Effect of green solution on the properties of ocher

Master Thesis EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER The Graduate School YEUNGNAM UNIVERSITY Department of Civil Engineering Structural Engineering Major Nguyen, Ninh Thuy Advisor: Prof Kwon, Hyugmoon June 2005 EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER by Nguyen, Ninh Thuy THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Yeungnam University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING YEUNGNAM UNIVERSITY June 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been years since I came to Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Korea I had a good chance to study many knowledge not only in my major, but also for my life I met the dedicated Professors, the honest friends in our Department I would like to show my appreciation to Prof Shin Young Shik, Prof Woo Kwang Sung, Prof Lee Jae Hoon, Prof Kwon Young Bong, Prof Jee Hong Kee who helped me a lot in my studying Specially, I would like to show my grateful to Adviser, Prof Kwon Hyugmoon, for all his advice and support me to finish my Master Degree I would like to thank to my friends: Dr Lee Seung Joon, Park Mi Young, Ju Gi Chul, Lee Seung Hwan, Jang Young Min, Han Sang Hyun, Bae Dong Man, Jubg Joung Jin, Kim Sae Hwan, Kim Nak Gu, Lee Jae Hee, Kim Bong Sun, Kwon Soon Hong and Hwang Jung Gil Specially thanks to my friends in our laboratory: Cho Sung Bae, Kwak Byong Hu, Chae Chul Ho, Lee Seung Gul and Hoang Thi Kieu Nga for their help I would like to thank to my Professors and my friends in Vietnam for their stimulation while I am doing my study Finally, I would like to appreciate to my parents, my brothers, my sisters, my wife and my children who always encouraged me i Abstract M.S Thesis EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER Nguyen, Ninh Thuy Department of Civil Engineering Graduate School Yeungnam University Advised by Professor Kwon, Hyugmoon ABSTRACT Ocher is one of the most widely used pigments Not only it was used in cave painting, it was also used as a friendly construction material as well The data on this paper shows the effect of green solution on ii Abstract the properties of ocher: determine the good mix proportion of ocher, compressive strength, bending strength and water absorption Seventy two series of specimen were prepared for this study The specimens with green solution and the specimens without green solution were prepared to distinguish the desired effect of green solution The result of this experiment: the compressive strength of ocher is increased from 15% to 21% The bending strength of ocher is increased from 12% to 18% The ratio of water absorption is reduced from % to 11% The ratio of saturation is increased from % to % This study shows the effect of green solution on basic properties of ocher and can be used for fundamental information for the advanced research in near future for unburnt brick by ocher iii CONTENTS Page Chapter Introduction 1.1 General 1.2 The main types of bricks 1.3 Varieties and qualities of clay bricks Chapter Materials 2.1 Soil of weather granite 2.2 Dried ocher 2.3 East ocher 2.4 Binder 10 2.5 Green solution 11 Chapter Experiment 12 3.1 Compressive Strength 12 3.2 Bending strength 13 3.3 Water absorption 14 3.4 Mix proportions 16 Chapter Result of the tests 27 4.1 Compressive strength 27 4.2 Bending strength 44 4.3 Water absorption 47 4.4 The effect of green solution 52 Chapter Conclusion 67 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table Chemical composition of binder 10 Table Analysis test of green solution 11 Table Mix proportion of series I, II, III 17 Table Mix proportion of series IV, V, VI 18 Table Mix proportion of series VII, VIII, IX 19 Table Mix proportion of series X, XI, XII 20 Table Compressive strength of series I-1~I-6 27 Table Compressive strength of series II-1~II-6 28 Table Compressive strength of series III-1~III-6 29 Table 10 Compressive strength of series IV-1~IV-6 31 Table 11 Compressive strength of series V-1~V-6 31 Table 12 Compressive strength of series VI-1~VI-6 32 Table 13 Compressive strength of series VII-1~VII-6 34 Table 14 Compressive strength of series VIII-1~VIII-6 34 Table 15 Compressive strength of series IX-1~IX-6 35 Table 16 Compressive strength of series X-1~X-6 37 Table 17 Compressive strength of series XI-1~XI-6 37 Table 18 Compressive strength of series XII-1~XII-6 38 Table 19 Compressive strength of clay bricks (KS L 4201-1997) 43 Table 20 Bending strength of ocher 44 Table 21 Water absorption and saturation of ocher 47 Table 22 Effect of green solution on compressive strength 52 Table 23 Effect of green solution on bending strength 57 Table 24 Effect of green solution on water absorption and saturation 62 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure Produced and used bricks long time ago Figure Air pollution from burnt brick factory Figure Soil of weather granite Figure Dried ocher Figure East ocher Figure Binder 10 Figure Autograph AG-250TG - Shimadzu machine 12 Figure Hanshin Kumpung machine 13 Figure Materials prepared for mixing 21 Figure 10 Mixing machine 21 Figure 11 Compacting the cylinder specimen 22 Figure 12 Compacting 4x4x16 cm specimen 22 Figure 13 Molding specimen 23 Figure 14 Curing specimens 24 Figure 15 Drying specimens 24 Figure 16 Weighting dry specimen 25 Figure 17 Submersion in cold water 25 Figure 18 Submersion in boiling water 26 Figure 19 Compressive strength of series I~III 30 Figure 20 Compressive strength of series IV~VI 33 Figure 21 Compressive strength of series VII~IX 36 Figure 22 Compressive strength of series X~XII 39 vi Figure 23 Compressive strength of ocher with 10% east ocher 40 Figure 24 Compressive strength of ocher with 15% east ocher 41 Figure 25 Ratio between days and 28 days compressive strength of ocher with 10% and 15% east ocher 42 Figure 26 Bending strength of ocher with 25% and 30% binder 45 Figure 27 Ratio between days and 28 days bending strength of ocher with 25% and 30% binder 46 Figure 28 Water absorption of ocher with 15% east ocher 48 Figure 29 Saturation of ocher with 15% east ocher 48 Figure 30 Relationship between water absorption and saturation compressive strength 49 Figure 31 Relationship between water absorption and compressive strength 50 Figure 32 Relation between saturation and compressive strength 51 Figure 33 Effect of green solution on compressive strength, 25% binder 53 Figure 34 Effect of green solution on compressive strength, 30% binder 54 Figure 35 Increasing ratio of compressive strength 55 Figure 36 Ratio of compressive strength days and 28 days 56 Figure 37 Effect of green solution on bending strength, 25% binder 58 Figure 38 Effect of green solution on bending strength, 30% binder 59 Figure 39 Increasing ratio of bending strength 60 Figure 40 Ratio of bending strength days and 28 days 61 Figure 41 Effect of green solution on water absorption 63 Figure 42 Decreasing ratio of water absorption 64 Figure 43 Effect of green solution on saturation 65 Figure 44 Increasing ratio of saturation 66 vii Chapter Result of the Tests Table 23 Effect of green solution on bending strength Bending strength (MPa) Increasing ratio days, 0% green solution days, 1% green solution 28 days, 0% green solution 28 days, 1% green solution days 28 days III-5 0.50 0.58 0.66 0.76 16 15 III-6 0.70 0.81 0.95 1.10 16 16 VI-5 0.60 0.70 0.78 0.90 17 15 VI-6 1.00 1.12 1.20 1.41 12 18 IX-5 0.52 0.60 0.65 0.75 15 15 IX-6 0.62 0.72 0.81 0.94 16 16 XII-5 - - 0.51 0.58 - 14 XII-6 0.60 0.69 0.73 0.84 15 15 Series 57 Chapter Result of the Tests bending strength (MPa) 1.00 east ocher 15% binder 25% 0.80 days 28 days days-GS 1% 28 days-GS 1% 0.90 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.66 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.58 0.52 0.51 0.40 10 15 20 25 30 35 soil of weathered granite (%) Figure 37 Effect of green solution on bending strength, 25% binder After days, 25% binder, bending strength of series III-5 is 0.50 MPa without green solution and 0.58 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series VI-5 is 0.60 MPa without green solution and 0.70 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series IX-5 is 0.52 MPa without green solution and 0.60 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series XII-5 can not be determined After 28 days, 25% binder, bending strength of series III-5 is 0.66 MPa without green solution and 0.76 MPa with 1% green solution 58 Chapter Result of the Tests Bending strength of series VI-5 is 0.78 MPa without green solution and 0.90 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series IX-5 is 0.65 MPa without green solution and 0.75 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series XII-5 is 0.51 MPa without green solution and 0.58 MPa with 1% green solution 1.60 bending strength (MPa)a east ocher 15% binder 30% days 28 days days-GS 1% 28 days-GS 1% 1.41 1.40 1.20 1.20 1.12 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.95 0.81 0.81 0.84 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.72 0.73 0.69 0.62 0.60 0.40 10 15 20 25 30 35 soil of weathered granite (%) Figure 38 Effect of green solution on bending strength, 30% binder After days, 30% binder, bending strength of series III-6 is 0.70 MPa without green solution and 0.81 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series VI-6 is 1.00 MPa without green solution and 1.12 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series IX-6 is 0.62 MPa without green solution and 0.72 MPa with 1% 59 Chapter Result of the Tests green solution Bending strength of series XII-6 is 0.60 MPa without green solution and 0.69 MPa with 1% green solution After 28 days, 30% binder, bending strength of series III-6 is 0.95 MPa without green solution and 1.10 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series VI-6 is 1.20 MPa without green solution and 1.41 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series IX-6 is 0.81 MPa without green solution and 0.94 MPa with 1% green solution Bending strength of series XII-6 is 0.73 MPa without green solution and 0.84 MPa with 1% green solution increasing ratio (%)a 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 y = 0.002x - 0.146x + 3.567x - 11.265 R = 0.60 5.0 0.0 10 15 20 25 30 soil of weathered granite (%) Figure 39 Increasing ratio of bending strength 60 35 Chapter Result of the Tests The increasing ratio of bending strength, when green solution was used, is from 12.00% to 17% after days, and from 14% to 18% after 28 days 100 ratio (%) a 90 Average line 80 70 binder 25%-GS binder 25%-GS binder 30%-GS binder 30%-GS 60 0% 1% 0% 1% 50 10 15 20 25 30 35 soil of weathered granite (%) Figure 40 Ratio of bending strength days and 28 days The ratio between bending strength at days and 28 days with green solution (fig 40) and without green (fig 27) solution is not changed It is 78% 61 Chapter Result of the Tests Table 24 Effect of green solution on water absorption and saturation Series Water absorption Saturation decrea Increa 0% 1% 0% 1% green green green green sing sing solution solution solution solution ratio ratio III-5 16.80 14.99 11 88.92 91.86 III-6 14.53 12.94 11 91.55 95.34 VI-5 15.25 13.96 90.74 93.10 VI-6 14.32 12.70 11 92.78 98.11 IX-5 16.36 14.71 10 88.63 91.82 IX-6 14.52 13.15 90.79 94.40 XII-5 17.20 15.37 11 88.02 91.16 XII-6 15.58 14.32 89.80 91.38 62 Chapter Result of the Tests 30.00 binder 25% binder 30% binder 25%-GS1% binder 30%-GS1% east ocher 15% water absorption (%)a 25.00 20.00 16.80 14.99 14.53 15.00 12.94 10.00 17.20 16.36 15.25 14.32 13.96 12.70 14.71 14.52 13.15 15.58 15.37 14.32 5.00 0.00 10 15 20 25 30 35 soil of weathered granite (%) Figure 41 Effect of green solution on water absorption Series III-5, 25% binder, water absorption is 16.80 % without green solution and 14.99% with 1% green solution Series VI-5, water absorption is 15.25% without green solution and 13.96% with 1% green solution Series IX-5, water absorption is 16.36% without green solution and 14.71 % with 1% green solution Series XII-5, water absorption is 17.20% without green solution and 15.37% with 1% green solution Series III-6, 30% binder, water absorption is 14.53 % 63 Chapter Result of the Tests without green solution and 12.94 % with 1% green solution Series VI-6, water absorption is 14.32 % without green solution and 12.70 % with 1% green solution Series IX-6, water absorption is 14.52 % without green solution and 13.15 % with 1% green solution Series XII-6, water absorption is 15.58 % without green solution and 14.32 % with 1% green solution decreasing ratio (%)a 50 40 y = -0.02x + 0.57x + 6.46 R = 0.94 30 20 10 10 15 20 25 30 35 soil of weathered granite (%) Figure 42 Decreasing ratio of water absorption The decreasing ratio of water absorption, when green solution was used, is from % to 11%, 64 Chapter Result of the Tests 100.00 98.11 95.34 saturation (%) a 95.00 94.40 93.10 91.86 91.55 90.00 91.82 90.79 92.7890.74 88.92 91.38 91.16 89.80 88.63 88.02 85.00 80.00 binder 25% binder 30% binder 25%-GS1% binder 30%-GS1% 75.00 east ocher 15% 70.00 10 15 20 25 30 35 soil of weathered granite (%) Figure 43 Effect of green solution on saturation Series III-5, 25% binder, saturation is 88.92 % without green solution and 91.86 % with 1% green solution Series VI-5, saturation is 90.74 % without green solution and 93.10 % with 1% green solution Series IX-5, saturation is 88.63 % without green solution and 91.82 % with 1% green solution Series XII-5, saturation is 88.02 % without green solution and 91.16 % with 1% green solution Series III-6, 30% binder, saturation is 91.55 % without green solution and 95.34 % with 1% green solution Series VI-6, saturation is 92.78 % without green 65 Chapter Result of the Tests solution and 98.11 % with 1% green solution Series IX-6, saturation is 90.79 % without green solution and 94.40 % with 1% green solution Series XII-6, saturation is 89.80 % without green solution and 91.38 % with 1% green solution increasing ratio (%)a 50.00 40.00 30.00 y = -0.04x + 1.54x - 10.24 R = 0.95 20.00 10.00 0.00 10 15 20 25 30 35 soil of weathered granite (%) Figure 44 Increasing ratio of saturation The increasing ratio of saturation, when green solution was used, is from % to % 66 Chapter Conclusion CHAPTER CONCLUSION Based on the result of this study, we can have the conclusion shown below: 1/ We can make the unburnt bricks with the material from ocher This will not only bring friendly materials for construction, but it would also make better environment 2/ The amount of binder must be higher than 20% in mix proportion The more amount of binder is used, the higher quality of ocher production we have 3/ The best amount of soil of weather granite is 20% for mix proportion The lower percentage soil of weather granite or higher percentage soil of weather granite is not good for mix proportion 4/ The amount of east ocher must be higher than 10% for mix proportion The quality of ocher with 15% east ocher is better than 10% of east ocher 5/ We can add green solution to improve the properties of ocher The ratio of compressive strength increases when green solution used is from 15% to 21% 67 Chapter Conclusion 6/ The increasing ratio of bending strength is from 12% ~ 18% The strength of ocher can compare to the strength of burnt bricks, especial when green solution was used 7/ When green solution is used, the ratio between strength of ocher after days and after 28 days equals to the ratio between strength of ocher without green solution after days and after 28 days 8/ When green solution was added, the reducing ratio of water absorptions reduces from % to 11% It is said that the structure of ocher that is added green solution is better than ocher without green solution The pore in the structure of ocher is reduced because of the green solution 9/ When green solution was added The increasing ratio of saturation is from % to % This is shown that the durability of the ocher becomes better when the green solution is used than ocher without green solution 68 REFERENCES [1] Building bricks, a report on the supply of building bricks, presented to Parliament in pursuance of section 83 of the Fair trading Act 1973, London [2] http://essentialvermeer.20m.com [3] Adriana Csikósová; Katarína Kameníková, Economical evaluation of the living environment pollution, Boletim Paranaense de Geociências, n 50, p 97-104, 2002 Editora UFPR [4] ASTM D 2166-00 [5] KS F 2325 : 2002 [6] Shan Somayaji, Civil Engineering Materials, 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, p 223-244, 2001 [7] KS 핸드북, 2001-2002 콘크리트 레미콘, pp 905-907 Abstract M.S Thesis EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER Nguyen, Ninh Thuy Department of Civil Engineering Graduate School Yeungnam University Advised by Professor Kwon, Hyugmoon ABSTRACT 황토는 전세계적에서 먼 옛날부터 페인트자재로 사용되었다 오늘날은 황토가 페인트 자재로서 사용될 뿐만 아니라 건설자재중 의 하나인 굽지 않는 벽돌의 재료로도 사용되고 있다 Abstract 본 논문은 황토에 Green Solution을 사용할 경우 황토의 특성 에 미치는 영향을 연구하는 것으로, 예를 들면 환경친화적이고 강 도가 높은 벽돌을 만들기 위한 최적의 배합비를 구하고, 이로 만 들어진 벽돌에 대하여 압축강도, 휨강도, 흡수율을 측정분석하여 Green Solution이 황토블럭에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다 이 연구의 결과, Green Solution의 사용으로 황토의 압축강도가 15%에서 21%까지 증가하였고, 휨강도는 12%에서 18%까지 증가, 흡수율은 8%에서 11%까지 감소한다 침수계수는 2%에서 6%까지 증가하였다 지금까지의 연구는 황토의 성질에 Green Solution이 미치는 기 본적인 연구이었으므로 황토를 이용한 친환경적인 건설재료의 깊 이 있는 연구에 본 자료가 크게 기여하리라 생각된다 .. .EFFECT OF GREEN SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF OCHER by Nguyen, Ninh Thuy THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Yeungnam University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements... paper shows the effect of green solution on ii Abstract the properties of ocher: determine the good mix proportion of ocher, compressive strength, bending strength and water absorption Seventy... series of specimen were prepared for this study The specimens with green solution and the specimens without green solution were prepared to distinguish the desired effect of green solution The result