Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites by mining in thai nguyen province vietnam

Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites by mining in thai nguyen province vietnam Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites by mining in thai nguyen province vietnam Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites by mining in thai nguyen province vietnam Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites by mining in thai nguyen province vietnam

Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites by Mining in Thai Nguyen Province Vietnam Ngoc Son Hai Nguyen (B.Sc., M.Eng.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER) The Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE) The University of Newcastle, Australia February, 2020 This research was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work embodied in the thesis is my own work, conducted under normal supervision The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text I give consent to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the University’s Digital Repository**, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1986 **Unless an Embargo has been approved for a determined period Ngoc Son Hai Nguyen Signed Date i 22/ 02 / 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my primary supervisor Prof Ravi Naidu, for his guidance, encouragement, excellent advice, and kindness support during my research Your assistance throughout the process of research conceptualisation and design, as well as data collection and analyses has been invaluable, and has directly contributed to the quality of the research Your personal work ethic has instilled in me the desire to achieve my own goals, particularly during long days involved in data collection when I often wondered if my research would ever truly be finished! Most importantly though, I have enjoyed building a professional and personal friendship with you, and some of my greatest memories from this whole PhD experience involved sharing a few quiet beers with you to unwind after a week’s work Thank you for all you have done for me over these past few years I would like to extend a massive thanks to my co-supervisor Dr Peter Sanderson for his guidance, helpful suggestions, and encouragement He spent many hours providing me guidance both in the lab as well as with data analyses, statistical support and revise thesis Many thanks must also go to other co-supervisors, Prof Nanthi Bolan, Dr Jianhua Du and Dr Fangjie Your knowledge regarding the implementation of research in the real world has been invaluable in ensuring that my thesis generates far-reaching practical applications I am grateful for the assistance and support of Prof Nanthi Bolan for his valuable suggestions, guidance and encouragement Your assistance regarding my research was helpful, particularly guidance during expriments in the lab, glasshouse and research proposal writing up I express my sincere thanks to Dr Jianhua Du for his patient guidance and support for soil mineral analysis My sincere appreciation to Dr Fangjie for her kind support, mentorship, statistical support and logistic help to carry out this research I sincerely acknowledge all the staff members and students of GCER, UON for their cooperation and friendship during the study I appreciate Dr Mahmud Rahman for providing guidance and analysis technique support for my PhD work I would like to express my love and special appreciation to my bride, Thi Hang Tran who helped me in many aspects of my work I was inspired by her endless love and patience Last but not least, my loving thanks and heartfelt gratitude go to my family, especially my father, Ngoc Nong Nguyen, and my mother, Thi Bac Do and my younger sister, Ngoc Thi Dung Nguyen, for always being by my side and consistently encouraging me to my best Special thanks to my dad, my mum, relatives and friends in Vietnam and my sister’s ii family in New Zealand for trusting me and being such an excellent source of support This thesis is dedicated to my family and my wife Without their support, it would not have been possible for me to finish this thesis Finally, I would like to acknowledge the Electron Microscope & X-Ray Unit of University of Newcastle, Australia for SEM-EDS and XRD analysis, Inorganic Lab, GCER of University of Newcastle, Australia for characterisation analysis and ICP-MS/ICP-EOS analysis Also, I extend my gratitude to the Australia Awards (AAS) scholarship and the Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE) for financial support iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - II TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS - X LIST OF FIGURES - XI LIST OF TABLES XIV LIST OF PUBLICATIONS XVI ABSTRACT 1 CHAPTER 1．INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Risks of contaminated sites and remediation technologies 1.2 Heavy metals and causes leading to environmental pollution 1.3 Phytoremediation 1.4 Heavy metal pollution in Vietnam and mining in Thai Nguyen province - 1.5 Research using plants for phytormediation 1.6 Research gaps - 1.7 Research objectives 10 1.8 Layouts of chapters - 10 CHAPTER REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 12 2.1 Definition of heavy metal(loid)s 12 2.2 Sources of heavy metal(loid)s - 12 2.3 Dynamics of heavy metal(loid)s in soils 15 2.4 Sorption/desorption process 16 iv 2.5 Transformation of metal(loid)s in soil - 17 2.6 Soil amendments for remediation - 18 2.7 Mechanisms of heavy metal uptake by hyperaccumulation plants - 19 2.8 Techniques of phytoremediation 20 2.8.1 Phytoextraction - 21 2.8.2 Phytostabilisation 21 2.8.3 Phytofiltration - 22 2.8.4 Phytovolatilisation - 22 2.8.5 Phytodegradation - 22 2.8.6 Rhizodegradation - 23 2.8.7 Phytodesalination 23 2.9 Phytoextraction as a cost-effective plant-based technology 23 2.10 Species selection for phytoremediation 26 2.11 Properties of growth substratum in field scale - 28 2.12 Factors affecting the uptake mechanisms - 28 2.12.1 The plant species - 29 2.12.2 Properties of medium - 29 2.12.3 The root zone 30 2.12.4 Vegetative uptake 30 2.12.5 Addition of chelating agents - 30 2.13 Phytoremediation- mine metal contaminated soils 32 2.13.1 Phytoremediation - 32 2.13.2 Application of phytoremediation: global study - 33 v 2.14 Mobilisation of soil contaminants - 34 2.15 The mechanisms of heavy metal uptake by hyperaccumulator plants 35 2.16 Role of phytoexaction of HMs using chelates and native plants in contaminated soils - 36 2.17 Immobilisation of soil contaminants - 37 2.18 Rehabilitation of metal mining sites in Vietnam 38 2.18.1 Thai Nguyen Province mining sites - 39 2.18.2 Trai Cau Iron mine site 39 2.18.3 Cay Cham titanium ore mine site - 40 2.18.4 Cuoi Nac mine site 41 2.18.5 Hich Village lead zinc mine site 41 2.19 Situation of using local plants and exotic plants in Vietnam - 42 2.20 Heavy metal pollution in soil in mining sites in Thai Nguyen province - 43 2.21 Selected plants and theirs applications in rehabilitation in Thai Nguyen province - 44 2.21.1 Reed plant (Phragmites australis) 45 2.21.2 Lau plant (Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.)) - 46 2.21.3 Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) 47 2.22 A risk-based remediation approach - 47 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY - 50 3.1 Overview of the research - 50 3.2 Methodologies - 50 3.2.1 Study areas 50 3.2.2 Soil and plant sampling 52 3.2.3 Characterisation soil and plants samples - 54 vi 3.2.4 Treatments - 55 3.2.5 First incubation experiments 55 3.2.6 Preparation 56 3.2.7 Second incubation experiment 56 3.2.8 Pot experiments in greenhouse - 56 3.2.9 Field sampling and analyses of plant biomass 57 3.2.10 Soil and plant analysis - 57 3.2.11 Data processing methods 58 CHAPTER 4: MINE SITE SOIL AND PLANT CHARACTERISATION 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Materials and methods - 62 4.2.1 Study areas 62 4.2.2 Sample design - 63 4.2.3 Soil physicochemical properties 64 4.2.4 Plant sample analyses - 64 4.2.5 The BCF, TF and EF - 65 4.2.6 Soil mineralogy - 66 4.2.7 Statistical analysis 66 4.3 Results and discussion - 67 4.3.1 Physicochemical parameters of soils 67 4.3.2 Accumulation factors of HMs for PA and EA 70 4.3.3 Soil minerals 74 vii 4.3.4 Correlation between HMs (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) contents in soil and soil properties - 76 4.3.5 The influence of soil properties on HMs content levels in EA and PA 79 4.4 Conclusion 86 CHAPTER 5: CHELATE-ASSISTED ENHANCED HEAVY METAL BIOAVAILABILITY IN MINED SOILS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY 90 5.1 Introduction 90 5.2 Materials and methods - 92 5.2.1 Sampling 92 5.2.2 Characterisation 92 5.2.3 SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis 94 5.2.4 Chelate-assisted mobilisation of metals - 94 5.3 Results - 96 5.3.1 Soil properties 96 5.3.2 Mineralogical composition of mine soils using XRD 98 5.3.3 SEM of minerals 99 5.3.4 Chelate metal extraction 101 5.4 Discussion 103 5.5 Conclusions 104 CHAPTER 6: CHELATE-ASSISTED METAL PHYTOAVAILABILITY IN THE PLANT STUDIES 106 6.1 Introduction 106 6.2 Hypothesis 108 6.3 Materials and methods - 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Thai Nguyen province, is considered a potential plant to rehabilitate contaminated soil in mineral mining sites Some studies have used PA to rehabilitate contaminated soil in mining sites in Thai. .. for contaminated mining sites in Vietnam, and especially mining sites in mountainous regions areas such as Thai Nguyen province (Pha et al., 2010, Pha et al., 2014) 1.6 Research gaps Among the indigenous... presentation “Evaluation of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) Contents in Contaminated Soils in Thai Nguyen Mining Sites? ?? International Conference of Sustainable and Responsible Mining (ISRM 2020),