(The clause who gave me the letter yesterday is a defining relative clause. If we omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence becomes unclear.)1. Relative pronouns used defining [r]
(1)§3 Conditional Type Revision
Use
We use conditional type to express real or probable conditions
If Van gets high marks in the exam, her parents will give her a computer (Van is a good student, and it is possible for her to get high marks in the exam)
Form
If clause Main clause
Present Simple Future Simple
If clause can come first or later
Be careful If you step on the dof’s tail, it will bit you You’ll never get success if you don’t try your best
Notes
Instead of the Future simple tense in the main clause, we can use can + bare-infinitive to
indicate permission or ability
You can go out with friends if you promise to come home before (permission) If you concentrate, you can the job well (ability)
May/might + bare-infinitive can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility
The soccer game may be delayed if the weather isn’t better
Other modal verbs or any expressions of command can be used according to their meanings
If Tuan wants to recover soon, he should stay in bed (advice)
Please tell Ha to see me in the library if you happen to see him (request)
Instead of Present Simple tense in the If clause, we can use the Present Perfect tense
Hand in your paper if you have finished your writing Exercises
A Make conditional sentences from the following words weather/ fine/ go on a pinic
I/ be employed/ invite you/ eat out
you/ come across/ monolingual dictionary/ take one for me
mother/ allow/ go to your party
you/ want/ good English learner/ learn to speak at the very beginning
TYPE If Clause Main clause
I/ FUTURE POSSIBLE
(có thể xảy ) Simple Present (V / Vs-es) Simple Future ( may/ can/ will +V )
II/ PRESENT UNREAL
( xảy ) Past Subjunctive (V2/ Ved) be were
Future in the Past ( might/ could/ would +V)
III/ PAST UNREAL
( ( xảy khứ )
(2)not eat breakfast/ not have enough energy
you/ feed it too regularly/ the fish die
you/ travel by bus/ save money
the storm/ attack the village/ everyone/ be moved
10.Suong/ finish her assignment/ within two weeks/ have one mark plus
B Complete the following conditional sentences.
1 You will enlarge your knowledge ……… you spend time reading newspapers and magazines
2 You ……… cut yourself if you are not careful with the knife ……… you want to lose weight, you ……… eat more vegetables If the strike ……… finished, the factory won’t be opened tomorrow
5 ……… it’s Nhan that’s calling, please ……… him that I’m waiting for him If you ……… your homework, you ……… play computer games
7 You ……… what you want if you try your best
8 The traffic in the city is very busy It will be easier for you if you ……… by bus during rush hour
9 Don’t forget to take your flashlight with you You ……… it if it is too dark outside
10.Normally the dog doesn’t bite anyone but ……… you enter the house stealthily, it ……… you
C Complete the following conditional sentences with your own ideas
1 If you want to speak English well, If I see an old lady crossing the street,
3 If you visit my hometown,
(3)§4 Conditional Typed Revision
Use
We use conditional type to express unreal conditions in the present If I were you, I wouldn’t tell Nha that bitter truth
Form
If clause Main clause
Past Simple / Past Subjunctive
Would/ could/ might + bare-infinitive
If clause can come first or later
If I had enough money, I would buy a house for my parents We would become lazy if we didn’t work
Note
We can use both was or were for the subjects I, he, she, it in the if clause
If I was/were stronger, I could carry the luggage for you
We can use could in the if clause to express ability
If I could speak French well, I would apply for a job in a French company
Instead of the Past Simple tense in the if clause, we can use the Past Progressing tense
I am talking to Ha who is a little boring
I would be more interested if I was talking to another one
Exercises
A Complete the following sentences with the verbs in parentheses There would be less crime if anyone (have) ……… a job I will buy a new T-shirt for you if you (like) ………
3 If all the factories (be move) ……… out of the city center, the air pollution (be) ……… less serious
4 If you (fry) ……… the meat for a long time, it (become) ……… tough (The phone ring)
- Thao, please answer the phone
- I (will) ……… if I (can) ……… I’m in the bathroom If there (be) ……… no sunlight, life (not exist) ………
7 Mr Nhan is a poor worker but if he (have) ……… enough money, he (buy) ……… a motorbike
8 If I (be) ……… a bird, I (be) ……… a white pigeon If I (be) ……… a flower, I (be) ……… a sunflower If I (be) ……… a cloud, I (be) ……… a warm cloud As a human, I will die for my country
B Choose the best answer
1 – I have never been to a job interview before - ………
(4)D If I were you, I can dress formally
2 There were 2000 workers in that prosperous company Many people ……… out of work if that company ……… down
A would be, closed B are, closed
C will be, closed D wouldn’t be, closed
3 I don’t like living in the city, but if I ……… a job there, I’ll move there
A had B don’t have
C get D don’t get
4 ……… if you have a headache A You drink these medicines
B Drink these medicines C You take these medicines D Take these medicines
5 I’m sure Toan ……… win the scholarship I ……… be very surprised if she couldn’t
A will, will B would, will
C will, would D would, would
6 – Are you going to read this novel?
- I ……… if I ……… time I am very busy with my jobs
A will, have B will, had
C could, have D would, had
C Answer the following questions with your own ideas What would you if you were of the opposite sex?
What would happen if there were no wars in the world?
3 What would you if you became a member of the city government for a day?
4 If you could meet a famous person, who would you meet?
If you had a wish, what would you wish?
What would happen if Vietnamese became an international language?
§5 Conditional Type Revision
Use
We use conditional type to express unreal conditions in the past
Loan failed the exam because she was too lazy If she had studied hard, she would have passed the exam
Form
If clause Main clause
Past perfect Would/ could/ might + have + past participle
If clause can come first or later
(5)I would have gone swimming if I had had time
Note
Might + have + past participle can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility
The accident might have been more serious if the driver hadn’t driven slowly
Could + have + past participle can be used in the main clause to indicate possibility or ability
If Toan had tried more, he could have done better (ability)
The bridge could have collapsed if it had rained more heavily (possibility)
Inversion can be used to replaced if
If Dan had been out late last night, she might have been punished by her parents
Had Dan been out late last night, she might have been punished by her parents Conditionals in reported speech
Type 1: present past, will/ can would/ could
“If I see Lam, I’ll tell him to phone you”, Tran promised
Tran promised (that) she would tell Lam to phone me if she met him. Type and type 3: no tense changes
“I would travel to Ha Long Bay if I had enough money”, said Hoai
Hoai said (that) she would travel Ha Long bay if she had enough money
“If Japan hadn’t attacked the Pearl Harbor, the U.S couldn’t have joined World War II”, our history teacher said
Our history teacher said (that) if Japan hadn’t attacked the Pearl Harbor, the U.S couldn’t have joined World War II
Exercises
A Match each clause in column A to its following in column B to make a complete conditional sentences Add a comma where necessary
A B
1 If It hadn’t been for the storm
2 I would have come back to work in my hometown after graduation Had Phuc had a map
4 If Chi hadn’t missed the bus If I hadn’t been so busy
6 Snow White couldn’t have been revived
7 Cinderella couldn’t have met the prince
8 If I hadn’t saved money for a long time
9 If you hadn’t pulled the dog’s tail 10.She wouldn’t have been so
exhausted
a it wouldn’t have bitten you b if the prince hadn’t kissed her c I would have helped you d if she hadn’t worked so much e if I had been able to find a job
there
f if It hadn’t been for her godmother’s help
g many people wouldn’t have been badly injured
h I couldn’t have afforded this motorbike
i she wouldn’t have gotten lost j she hadn’t been late for school B Write conditional sentences from the following pairs of pictures (page 22) C Make conditional type from the following situations
(6)
2 Mr Trong’s head was badly injured in the accident because he didn’t wear a helmet
3 Lan went out yesterday without an umbrella It suddenly rained, and she got wet
4 I was punished because I went out late last night
I didn’t meet my old friend in the party yesterday because I left so early
6 I didn’t know that you arrived in Ho Chi Minh City last Saturday, so I didn’t pick you at the station
I didn’t recognize Hang among the crowd, so I didn’t call her
Tam was fined because he rode the motorbike without a license
D Yesterday was a busy day You had a lot of homework to You didn’t have enough time to other things What would you have done if you had had more time? Write sentences
Example:
If I had had more time yesterday, I would help my mother with the housework E Complete the following reported speech with your own ideas
1 Linh told me she would lend me some money if The nurse told Mr Thuan if he took the medicines regularly, My teacher said the air wouldn’t be so polluted if Phuong said she would see me the day after if A witness said if the victim had been taken to hospital soon, Mrs Le believed if she had fewer children, Hai said he could have performed better in his interview, A firefighter said the fire wouldn’t have take place
(7)Revision
Definition
Defining relative clauses which describe the preceding noun are essential to the understanding of the noun; so they could not be omitted
The boy who gave me the letter yesterday ran away without letting me know his name
(The clause who gave me the letter yesterday is a defining relative clause If we omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence becomes unclear.)
Relative pronouns used defining relative clauses
Subject Object Possessive
Things which/ that (1) which/ that (3) whose/ of which (5)
Person who/ that (2) whom/ who/ that (4) whose (6)
(1) The road which/ that leads to the city center is in bad condition
(2) He is the student who/ that has taken his disable friend to school for years.
(3) The book which/ that I bought yesterday is an original one
(4) The secretary whom/ that Mr Hoa has employed is very talented
(5) Houses whose walls were made of wood were all destroyed by the storm
Houses, the walls of which were made of wood, were all destroyed by the storm (6) The man whose daughter has just been born is over 50
Omission of relative pronouns in defining relative clauses
An object relative pronoun in a defining relative clause can be omitted “Gone With The Wind” is the novel which/ that I like best
= “Gone With The Wind” is the novel I like best
A relative pronoun that is the subject of a clause cannot be omitted Exercises
A In each of the sentences below, there is one error in relative clause structures Find and correct the error
1 The woman whom sent this package absent-mindedly left her wallet at the post office
2 Spending time with people who knows how to make jokes is very interesting I did not recognize the man entered the room
4 The new motorbike people are advertising on TV, and in newspaper and magazines
5 All the contestants take part in the competition are very intelligent The house which Mr Lam is going to buy it is located in a very quiet area The party where I went to last night was held by an old friend
The student who assignment got the highest mark worked very hard Have you returned the money that borrowed from the bank?
(8)10.The families whose house destroyed in the storm are still trying to improve their lives
B Combine a word or phrase in each box to complete a defining relative clause An email
Fax
transmission A package A postman A message A clerk
a service an object a letter a person a person a piece of information
be wrapped in a box and sent to someone
his job is to serve people at a store you send to someone when you cannot speak directly
be sent from one computer to another help people send documents without changing their original shapes
his job is to deliver mail to people
1. An email is a letter which/ that is sent from one computer to another. 2. Fax transmission
3. A package
4. A postman
5. A message
6. A clerk §7 Non-defining Relative Clauses
Revision
Definition
Non-defining relative clauses are replaced after definite nouns; so they are not essential to the understanding of the noun They only give some more information about the noun
Non-defining relative clauses are separated from the noun by commas
Long’s father, who works for a construction company, is often away from home
(The clause who works for a construction company is a non-defining relative clause If we omit that clause, the meaning of the sentence is still clear.)
Relative pronouns used in non-defining relative clauses
Subject Object Possessive
Things which (1) which (3) whose/ of which (5)
Persons who (2) whom/ who (4) whose (6)
(1) Nhu’s cat, which just caught a mouse, didn’t eat the dead mouse (2) That man, who has just lent me his umbrella, is a kind man
(3) Those classrooms, which were built last year, have not been in use yet (4) Tuan, whom I hate a lot, is a talkative man
(5) My jacket, the sleeves of which are too long, was bought in this shop My jacket, whose sleeves are too long, was bought in this shop (6) Hoang, whose father is an English teacher, cannot speak English
Use
We use non-defining relative clauses in the following situations:
When the preceding noun is a proper noun
Tien, who has just moved to my neighborhood, is a very sensitive boy
When the preceding noun has a possessive case
(9) When the preceding noun has this, that, these, those
That man, whom Iyou met last Christmas, is going to be my brother-in-law
Note
That cannot be used to replace who, whom, which in non-defining relative clauses Relative pronouns used as objects cannot be omitted
Notice the difference:
Contestants, who got good results, are all very intelligent (All the contestants got good results.)
Contestants who got good results are all very intelligent (Only some of the contestants got good results.)
Exercises
A Defining or non-defining? Add commas if necessary
1 Professor Kim who teaches psychology is a strict teacher
2 Japan which consists of four main islands suffers from a lot natural disasters every year Only students whose English does not meet the requirement should attend the course Minh who couldn’t stand the smell of durian went out of the room when she saw me with
some durians
5 Corn which is mainly grown in the highland can be exported Hue bought a bar of chocolate which looked very delicious My ao dai which is too short now was my favorite at high school
8 These glasses which were made by a famous craftsman were sold out quickly
B Combine two sentences to make a defining relative clause or a non-defining relative clause Does the T-shirt fit you? I gave it to you yesterday
Our teacher assigned us the homework We had to finish it within a week
3 Those students got very high marks in the final exams They had studied enthusiastically for months
4 The Prime Minister praised Nguyen Huu At He was the first blind student to take the university entrance exams alongside peers in Viet Nam
Ngoc has just moved to a new school It was built two years ago
The man is selling lottery tickets He used to be very rich
Hai’s friend is a very interesting boy He came from Da Nang
8 Mekong Delta is located in the South of Viet Nam It provides most of the rice for exporting
(10)CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I/ Give the correct forms of the verbs :
1. If it costs too much , I ( buy ) a small one
2. If you ( drive ) more carefully, you wouldn’t have so many accidents
3. What ( happen ) if there ( not be ) gravity ?
4. If I ( make ) that mistake again , my teacher ( get ) angry with me
5. If I spoke English well, my job ( be ) a lot easier
6. He ( meet ) his old friend if he ( go ) to London yesterday
7. Would you mind if you suddenly ( win ) haft a million pounds ?
8. I ( lend ) them some money if they ask me
9. If we ( know ) who he was , we ( invite ) him to speak at our meeting
10.If they had invited us , naturally we ( go ) to the party
11.If I ( be ) you, I ( tell ) her the truth
12.I was busy If I ( have ) free time, I ( go ) to the cinema with you
13.What we ( ) if they ( not come) tomorrow ?
14.If I (have) enough time now, I ( write ) to my parents
15.It’s too bad Helen isn’t here If she ( be ) here, she ( know ) what to
16.If I ( not eat) breakfast tomorrow morning I ( get) hungry during class
17.He might have understood you if you ( speak ) more slowly
18.If the weather (be) nice today, we ( go) to the zoo
19.If you meet him, remember ( not tell ) him what I ( just say ) to you
20.Why didn’t you attend the meeting ?
_ Oh I (not know) indeed If I (know) I (come) there II/ Write conditional sentences :
1. Keep quiet or you’ll wake the baby up
2. Because you don’t leave immediately, I call a guard
3. I don’t her number, so I don’t ring her up
4. Go right now or you’ll be late for the train ( Unless )
5. Be careful or you’ll cut yourself with that knife
6. As she is often absent from class, she can’t keep pace with her classmates
7. I couldn’t write to Alice because I didn’t know her address
8. It’s very cold, so we can’t go swimming
9. We got lost because we didn’t have a map
10.You drink too much coffee; that’s why you can’t sleep
11.The farmers didn’t have enough rain , so they could not grow rice
12.His friends were late, so they missed the train
13.Today isn’t Sunday , so the pupils can’t go swimming
14.We don’t have a big house We can’t invite friends to stay
15.Unless he phones immediately , he won’t get any information
16.Without the sun, man would live in darkness
17.Smoking makes him so weak
18.Why don’t you stop smoking?
19.The church bells keeps me from sleeping
20.This chair is too heavy for him to move
21.The boy is so young that he can’t go to school by himself
22.Jane is too short , she can’t apply for the job
23.The heavy rain prevented everybody from going out
24.Mary will go with us unless she has to her homework
25.Without your help, I wouldn’t have found the way out
(11)27.There will be a shortage of water unless it rains
28.Rooney didn’t catch the ball and didn’t win the game ( Had Rooney ……… ) WISH
I/ Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets :
1. She wishes her father ( be ) here now to help her
2. I wish you ( not give ) them my phone number yesterday
3. I wish they ( visit ) us when they were in town
4. I wish someone ( give ) me a job next month
5. He missed an exciting football match on TV last night He wishes he ( watch ) it
6. They wish they ( have ) more time to this job
7. I wish that some day I ( visit ) London
8. The trip was very interesting We wish we ( have ) enough time to join in
9. I wish it ( be ) a little warmer I feel very cold
10.We wish our teacher ( explain ) that lesson to us again tomorrow II/ Finish the following sentences :
1. Mary goes to bed late è Her mother wishes ……… 2. Nam isn’t rich è I wish Nam………
3. I’m afraid our football team will lose the game è I wish ………
4. He’s sorry he didn’t finish his homework last night è He wishes ………… 5. I can’t go hiking with them è I wish ………
6. What a pity I broke the vase è I wish ………
7. I’m sorry I don’t live near my work office è I wish ………
8. Tom wasn’t interested in mathematics è His father wishes ……… 9. I am sorry that I was absent from class yesterday è I wish ……… 10.I missed an exciting football match on TV last night è I wish ……… 11.The doctor wants her to keep silent in the hospital è He wishes ……… 12.I regret speaking to him so severely yesterday è I wish ………