An investigation into the correlation between cognitive strategies and students reading comprehension at vinh long college of technical education m a

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CORRELATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE STRATEGIES AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION AT VINH LONG COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the Master’s degree in TESOL By LINH MY HUYNH – TESOL 2008 Supervised by Assoc Prof Dr TUNG THANH NGUYEN HO CHI MINH CITY, MAY 2012 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE CORRELATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE STRATEGIES AND STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION AT VINH LONG COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION in terms of the statement of Requirements for Theses in Master’s Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other institution Ho Chi Minh City, May 31st, 2012 LINH MY HUYNH i RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, LINH MY HUYNH, being the candidate for the degree of Master of TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the Library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the library for the care, loan or reproduction of theses Ho Chi Minh City, May 2012 LINH MY HUYNH ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc Prof Dr Tung Thanh Nguyen for his precious guidance during my research His intellect and critical advice lead me to the scientific world Without his enthusiasm and patience in reading and giving valuable comments on various drafts, I would have never been able to complete this thesis I thank the administrators of Vinh Long College of Technical Education who have created favorable conditions for me to pursue the Master’s program and finish my thesis I also need to thank all my students of two classes ĐĐT-09 and TH-09 at this college who assisted me in the data collection Their cooperation was meaningful to me Also, I am in debt to my close friends for their sincere concern and willing help during the time I were away from home to study My heartfelt thanks are also sent to my classmates in the TESOL 2008 class for their friendship, suggestions and mental support throughout my research Last but not least, my special thanks go to my family, my aunt, and my boyfriend anh Tuan Anh who always stood side by side to encourage me to complete the thesis and to share my difficulties Their support brought me the most motivation during the time of my thesis writing iii ABSTRACT Currently, using cognitive strategies in reading comprehension becomes a trend in learning and teaching this skill Research has shown that it brings the learners efficient reading Thus the present study investigates the correlation between these strategies and students’ reading comprehension at Vinh Long College of Technical Education This study mainly adapted Oxford’ s (1990) classification of cognitive strategies and 50-item Strategy Inventory Language Learning (SILL) of version 7.0 to form a theoretical framework for the investigation Research was conducted on 85 students from two classes ĐĐT-09 and TH09 and 35 of them were chosen to take part in the study These students were divided into successful and unsuccessful students in English reading They were asked to fill in the questionnaire and answer the interview questions for data collection of the study The findings of the study showed that successful students used more cognitive strategies in reading than unsuccessful students, and there was a strong positive correlation between these strategies and their reading comprehension These findings were a persuasive base for students’ use of these strategies in improving their reading in English iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Statement of authorship i Retention and use of the thesis ii Acknowledgements …iii Abstract ….iv Table of contents ….v List of tables ………………………………………………………………… … viii List of figures ………………………………………………………………… …… ix List of charts ………………………………………………………………………….x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study 1.2 Rationale 1.3 The purpose of the study 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Significance 1.6 Limitations of the study 1.7 Delimitations of the study 1.8 Organization of the study CHAPTER 2: COGNITIVE STRATEGIES: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Definitions of cognitive strategies 2.2 Classifications of cognitive strategies 2.3 The use of cognitive strategies in reading 14 2.3.1 How to use cognitive strategies in reading 14 2.3.2 Why to use cognitive strategies in reading 16 2.3.3 When to use cognitive strategies in reading 18 2.4 The use of cognitive strategies by good readers and poor readers 20 2.5 The relationship between students’ use of cognitive strategies and their reading comprehension 23 2.6 Summary 26 v CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 27 3.1 Setting 27 3.2 Participants 27 3.3 Research design 29 3.4 Instruments 29 3.4.1 The test 30 3.4.2 The questionnaire 31 3.4.2.1 Structure of the questionnaire 32 3.4.2.2 Construction of the questionnaire 33 3.4.3 The retrospective interview 36 3.5 Data collection procedures 38 3.5.1 Procedure for conducting the test 38 3.5.2 Procedure for conducting the questionnaire 38 3.5.3 Procedure for conducting the interview 39 3.6 Analytical framework 39 3.7 Summary 40 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 42 4.1 Results from the test 42 4.2 Results from the questionnaire 43 4.2.1 The use of practicing strategies 44 4.2.2 The use of receiving and sending messages strategies 44 4.2.3 The use of analyzing and reasoning strategies 45 4.2.4 The use of creating a structure for input and output strategies 47 4.2.5 Summary 48 4.3 Results from the interview 49 4.3.1 Successful students’ use of cognitive strategies in the reading test 49 4.3.2 Unsuccessful students’ use of cognitive strategies in the reading test 53 4.3.3 Reasons for rare use of cognitive strategies by unsuccessful students ………………………… .55 4.3.4 Summary 59 vi 4.4 Correlation between students’ cognitive strategy use and their reading comprehension 60 4.4.1 To successful students 60 4.4.2 To unsuccessful students 62 4.5 Discussion of the findings 64 4.5.1 Cognitive strategy use of successful and unsuccessful students in reading comprehension 64 4.5.2 Correlation between cognitive strategies and students’ reading comprehension 67 4.6 Chapter summary 68 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 69 5.1 Conclusions 69 5.2 Recommendations 70 5.2.2 For teachers 71 5.2.3 For students 72 5.3 Suggestions for further research 72 5.4 Conclusion 73 REFERENCES 75 APPENDICES 81 Appendix Proficiency reading test 81 Appendix Answer key 87 Appendix Questionnaire 88 Appendix Interview questions 92 Appendix Interview responses 94 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Summary of cognitive strategies 14 Table 3.1 Demographic data of the subjects 28 Table 3.2 Key to understanding students’ averages 32 Table 3.3 Original items adopted from SILL 33 Table 3.4 Items adapted from SILL 34 Table 3.5 Items added to the questionnaire 35 Table 3.6 Distribution of items on the questionnaire 36 Table 3.7 Checklist of cognitive strategies 37 Table 4.1 Average frequency of students’ use of cognitive strategies 43 Table 4.2 The means and standard derivations of practicing strategies 44 Table 4.3 The means and standard derivations of receiving and sending message strategies…………………………………………………………… 45 Table 4.4 The means and standard derivations of analyzing and reasoning strategies……………………………………………………………….46 Table 4.5 The means and standard derivations of creating a structure for input and output strategies………………………………………………………48 Table 4.6 Students’ use of cognitive strategies in the reading test 50 Table 4.7 Reasons for not using cognitive strategies by unsuccessful students 56 Table 4.8 Correlations of the marks and the mean scores of cognitive strategy use by successful students in reading ………………………… ………………… 61 Table 4.9 Correlations of the marks and the mean scores of cognitive strategy use by unsuccessful students in reading………………………………………………63 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Scatterplot of successful students’ marks .61 Figure 4.2 Scatterplot of unsuccessful students’ marks .62 ix I translated word-for-word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item 7, I looked the word ‘variety’ up in the dictionary to find the preposition following it - Why did not you avoid translating like that since it took time a lot? It really cost a lot of time, but I needed to translate to understand it - Why did not you apply some formulas and patterns like ‘would like to something’, ‘any+ singular nouns’, and ‘find + that clauses’ to gap fill? I did not remember them - How did you choose the best answer for items 9, 10 and 13? I just knew that ‘knowledge’ went with ‘increase’ To the others, I chose the best answer randomly - Why did not you rely on the meaning of the whole sentence to infer the best answer? I did not understand it clearly - Did you have any information about Open University previously? No, I didn’t How did you choose the best answer for item 12? I chose it randomly - Did you know the phrase ‘go to school’? Yes, I did - Didn’t you infer ‘go to Open University’ from ‘go to school’? No, I didn’t - Why not? Because I was not familiar with that - How did you have the correct choice for items 16, 21, 23, and 24? I translated the text - Why didn’t you base on some available information to infer the meaning? I did However, I did not understand it - How did you have the correct choice for items 17, 18, 22, and 25? I read the text several times to get the information 105 - Why did not you underlined the key information so that it was easier for you to look for it in the text? I did not pay attention to that How did you have the correct choice for items 19 and 20? I had little time left, so I had the choice randomly - How did you choose the best answer for item 28? I read the passage again to choose the best answer - Why did not you take notes about ‘her best pupils’ to get the information for your choice? I had never taken notes before, and I did not know how to write notes How did you choose the best answer for item 29? I found the information in the text 10 - How did you choose the best answer for items 27 and 30? I selected the answer randomly since it was rather confused for me to choose one among four solutions - Why did not you summarize the information for your choice? I did not know that I needed to summarize the passage for my choice and I did not know how to that either Student: US2 How did you choose the correct letters A-H for the items 1-5? I found the main ideas of notices from A to H, then I matched them with the statements from to - How did you choose the best answer for items 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 15? I translated word-for-word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item 7, I looked the word ‘variety’ up in the dictionary to find the preposition following it In addition, I recognized the formulas ‘would like to something’, ‘any+ singular nouns’, and the pattern ‘find + that clauses’ - Why did not you avoid translating like that since it took time a lot? It really cost a lot of time, but I needed to translate to understand it 106 - How did you choose the best answer for items 9, 10 and 13? I knew something about Open University, so I translated word-for-word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item 9, all four solutions had similar meaning, so I just chose the best answer randomly - Didn’t you know that ‘knowledge’ should go with ‘increase’? No, I didn’t - Why did not you just rely on the meaning of the sentence to infer the best answer instead of translating like that? I was not familiar with doing so - How did you choose the best answer for item 12? I saw that the meaning of ‘go’ was the most suitable among four solutions, so chose it - Did you know the phrase ‘go to school’? Yes, I did - Didn’t you infer ‘go to Open University’ from ‘go to school’? No, I didn’t - Why not? I did not think about it - How did you have the correct choice for items 16, 21, 23, and 24? I gave the answer randomly - Why didn’t you base on some available information to infer the meaning? I did not know that there was some available information for the answer How did you have the correct choice for items 17, 18, 22, and 25? I underlined the information in the statements to compare it with the one in the text - How did you have the correct choice for items 19 and 20? I just remembered these details in the text to decide whether they were true or false - Why did not you reread the text? Because I was afraid of lacking time 107 - How did you choose the best answer for item 28? I chose the best answer randomly - Why did not you take notes about ‘her best pupils’ to get the information for your choice? I thought it was difficult and took a lot of time Besides, I was not familiar with doing so How did you choose the best answer for item 29? I read the passage carefully to find the information for the best answer because I remembered that it was mentioned clearly in the text 10 - How did you choose the best answer for items 27 and 30? I chose it randomly - Why did not you summarize the information for your choice? I did not know how to summarize and I had never done it before Student: US3 - How did you choose the correct letters A-H for the items 1-5? I read all the notices to understand them first, then I match them with the statements - Why did not you just read the key words of the notices for your matching? I did not know how to that and I thought I needed to read the whole notice to understand it - How did you choose the best answer for items 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 15? I translated the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item (7), I selected the preposition randomly - Why did not you avoid translating like that since it took time a lot? Because I needed to translate to understand it for choosing the best answer - Why did not you apply some formulas and patterns like ‘stop + V-ing’ ‘would like to something’, ‘any+ singular nouns’, and ‘find + that clauses’ to gap fill? I did not remember them To the one ‘would like to something’, I had not ever known it 108 - How did you choose the best answer for items 9, 10 and 13? I knew something about Open University, so I translated word-for-word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item 9, I just chose the best answer randomly - Didn’t you know that ‘knowledge’ should go with ‘increase’? No, I didn’t - Why did not you just rely on the meaning of the sentence to infer the best answer instead of translating like that? I was not familiar with doing so How did you choose the best answer for item 12? I thought about ‘go to school’, so I chose ‘go’ before ‘to Open University’ How did you have the correct choice for items 16, 21, 23, and 24? I decided whether they were true or false basing on what I understood about the text Did you base on the information in the text? Yes, I did However, I did not understand the text very much - How did you have the correct choice for items 17, 18, 22, and 25? I tried to find the information in the text - Why did not you underlined the key information so that it was easier for you to look for it in the text? I was not familiar with that - How did you have the correct choice for items 19 and 20? I just remembered these details in the text to decide whether they were true or false - Why did not you reread the text? Because I thought that the information I remembered was exact - How did you choose the best answer for item 28? It was not stated clearly in the text, so I chose the best answer randomly - Why did not you take notes about ‘her best pupils’ to get the information for your choice? It was out of my ability and it must take a lot of time 109 How did you choose the best answer for item 29? I found the information in the text 10 How did you choose the best answer for items 27 and 30? I tried to summarize the passage, then I chose the answer which contained the most information Student: US4 - How did you choose the correct letters A-H for the items 1-5? I translated the notices before matching them with the statements - Why did not you read the key words of the notices instead of translating them? Because I needed to read the whole notice to understand it, and I was not familiar with reading the key words - How did you choose the best answer for items 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 15? I translated word- for- word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word Besides that, I recognized the formulas ‘would like to something’, ‘any+ singular nouns’, and the pattern ‘find + that clauses’ I also knew that ‘variety’ went with ‘of’ - Why did not you avoid translating like that since it took time a lot? It really cost a lot of time, but it was the best way for me to understand the passage - How did you choose the best answer for items 9, 10 and 13? I just chose the best answer randomly - Didn’t you know that ‘knowledge’ should go with ‘increase’? No, I didn’t - Why did not you rely on the meaning of the sentence to infer the best answer? I was not familiar with doing so - Did you have any information about Open University? No, I didn’t How did you choose the best answer for item 12? 110 I saw that ‘go’ was the most suitable word among four solutions - Did you know the phrase ‘go to school’? Yes, I did - Didn’t you infer ‘go to Open University’ from ‘go to school’? No, I didn’t - Why not? I had never inferred like that before, so I was not familiar with doing so - How did you have the correct choice for items 16, 21, 23, and 24? I had the choice randomly - Why didn’t you base on some available information to infer the meaning? I did However, I did not understand it clearly How did you have the correct choice for items 17, 18, 22, and 25? I underlined the information in the statements which was similar with the one in the text How did you have the correct choice for items 19 and 20? I read the passage ‘Windsurfing – One-day course’ again to find the information - How did you choose the best answer for item 28? I translated nearly the whole paragraph to find the information - Why did not you take notes about ‘her best pupils’ to get the information for your choice? I did not know how to write notes - How did you choose the best answer for item 29? I chose it randomly - Why did not you scan for the information? I did not see where it was in the text 10 - How did you choose the best answer for items 27 and 30? I translated the whole passage again for the information - Why did not you summarize the information for your choice? 111 I was not familiar with that Actually, I had never done it before and I did not know it was necessary for my choice either Also, it must take a lot of time Student: US5 How did you choose the correct letters A-H for the items 1-5? I found the main ideas of notices from A to H before matching them with the statements from to - How did you choose the best answer for items 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 15? I translated word-for-word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item 7, I looked the word ‘variety’ up in the dictionary to find the preposition following it I also recognized the formulas ‘would like to something’, ‘any+ singular nouns’, and the pattern ‘find + that clauses’ - Why did not you avoid translating like that since it took time a lot? Because I needed to translate to understand it - How did you choose the best answer for items 9, 10 and 13? As for item 9, I knew that ‘knowledge’ should go with ‘increase’ Regarding the others, I just chose the best answer randomly - Why did not you rely on the meaning of the sentence to infer the best answer? I was not familiar with doing so - Did you have any information about Open University? No, I didn’t How did you choose the best answer for item 12? I chose it randomly - Did you know the phrase ‘go to school’? Yes, I did - Didn’t you infer ‘go to Open University’ from ‘go to school’? No, I didn’t - Why not? 112 Because I was not familiar with that - How did you have the correct choice for items 16, 21, 23, and 24? I relied on the information in the text - Did you infer the meaning from the available information? Yes, I did How did you have the correct choice for items 17, 18, 22, and 25? I underlined the information in the statements so that it was easier for me to compare with the one in the text - How did you have the correct choice for items 19 and 20? I just remembered these details in the text - Why did not you reread the text? Because I was afraid of lacking time - How did you choose the best answer for item 28? I chose it randomly - Why did not you take notes about ‘her best pupils’ to get the information for your choice? I was afraid of writing notes It was difficult to me and took time a lot How did you choose the best answer for item 29? The information of ‘her first pupils’ existed in the passage, so I relied on the text to choose the most suitable answer 10 - How did you choose the best answer for items 27 and 30? I chose it randomly - Why did not you summarize the information for your choice? I did not know that summarizing the information could help me choose the best answer and I did not know how to summarize the information Besides, It must take a lot of time Student: US6 - How did you choose the correct letters A-H for the items 1-5? It took time a lot, so I matched the notices I understood first, then to the rest I did randomly 113 - Why did not you just read the key words of the notices for your matching? I was not familiar with doing in that way - How did you choose the best answer for items 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 15? I translated word-for-word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item 7, I remembered that ‘variety’ should go with ‘of’ - Why did not you avoid translating like that since it took time a lot? Because it was the best way for me to understand the passage so that I could choose the best answer - Why did not you apply some formulas and patterns like ‘stop + V-ing’ ‘would like to something’, ‘any+ singular nouns’, and ‘find + that clauses’ to gap fill? I did not recognize them - How did you choose the best answer for items 9, 10 and 13? I just chose the best answer randomly - Didn’t you know that ‘knowledge’ should go with ‘increase’? No, I didn’t - Why did not you rely on the meaning of the sentence to infer the best answer? I was not familiar with doing so - Did you have any information about Open University? No, I didn’t How did you choose the best answer for item 12? I thought that only ‘go’ was in front of the preposition ‘to’, so I chose it - Did you know the phrase ‘go to school’? Yes, I did - Didn’t you infer ‘go to Open University’ from ‘go to school’? No, I didn’t - Why not? I did not think about that - How did you have the correct choice for items 16, 21, 23, and 24? 114 I relied on the information in the text - Did you infer the meaning from the available information? No, I didn’t Actually, I knew to base on the available information but I did not understand it very much - How did you have the correct choice for items 17, 18, 22, and 25? I translated them before looking the information in the text - Why did not you underlined the key information so that it was easier for you to look for it in the text? I did not have the habit of doing so How did you have the correct choice for items 19 and 20? I read the passage ‘Windsurfing - One-day course’ several times Each time I just focused on the information I needed to find - How did you choose the best answer for item 28? I translated nearly the whole passage to find the information - Why did not you take notes about ‘her best pupils’ to get the information for your choice? I was not familiar with that - How did you choose the best answer for item 29? I looked for the information in the text 10 - How did you choose the best answer for items 27 and 30? I chose it randomly - Why did not you summarize the information for your choice? I was not familiar with summarizing the information and I did not know how to that either Student: US7 How did you choose the correct letters A-H for the items 1-5? I found the main ideas of notices before matching them with the statements - How did you choose the best answer for items 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 15? As for item 7, I looked the word ‘variety’ up in the dictionary to find the preposition following it To the others, I just chose the answer randomly 115 - Why did not you apply some formulas and patterns like ‘stop + V-ing’ ‘would like to something’, ‘any+ singular nouns’, and ‘find + that clauses’ to gap fill? I did not remember them - How did you choose the best answer for items 9, 10 and 13? I just chose the best answer randomly - Didn’t you know that ‘knowledge’ should go with ‘increase’? No, I didn’t - Why did not you rely on the meaning of the sentence to infer the best answer? I was not familiar with doing so - Did you have any information about Open University? No, I didn’t How did you choose the best answer for item 12? I translated the whole sentence, and I saw that ‘go’ was the most suitable word - Did you know the phrase ‘go to school’? Yes, I did - Didn’t you infer ‘go to Open University’ from ‘go to school’? No, I didn’t - Why not? Because I was not familiar with that - How did you have the correct choice for items 16, 21, 23, and 24? I translated the whole paragraph again - Did you notice some available information in the text? No, I didn’t I did not know that there was available information which were cues for the answer and generally I did not understand it How did you have the correct choice for items 17, 18, 22, and 25? I underlined the information in the statements to compare it with the one in the text - How did you have the correct choice for items 19 and 20? 116 I had the choice randomly - Why did not you reread the text? Because I was afraid of lacking time - How did you choose the best answer for item 28? I chose it randomly - Why did not you take notes about ‘her best pupils’ to get the information for your choice? I was bad at writing in English and it must took time a lot How did you choose the best answer for item 29? I found the information in the text 10 - How did you choose the best answer for items 27 and 30? I translated nearly the whole passage to find the information - Why did not you summarize the information for your choice? I did not know it was necessary for me to choose the best answer It was really difficult for me to summarize the information I did not know how to summarize and I had never done it before Student: US8 - How did you choose the correct letters A-H for the items 1-5? I translated the notices first, then I match them with the statements - Why did not you just read the key words of the notices instead of translating? I needed to translate to understand them, and I was not familiar with reading the key words - How did you choose the best answer for items 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, and 15? I translated word-for-word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item 7, I looked the word ‘variety’ up in the dictionary to find the preposition following it - Why did not you avoid translating like that since it took time a lot? I really cost a lot of time, but I needed to translate to understand it 117 - Why did not you apply some formulas and patterns like ‘would like to something’, ‘any+ singular nouns’, and ‘find + that clauses’ to gap fill? I could not recognize them - How did you choose the best answer for items 9, 10 and 13? I knew a little bit about Open University, so I translated word-for-word the whole paragraph before choosing the most suitable word As for item 9, I just chose the best answer randomly - Didn’t you know that ‘knowledge’ should go with ‘increase’? No, I didn’t - Why did not you just rely on the meaning of the sentence to infer the best answer instead of translating like that? I was not familiar with doing so How did you choose the best answer for item 12? I chose it randomly - Did you know the phrase ‘go to school’? Yes, I did - Didn’t you infer ‘go to Open University’ from ‘go to school’? No, I didn’t - Why not? Because I was not familiar with that - How did you have the correct choice for items 16, 21, 23, and 24? I reread the text several times to find the information - Did you notice some available information in the text? No, I didn’t I did not know that there were cues for my answer and actually I did not understand the text clearly - How did you have the correct choice for items 17, 18, 22, and 25? I had to read the text several times to look for the information - Why did not you underlined the key information so that it was easier for you to look for it in the text? I was not familiar with doing so - How did you have the correct choice for items 19 and 20? 118 They were so confused, so I had the choice randomly - Why did not you reread the text? Because I was tired of reading several times, and I thought I could remember the information - How did you choose the best answer for item 28? I eliminated the wrong ones - Why did not you take notes about ‘her best pupils’ to get the information for your choice? I did not know how to write notes - How did you choose the best answer for item 29? I relied on the information in the text 10 - How did you choose the best answer for items 27 and 30? I chose it randomly - Why did not you summarize the information for your choice? As for me, it was really difficult and took a lot of time 119 ... Table 4.3 The means and standard derivations of receiving and sending message strategies? ??………………………………………………………… 45 Table 4.4 The means and standard derivations of analyzing and reasoning strategies? ??…………………………………………………………….46... research the relationship between cognitive and meta -cognitive strategy use and EFL reading achievement To use both quantitative and qualitative data analysis, the study applied the triangulation... techniques actually used to manipulate the incoming information and, later, to retrieved what has been stored” (p 6) Later, O’ Malley and Chamot (1990) noticed the characteristic of manipulating the language;