practice of structuresCLASS 9

2) Her husband doesn’t speak English. Her children ddon’t speak English. 3) The students aren’t wide awake today. The teacher isn’t wide awake today. 4) They don’t have a refrigerator fo[r]

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

A Use words in brackets to rewrite the sentences below with the same meaning. 1) Fred likes helping his friends So does Linda (both and)

2) Harry used to date Ann Or was it Helen? (either or)

3) We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths (not only but also) 4) He never listens to or advises his friends when they have a problem (neither nor) 5) I've betrayed your trust I've betrayed your love for me (not only but also)

6) He felt disappointed He felt misunderstood (both and) 7) Brian isn't very considerate Neither is Tom.(neither nor) 8) A true friend is someone who is caring and loving (both and) 9) Rachel should apologize or leave (either or)

10)Richard and John didn't keep her secret (neither nor) 11)Michael and Paul wrote me this love letter (both and) 12)Linda called to say sorry to me and so did Helen (both and) 13)Susie and Ryan didn’t come to my birthday party (neither nor) 14)I will take you to the cinema or to the theatre (either or) B Choose a suitable connector in brackets

1) Lorena seems to be quite clever ., she often gets low marks (however/moreover) 2) The service at this restaurant is excellent ., the food is delicious (however/moreover) 3) I've never been to Argentina, having relatives there (as well as / despite)

4) Jordi is a careful driver ., he’s had several accidents (however/moreover) 5) Cristina loves playing sport, she’s not very good at it (and/but)

6) Anna is talented at music art.(as well as/in spite of)

7) We're studying now……… there's an interesting film on TV (despite/even though) 8) I’d like to talk to you ……… I know you’re busy.(although/in spite of)

9) ………… her efforts, she failed the exam.( despite/although)

10)………… we were having difficulties, we felt optimistic (despite/even though) 11)We didn’t win the game ……… all our hard work.(although/in spite of) C Rewrite the sentences with the connector in brackets

1) Isabel apologized several times Nevertheless, Paul wouldn’t speak to her (but) 2) We decided to walk even though it was raining (in spite of)

3) Roger works very hard to help his parents He’s also a good student (In addition) (Two different sentences)

4) I’m keen on Ice cream In addition, I’m keen on chocolate (as well as) 5) You’re late again Furthermore, you haven’t brought your books (and)

6) On the one hand, I’d love to come On the other hand, I really haven’t got the time (However) 7) Rome is a great place to visit, but it has got terrible traffic problems (despite)

D Fill “because / and / but / so” in spaces

1) In summer we wear light clothes ……… the weather is hot 2) I have a tooth ache ………I must see a dentist as early as I can 3) It is rainy………… windy today

4) I like walking ………… I never go to school on foot…………it is 10 miles away from home 5) My son is calm………… easy-going……… my daughter is very sad………… they never agree

together

6) I am English ………… I live in the USA………… I work with a company there 7) I love painting………… fishing……… they teach me concentration

9) It is always rainy in winter……… you should always take an umbrella with you 10)Fast foods are delicious ………… usually unhealthy………… people should avoid them 11)Peter is too fat…………the doctor advised him to practise sport regularly

12)Parents……… children should have good relationships E Use “therefore or however” to rewrite the sentences below

1) I don't like salads I like vegetables. 2) It was raining She took her umbrella.

3) He went to London She didn't see the Big Ben. 4) He went to London She saw the Big Ben.

5) She loved her boyfriend She didn't buy him a present for St Valentine. 6) She loved her boyfriend She bought him a present for St Valentine. 7) They loved animals They had a dog, a cat and a rabbit.

8) They loved animals They didn't have any. 9) He was very fat He didn't usually eat a lot.

10)He was very fat It was difficult for him to find nice clothes 11)I won the lottery I bought a beautiful car

12)I won the lottery I didn't change my old car 13)My brother loves sports He doesn't play football

14)My brother loves sports He plays football, basket, rugby and golf F Complete the following sentences by adding “ and / but / or ”

1) Mrs Taylor is tall ……… slim

2) Learning geography is hard ……… interesting 3) I don’t like football ………….soccer

4) Do you pull the handle ………….push it? 5) These tools are old ……… still good

6) We visited lots of castles ……….palaces in England 7) The classes are quite difficult ……… I’m doing well 8) I didn’t know whether to turn left ………right

G Using “ and / but / or ” to combine the pairs of sentences below

1) Shall I bring my computer games to your house? Do you want to play at my house? 2) We went to the supermarket It was closed

3) Take this milk Put it in the fridge

4) We looked for the key everywhere We couldn’t find it 5) I phoned you this morning You weren’t at home 6) Jim asked the teacher She didn’t know the answer 7) Take a pencil Draw a picture of your favorite animal

8) Is Susan the smartest student in the class? Is Nicole smarter? 9) Do you think he’ll catch the ball? Will he drop it?

10)We knocked at the door Nobody answered

H Rewrite the sentences with the connector in brackets

1) You have no more money to spend, you will have to stop buying useless things.(since)

2) I knew I couldn’t win I didn’t play the match and I decided to more practice to improve my performance for the next competition.(so)

3) Because of the traffic jams, I arrive late for work every day.(due to)

4) She was an annoying woman No one wanted to invite her to a party.(such…that)

5) The students were angry The teacher didn’t keep her promise to let them out earlier.(because) 6) You are not following the doctor’s advice You won’t get better.(therefore)

I Complete the following sentences using “so” or “because”. 1) It was cold ……… I shut the window (so / because) 2) The door was open……… I closed it (so / because)

3) She doesn't like him………… he isn't honest (so / because) 4) It was raining…………I took a taxi (so / because)

5) The water wasn't clean………… we didn't swim (so / because) 6) We didn't swim………… the water wasn't clean (so / because) 7) I'll be home late tonight………… I have to work late (so / because) 8) I'm tired today……… I couldn't sleep last night (so / because) 9) She quit her job……… she is looking for a new one now (so / because) 10)We walked home………… there were no more buses (so / because) 11)I closed the window………… it was cold (so / because)

J Choose the connecting word that completes the sentences meaningfully

1) I don't know………… you want to meet that lady She's such a snob.(that/why/when) 2) He looks……… he were sick.(even if/even though/as if /as though)

3) He asked………… he could smoke a cigarette.(whether / what / that) 4) He insists………… I be there.(if/that/as if)

5) He punished the little boy………… put salt in his coffee.(who/which/whenever) 6) It was raining hard………… we left the office.(where/when/although)

7) He'll have the work done………… you arrive.(when/ after / by the time)

8) ……….I was saying, how many of you want to attend the conference?(as/so/for)

9) He must be rich,……… he spends a lot of money on gifts for his girlfriend.(but/for/in order to)

10)We have been having problems with the heater ………….we bought it.(when/while/since) 11)………….he said did not please us.(that/which/what)

12)I liked the car,……… I bought it.(so/for/even so)

13)The picture ………… is hanging over my bed was painted by an art student.(which/who/whom) 14)Her parents will be very happy………… she passes with flying colors.(so that/if/though)

15)Choose the connecting word that completes the sentences meaningfully

16)Karen is rich; ………., her cousin Kate is poor (therefore/however/otherwise)

17)You'd better take a taxi ……… ,you'll arrive late (consequently/furthermore/otherwise) 18)Jack wasn't tired ………… , he took a nap (otherwise/hence/nevertheless)

19)Phil was not thirsty;………, he drank five glasses of water (however/moreover/furthermore)

20)The kids didn't study ………….,they failed the course (therefore/nonetheless/otherwise) 21)The weather was terrible ………., we decided to delay our trip

(furthermore/besides/therefore)

22)You must buy the tickets;………, we won't be able to see that play (otherwise/although/besides)

23)The neighborhood isn't very interesting I like the house,………… (moreover/thus/though) 24)We live in the same building; ………, we hardly see each other

(however/therefore/furthermore)

25)He didn't earn enough money ………… , his wife decided to get a job (moreover/therefore/although)

K Combine the sentences using the conjunction given in parentheses Do not change the order of the sentences Pay attention to the punctuation.

1) They got married They had to learn to manage their own home (after) 2) He went crazy His wife burnt his breakfast (when)

3) You can hear what I'm saying You keep quiet (if)

4) I won't invite my classmates to a party I know them well (until) 5) He arrived home I had already cleaned the house (by the time) 6) The first quiz was easy This one is extremely difficult (whereas) 7) She's snobbish People like her (yet)

8) We're broke We can't buy anything (since)

9) He failed He won't give up his ideals (even though) 10)He fell asleep He was watching the film (while)

L Choose the connecting word that completes the sentences meaningfully 1) Do you think this is something ………… can be learned?(who/that) 2) Don't go out……… you've finished your work.(as/while/until)

3) Make sure you close all the windows………… it starts to rain.(after/before/for) 4) I think I know……… he left the job.(why/until/where)

5) ……… I had known how much I would disappoint him, I wouldn’t have done it (whether/when/if)

6) ………… you see me, get in the car.(as soon as/while/whether)

7) My friend John,……… lives in California, has a car with a New York license (whose/who/that)

8) It's usually quite simple to cross the border between the USA and Canada ………… these two countries have friendly relations (yet/and/because)

9) ……… a university professor returns from a sabbatical leave, he should be better qualified.(until/when/even though)

10)She's………… (such/so/quite) a snobbish person……… (that/so/for)nobody likes to be with her

M Combine the following pairs of sentences making any necessary changes Use one of the following connectors.

After / And / Because / Before / But / Neither…nor / That / When / Whom / Whose 1) I play a kind of music Nobody likes that kind of music

2) You saw a man yesterday That man wasn’t a famous actor 3) I remember a day On that day I took my first airplane trip

4) I have a neighbour The parents of that neighbour live in Australia 5) I read a book It taught me a lot about the history of Algeria

6) I didn’t like your work I didn’t appreciate it too 7) My grandpa is slow He is a strong person

8) The girls ran over the path They ran over the hill too 9) He didn’t make enough efforts He didn’t succeed 10)First I finished all my work Then I went to bed 11)I don’t like fish I don’t like meat, too

12)She loves plants She loves animals

N Agree to the statements using SO or Neither 1) I did it on purpose (he) ………

2) They will not have bought the set (Samantha) ……… 3) I am reading an interesting book (Mark) ………

4) He does not like winter (Angela) ……… 5) Pam can tell us everything (her sister) ……… 6) Children should not lie (parents)………

7) Teachers were sitting at the desks (the students)……… 8) The dog did not eat its dinner (cat)………

9) The child will have come soon (his mother) ……… 10)She should not have told us that (he)………

11)They went on business (Liva)………

12)She will not tell him anything (her mother)………

13)The boy is not listening to his Mom (his sister)……… 14)They did not their homework (we)………

15)She had a question (Jane)………

16)She has not done her work properly (Julia)……… 17)They have good advice for you (Sandra)………… 18)I cannot promise anything (anybody)……… 19)They will be there on time (we)………

20)The bus arrives at three o’clock (the train)……… 21)My brother does not like mice (I) ………

O Fill connectors of Contrast in spaces

 Conjunctions (followed by a complete sentence):

although, though, even though, in spite of the fact that; while, whereas

but, yet, however , nevertheless, even so, on the one hand on the other hand, on the contrary

 Connectors followed by a noun sentence, a noun or a gerund: in spite of , despite

1) Some people believe in ghosts and supernatural phenomena………….others are skeptical about all that.(however/in spite of/whereas)

2) She didn’t get the job………… her brilliant qualifications.(despite/though/yet)

3) “That book you’ve been reading must be very interesting” “……… , it’s dead boring but I have to read it for school”(but/while/on the contrary)

4) I’m not going to speak to her ……… she begs me pardon(but/although/however) 5) ……… the risks thousands of people climb the Everest every year.(in spite of/even

though/nevertheless)

6) on the one hand, I’m thinking of buying a new car ……….the old one still works, so I could still use it for a couple of years.(on the other hand/ in the other hand/ for other hand) 7) The ad was excellent ……… , the product didn’t sell very well.(on the

contrary/despite/however)

8) ………the weather wasn’t really good, the holidays was great!(in spite of the fact/even though/however)

9) The plane landed…………the thick fog that covered the runway (although/however/ in spite of) 10)The government wants to pass the law……… , the party in the opposition won’t lend

them their support to it.(but/although/nevertheless)

P Choose a suitable connector of purpose

 When the subject of the main clause and the subordinate clause is the same They are followed by a verb

in order to, so as to, to, in order not to, so as not to

 When the subjects of the main clause and the subordinate clause are different or the same but stated They are followed by a complete sentence

in order that, so that

1) I decided to pack up early……… I had enough time to go to the airport by bus.(so that/in order to/so as that)

2) You must always use lots of sun cream………… get sunburn.(in order to/in order not to/so not)

3) She has put on some winter clothes……… to be warm when she goes out.(in order not to/so that/so as to)

4) Clara didn’t carry a lot of cash……… get robbed.(so that not to/so that/ in order not to) 5) ……….do it properly, you must follow the instructions.(so that/ in order to/so you don’t) 6) I called an electrician………… he would repair the plug in my bedroom.(so that/so to/so as to) 7) They’ve been working a lot………… save the company from bankrupt.(so as not to/so that/in

order to)

8) My family saved money all year……… we could have a special holiday abroad.(in order that/so as to/in order to)

9) ………… get vitamins you should eat lots of fruit and vegetables even if you don’t like them much.(so to/in order that/in order to)

10)My son started to wear glasses ………… read when he was only 5.(to/that/so that) Q Practice using until or unless in the following sentences:

1) I won't get a birthday present from Joe……… I invite him to my party 2) My feet get cold……… I wear socks

3) She runs……… she is out of breath

4) I can't go on the field trip………… my mom sends in a permission slip before the deadline 5) I stay in my classroom………… it is time to go to P.E

6) She is not allowed to get her ears pierced………… she is 13 years old 7) I cannot wait……… school gets out for the summer

8) I'm going to Disney World in two weeks……… my dad's car is still broken 9) Sailboats can't move……… the wind blows

10)He did not come to the cafeteria ……….lunch was half over

11)I will meet you at the theater at 5:00………… I have to stay late at work

12) ………….you want to be sent to the dean's office, you need to sit down and your work 13)He's going to work on the car……… it runs properly

R Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets

1) Knowledge is becoming the new source of power, but lifelong learning is the only way to remain competitive in today's rapidly changing job market (However)

2) Automation affects the number of workers in factories It also affects the type of work that is done (not only but also)

3) Engineering is still a male area of study However, things are changing (Although)

4) British students are far away from their family and friends However, they like the idea of taking a year off (In spite of)

5) I had the necessary qualifications However, I didn't get the job (Despite) 6) We were late However, we decided to walk (Despite)

7) She said she didn’t want to change her job She may change her mind ( In spite of ) 8) Our neighbors’ party was so noisy that we couldn’t sleep We didn’t complain, though

(However)

9) You must not chew gum in class (allowed)

10)I think you 'd better get some medical advice (Should)

11)Our family went to the seaside every Summer, but not any more (used to) 12)Tomorrow is Saturday! It is not necessary to get up early! (have to)

13)There is someone at the door Perhaps it is Susan (may) 14)What about going to Pizza Express this afternoon? (shall) 15)"Please help me with the bags." She asked.( she asked…) S Combine the sentences by using instructions below.

Use:both…and…

1) I have met his father and I have met his mother

2) The driver was injured in the accident The passenger was also injured in the accident 3) Wheat is grown in Kansas Corn is grown in Kansas, too

4) He buys used cars He sells used card

5) You had lunch with your friends You had dinner with them 6) The city suffers from air pollution It suffers from water pollution Use: not only……but also…… to answer the questions.

1) I know you are studying Math Are you studying chemistry, too?

2) I know his cousin is living with him Is mother-in-law is living with him, too?

3) I know your countries has good universities Does the USA have good universities, too? 4) I know you lost your wallet Did you lose your keys, too?

5) I know she goes to school Does she have full-time job, too? 6) I know he bought a coat Did he buy a new pair of shoes, too? Use: either….or……

1) John has your book or Mary has your book

2) You’re going to give your friend a book for her birthday, or you’re giving her a pen 3) Your sister will meet you at the airport, or your brother will meet you there

4) They can go swimming, or they can play tennis

5) You’re going to vote for Mr Smith, or you’re going to vote for Mr Jones 6) You’ll go to New Orleans for your vacation, or you’ll go to Miami

Use: neither… nor….

1) He doesn’t like coffee He dislikes tea

T Combine the following into sentences that contain parallel structure Use appropriate paired conjunctions: both… and, not only… but also, either……or, neither… nor.

1) He doesn’t have a pen He doesn’t have paper 2) Ron enjoys sports Bob enjoys sports

3) You can have tea, or you can have coffee

4) Arthur is not in class today Ricardo is not in class today 5) Arthur is absent Ricardo is absent

6) We can cook dinner for them here, or we can take them to a restaurant 7) She wants to buy a Mercedes, or she wants to buy a Toyota

8) The library does not have the book I need The bookstore does not have the book I need 9) We could fly, or we could take the train

10)Her roommates don’t know where she is Her brother doesn’t know where she is 11)According to the news report, it will snow tonight, or it will rain tonight

12)The Internet is time-consuming and costly It is also dangerous because of viruses 13)Na doesn’t like chatting She doesn’t like writing email

14)You can agree with the reponses above, or you disagree with them

15)We can get information on the Internet We can communicate with our friends by means of email, too

16)She walks to school and sings a song

17)The Internet is very useful It is also very convenient

18)She stays at home to watch TV, or she goes to the cinema with me tonight

19)Thanks to television, people can get the latest information People can enjoy interesting programs in an inexpensive and convenient way

20)Town criers would go through city streets They shouted the latest news as they were walking U Fill in the gaps using “although, in spite of/despite”

1) …………the weather was bad, we enjoyed our trip 2) The children slept well……… the noise

3) ………… earning a low salary, Linda gave money to her parents 4) John rarely sees Paul ……… they live in the same town 5) Julie failed the exam ………… of working very hard

6) ……….it was cold, she didn't put on her coat 7) Tom went to work ……… not feeling very well

8) Anna never learned the language ……….she lived there for two years 9) ……… of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain 10)I couldn't eat ……… I was very hungry

V Rewrite the following sentences with the word in brackets:

1) Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well.(In spite of )

2) Mary could not go to school because she was sick.( Because of )

3) Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time.(Despite )

4) My mother told me to go to school although I was sick.(In spite of )

5) Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home.(Because of )

6) Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad.(Despite )

7) Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman.(Despite)

8) In spite of his good salary, Tom gave up his job (Although)

9) Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.(In spite of )

10)In spite of the high prices, my daughter insists on going to the movies.(Even though )

W Rewrite the following sentences with the word in brackets 1) She went to bed early because she felt tired.(Therefore)

2) He retired last month because he was ill.(due to)

3) My father decided to stop smoking because of its harm for health.(so)

4) We couldn't read the sign on the building because the distance was so great.(because of)

5) I lost my way because the fog was thick.(so that)

6) We didn't go to school because it rained.(because of)

7) I admired Mr Smith because his conduct is good.(so…that)

8) I have to copy the lesson for John because he is absent.(since)

9) I like him because his father is kind to me.(as)

10)He left school because his wife was hard.(so)

11)I was late because there was much traffic.(so much….that)

12)Jane looked happy because she had got good marks.(Therefore)

13)Peter was worried because of his wife's being late.(because)

14)He stopped working here because he was too old to continue (so… that)

15)These men lived unhappily because they are poor.(since)

16)The pupils came to class late because they had an accident (due to)

17)I was sad because they behaved badly.(so)

18)I respected Mr Carol because of his honesty.(due to)

19)The building hasn't been finished because of the lack of money.(because)

20)All the students love the principal because of his kindness (so….that)

21)Although the Brighton Language Center in the UK is very expensive, she decided to attend the course there (However)

22)We watched the robins They raised their young in our apple tree.(while) 23)Becky read the book It was recommended by a friend.(since)

24)Dad donates his suits to charity He has worn them a year.(after) 25)The policemen delayed the drivers The wrecks were cleared.(until) 26)Ann ate an apple She studied her vocabulary.(as)

27)Frank started medical training, he drove a forklift for a living.(before)

28)The rains had started the mud slides, the homes were not safe to live in.(because) 29)They feed the birds and visit, older people love to sit in the park.(while)

30)I was much younger, I enjoyed camping out.(when)