 186 yield stress, 200 Young’s modulus, 413 zeolitic water, 36 zero-slump concrete, 191, 758 zinc salts, retarding action, 251 zones for sand grading, 165 ... Curing of concrete Methods of curing Tests on curing compounds Length of curing Autogenous healing Variability of strength of cement Changes in the properties of cement Fatigue strength of concrete. .. containing fly ash Influence of fly ash on properties of fresh concrete Hydration of fly ash Strength development of fly ash concrete Durability of fly ash concrete Concretes containing ground... performance concrete Testing of high performance concrete Durability of high performance concrete The future of high performance concrete Lightweight concrete Classification of lightweight concretes