Thus, an experiment was undertaken to study the effect of application of major nutrients (N and K) along with foliar spray of GA3 and PP333 on plant growth, flowering, yield and quality in strawberry.
10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 SE± CD at 5% Days taken to flower after planting 2010-11 2011-12 118.23 109.77 108.12 108.12 105.16 103.02 105.21 102.33 100.02 103.02 103.02 104.18 99.03 103.02 97.55 99.03 99.67 97.59 101.58 0.05 0.16 123.44 115.11 117.23 116.88 114.19 111.15 113.34 110.09 108.88 111.23 108.88 112.66 107.67 111.23 104.03 107.07 105.55 106.08 108.88 0.05 0.14 Duration of flowering Flowers plant-1 Berry set (%) berries plant-1 Yield (t ha-1) (days) 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 53.99 61.44 64.03 64.03 68.29 64.03 67.44 70.12 72.34 71.55 64.12 66.19 70.12 72.00 72.77 69.12 70.00 70.61 72.26 0.52 1.52 51.76 63.12 65.09 62.55 67.19 68.28 67.19 72.12 72.69 72.47 67.42 65.33 68.44 71.14 72.89 68.44 69.05 72.69 71.59 0.10 0.30 12.96 14.55 14.67 16.15 15.09 15.18 15.27 15.55 15.75 15.85 15.85 15.95 15.85 16.33 16.56 16.16 16.10 16.06 15.92 0.30 0.87 13.63 16.23 16.61 16.81 16.59 16.73 17.23 17.32 17.77 17.86 18.76 18.87 18.98 19.24 19.41 19.32 18.82 19.28 18.73 0.11 0.33 147 68.92 75.29 75.34 75.69 82.14 81.83 80.34 80.67 80.93 81.33 81.13 81.74 81.12 82.41 83.91 80.48 82.23 77.72 77.13 0.15 0.44 70.13 77.16 78.25 79.48 80.07 81.32 82.17 82.61 83.25 83.57 81.80 81.95 82.56 83.15 84.30 81.74 82.53 81.41 80.71 0.04 0.11 9.48 11.39 11.69 11.82 12.19 12.42 12.66 12.82 13.14 13.24 12.91 12.97 13.14 13.53 13.76 13.33 13.17 13.07 12.81 0.01 0.08 9.92 12.35 12.57 12.83 13.64 13.77 13.93 14.00 14.55 14.73 15.45 15.49 15.62 15.83 16.36 15.77 15.57 14.91 14.71 0.08 0.23 5.18 7.13 7.43 7.65 8.14 8.63 9.18 9.00 9.12 9.27 8.91 7.45 8.83 10.21 10.63 10.18 9.88 10.00 9.56 0.02 0.08 5.82 8.85 9.26 9.58 10.47 10.91 11.55 11.31 11.36 11.81 12.28 12.12 12.49 13.52 14.50 13.84 13.54 13.14 12.66 0.03 0.08 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 143-151 Table.3 Effect of nutrients and PGR on quality parameters in strawberry cv Chandler Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 SE± CD at 5% Berry length (mm) 2010-11 2011-12 22.74 24.13 25.75 27.38 25.90 27.73 26.14 27.65 26.46 27.72 26.81 28.46 26.90 28.25 27.56 30.29 27.70 30.94 27.80 30.72 28.55 29.70 28.73 29.38 28.84 29.50 30.61 32.33 30.92 32.66 30.86 32.53 29.95 30.84 29.84 30.69 29.66 30.88 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.12 Berry breadth (mm) 2010-11 2011-12 15.56 16.61 17.79 19.80 17.89 19.71 18.15 19.61 19.70 20.55 19.79 20.44 19.93 20.37 20.12 20.71 20.32 20.92 20.42 20.88 19.76 20.38 19.89 20.35 19.80 20.28 20.10 20.89 21.24 21.41 20.86 21.27 19.90 20.85 19.84 20.57 19.73 20.54 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.09 Berry weight (g) 2010-11 2011-12 6.75 6.45 7.73 7.87 7.85 8.09 7.99 8.20 8.25 8.43 8.57 8.17 8.95 9.11 8.67 8.38 8.57 8.78 8.65 8.81 8.52 8.73 7.09 8.59 8.29 8.79 9.31 9.38 9.54 9.74 9.42 9.64 9.26 9.53 9.45 9.68 9.21 9.46 0.30 0.07 0.88 0.22 148 Berry volume (cc) 2010-11 2011-12 6.84 6.80 7.91 7.97 7.97 8.11 8.06 8.20 8.46 8.83 8.71 8392 8.87 9.29 8.98 9.03 8.83 8.91 8.64 8.95 8.87 8.89 8.72 8.77 8.53 9.56 9.43 9.48 9.63 9.79 9.54 9.69 9.46 9.61 9.55 9.68 9.26 9.59 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.12 TSS (oB) 2010-11 2011-12 7.23 7.45 7.70 8.33 7.88 8.85 8.17 8.62 8.41 8.83 8.74 9.08 9.09 9.12 9.21 9.26 8.96 9.10 8.78 8.91 8.15 8.43 8.29 8.52 8.41 8.39 9.20 9.34 9.39 9.46 8.77 9.07 9.13 9.35 9.24 9.26 9.05 9.28 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.09 Acidity (%) 2010-11 2011-12 0.68 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.74 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.76 0.82 0.73 0.83 0.66 0.81 0.71 0.83 0.71 0.80 0.73 0.75 0.65 0.81 0.82 0.79 0.67 0.80 0.65 0.74 0.76 0.85 0.74 0.81 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.73 NS NS Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 143-151 The present results showed that decreased vegetative growth by PP333 improved the development of flower buds Studies have shown that PP333 is needed to be applied annually to increase the number of flower and fruit yields in strawberry (Shakeri et al., 2009) Abolfazl et al., (2012) also stated that PP333 strongly increased yield and sexual growth of strawberry and metabolism of carbohydrates As nitrogen and potassium are essential to many of plant metabolic processes such as synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, coenzymes, secondary metabolism products, enzyme activation, osmotic regulation, energy transfer, respiration and photosynthesis, among many other important processes (CastellanosMorales et al 2010), therefore, increased berry set and number of berries per plant in the present investigation might be due to the cumulative effect of nutrients (nitrogen and potassium) on plant physiology and restricted vegetative growth by PP333, which might have resulted in the formation of more metabolites resulting into more flowering and fruit set (McArthur and Eaton 1988) The yield of strawberry was significantly influenced by various nutrient combinations with plant growth regulators (Table 2) The berry yield was significantly highest in T15 during both 2010-11 and 2011-12 (10.63 and 14.50 t ha-1) The increase or decrease in yield is entirely depends upon the increase or decrease on total number of fruits plant-1 and maximum size of fruits Current results authenticated that application of nitrogen and potassium resulted in more number of fruits per plant in strawberry This could be attributed to the fact that a higher nutritional dose helps in vigorous and enhanced growth in strawberries helping the plants to bear a higher number of fruits per plants This phenomenon is justified by increased carbohydrates synthesis due to increased chlorophyll content of the foliage thus resulting increase number of fruits per plant (Maynard 1962) Nitrogen is a key nutrient in crop growth and yield, because it affects photosynthesis and dry matter partitioning among organs In strawberry plants, nitrogen deficiency reduces carbon allocation to fruits, fruit number and yield (Deng and Woodward 1998) Thus the effect of nitrogen deficiency on potential fruit yield might be confined to the inhibition of branch crown proliferation and the lack of available sites for flower initiation (Abbott AJ 1968) Similarly, potassium, the most abundant of cations present in phloem sap (almost 80%), helps in the production of sugar and transporting it through the phloem into sink organs Potassium has crucial role in photosynthesis The present investigation exhibited significant influence of nutrients and PGR on quality attributes of strawberry Among different treatments, T15 significantly exhibited superiority to berry length (30.92 and 32.66 mm), breadth (21.21 and 21.41 mm), weight (9.54 and 9.74 g) and volume (9.63 and 9.79 cc) in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively, which was statistically at par with T18, T16, T14, T19, T17, T7 and T8 for berry weight in 2010-11, T18, T16 and T17 for berry weight in 2011-12, T16 and T18 for berry volume in 2011-12 and T16 for berry length in 2010-11 (Table 3) The increase in berry size, weight and volume may be due to the better supply of nutrients and metabolites to the berries by nutrients and growth retardant treatments (McArthur and Eaton 1988) Paclobutrazol appears to increase leaf chlorophyll per unit leaf area and enhance the photosynthetic capability of strawberry (Deyton et al., 1991) Thus, increased translocation of assimilates from leaves to the developing fruits might be responsible for the increase of berry size and berry weight in strawberry The TSS was significantly more in T15, while titrable acidity was non-significant Thus the application of nutrients in combination with 149 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 143-151 PP333 might have played regulatory role on the absorption and translocation of various metabolites like carbohydrates which affected the quality of fruits This study implies synergistic effects of fertilisers (nitrogen and potassium) with GA3 on growth while with PP333 on flowering, yield and quality attributes of strawberry cv Chandler responses to paclobutrazol HortScience 26(9): 1178-1180 Ebrahimi R, Souri MK, Ebrahimi F and Ahmadizadeh M 2012 Growth and yield of strawberries under different potassium concentrations of hydroponic system in three substrates World Appl Sci J 16: 1380-1386 Gomez KA and Gomez AA 1984 Statistical procedure for agricultural research John Wiley and Sons, New York 680 pp Green DW and Murray J 1983 Effect of paclobutrazol (PP333) and analogs on growth, fruit quality and storage potential of 'Delicious' apples Proc Plant Growth Reg Soc Amer 10: 207212 Gupta R and Chakrabarty SK 2013 Gibberellic acid in plant: still a mystery unresolved Plant Signal Behav 8(9): 15 Maynard DN 1962 Influence of nitrogen levels on flowering and fruit set of peppers Proceedings of American Society for Horticulture Science 11: 385-389 McArthur DA and Eaton GW 1988 Effect of fertilizer, paclobutrazol and chloromequat on strawberry J Amer Soc Hort Sci 112(2): 241-246 Nam MH, Jeong SK, Lee YS, Choi JM and Kim HG 2006 Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium nutrition on strawberry anthracnose Plant Pathology 55: 246-249 Pipattanawong N, Fsjishige N, Yamane K, Ijiro Y and Ogata R 1996 Effect of growth regulators and fertilizer on runner production, flowering and growth, in day neutral strawberries Japanese J Trop Agr 40(3): 101-105 Shakeri F, Baninasab B, Ghobadi C and Mobli M 2009 Effect of paclobutrazol concenteration and application methods on vegetative and reproductive growth References Abbott AJ 1968 Growth of the strawberry plant in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition Journal of Horticultural Science 43(4): 491-504 Abolfazl L, Mohammad AR, Mojtaba KR and Behzad K 2012 Effect of paclobutrazol and sulfate zinc on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananiassa Duch cv Camarosa) Annals of Biological Research 3(10): 4657-4662 Asrey R, Jain RK and Singh R 2004 Effect of pre-harvest chemical treatment on shelf life of Chandler strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) Indian J Agri Sci 74(9):485-487 Bower JP and Cutting JGM 1992 The effect of selective pruning on yield and fruit quality in ‘Hass’ avocado Acta Hort 296: 55-58 Castellanos-Morales V, Villegas J, Wendelin S, Vierheilig H, Eder R and CárdenasNavarro R 2010 Root colonisation by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices alters the quality of strawberry fruits (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) at different nitrogen levels Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90: 1774-1782 Deng X and Woodward FI 1998 The growth and yield responses of Fragaria ananassa to elevated CO2 and N Supply Annals of Botany 81: 67-71 Deyton DE, Sams CE and Cummins JC 1991 Strawberry growth and photosynthetic 150 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 143-151 of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch cv Selva) Journal of Horticultural Sciences 23: 18-24 Trejo-Téllez LI and Gómez-Merino FC 2014 Nutrient management in strawberry: Effects on yield, quality and plant health In: Strawberries: Cultivation, Antioxidant Properties and Health Benefits, Malone N (Ed), pp 239-267 Nova Science Publishers, New York How to cite this article: Avnish Kumar Pandey, Sanjay Pathak and Prananath Barman and Shailendra K Dwivedi 2020 Influence of Nutrients and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Flowering and Yield Characteristics of Strawberry cv Chandler Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 9(11): 143-151 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.017 151 ... Pandey, Sanjay Pathak and Prananath Barman and Shailendra K Dwivedi 2020 Influence of Nutrients and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Flowering and Yield Characteristics of Strawberry cv Chandler. .. Ghobadi C and Mobli M 2009 Effect of paclobutrazol concenteration and application methods on vegetative and reproductive growth References Abbott AJ 1968 Growth of the strawberry plant in relation to... formation of more metabolites resulting into more flowering and fruit set (McArthur and Eaton 1988) The yield of strawberry was significantly influenced by various nutrient combinations with plant growth